Zusammenfassung
Die schwere Verlaufsform der akuten Pankreatitis ist durch lokale und/oder systemische
Komplikationen charakterisiert. Ihre anhaltend hohe Letalität von etwa 20 % wird zu
drei Viertel durch infektiöse Komplikationen bedingt. Die Infektionsherde können im
Pankreas oder extrapankreatisch lokalisiert sein. Eine besondere Bedeutung für das
Management und die Prognose hat die infizierte Pankreasnekrose. Durch eine frühzeitige
Antibiotika-Prophylaxe kann die Rate der Pankreas-Infektionen reduziert werden. In
klinischen Studien wurden die Carbapeneme bisher am besten untersucht. Der Aussagewert
der Studien ist durch kleine Fallzahlen limitiert. Eine unkritische Antibiotika-Anwendung
kann auch Probleme verursachen wie Allergie-Induktion, Resistenz-Entwicklung und eine
Änderung des Keimspektrums hin zu prognostisch ungünstigeren grampositiven Erregern.
Das Risiko opportunistischer Pilzinfektionen darf nicht unterschätzt werden. Die anhaltend
hohe Letalität trotz frühzeitiger intravenöser Antibiotika-Prophylaxe fordert zur
Suche nach alternativen Konzepten einer Infektionsprophylaxe heraus. Bei infizierten
Pankreasnekrosen besteht in der Regel eine Indikation zur Nekrosektomie. In allen
anderen Situationen ist hingegen eine Zurückhaltung mit chirurgischen Maßnahmen geboten.
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis is characterized by local and/or systemic complications.
Its mortality ranges at about 20 %, it is caused in > 75 % of cases by infectious
complications. The infectious focus may be localized in or near the pancreas or extrapancreatically.
Infected pancreatic necrosis is a special condition with major impact on management
and prognosis. Early antibiotic prophylaxis has been demonstrated in clinical studies
to reduce the rate of pancreatic infection. Antibiotics of the carbapeneme group have
been studied best so far. However, the clinical value of the studies is limited due
to small numbers of patients included. It should be kept in mind that uncritical use
of antibiotics may even cause problems such as allergy, multi-resistance, and a shift
in bacterial spectrum to prognostically disadvantageous grampositive species. The
risk of developing opportunistic fungal infection must not be underestimated. Since
mortality has remained high even though intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics are
applied early in a prophylactic fashion nowadays, additional concepts of infection
prophylaxis are needed. When infection of pancreatic necrosis becomes evident, surgical
necrosectomy is mandatory in most cases. By contrast, operative measures should be
applied with caution in all other situations.
Schlüsselwörter
Antibiotika - akute Pankreatitis - Infektionen
Key words
Antibiotics - acute pancreatitis - infections
Literatur
- 1
Renner I G, Savage W T, Pantoja J L, Renner V J.
Death due to acute pancreatitis: A retrospective analysis of 405 autopsy cases.
Dig Dis Sci.
1985;
30
1005-1018
- 2
Wilson C, Imrie C W, Carter D C.
Fatal acute pancreatitis.
Gut.
1988;
29
782-788
- 3 Niederau C, Lüthen R, Heise J W, Becker H. Prognosis of acute pancreatitis. In:
Standards in Pancreatic Surgery. Beger HG, Büchler M, Malfertheiner P (eds). Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1993; 76-91
- 4
Lumsden A, Bradley E L.
Secondary pancreatic infections.
Surg Gynecol Obstet.
1990;
170
459-467
- 5
Beger H G, Büchler M, Bittner R, Block S, Nevalainen R, Roscher R.
Necrosectomy and postoperative local lavage in necrotising pancreatitis.
Br J Surg.
1988;
75
207-212
- 6
Schmid S W, Uhl W, Friess H, Malfertheiner P, Büchler M W.
The role of infection in acute pancreatitis.
Gut.
1999;
45
311-316
- 7
Beger H G, Bittner R, Block S, Büchler M.
Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study.
Gastroenterology.
1986;
91
433-438
- 8
Gerzof S G, Banks P A, Robbins A H, Johnson W C, Spechler S J, Wetzner S M, Snider J M,
Langevin R E, Jay M E.
Early diagnosis of pancreatic infection by computed tomography-guided aspiration.
Gastroenterology.
1987;
93
1315-1320
- 9
Bassi C, Falconi M, Girelli R, Nifosi F, Elio A, Martini N, Pederzoli P.
Microbiological findings in severe pancreatitis.
Surg Res Commun.
1989;
5
1-4
- 10
Schulz H U, Niederau C, Malfertheiner P, Lippert H.
Therapie der akuten Pankreatitis: Ergebnisse klinischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen.
Z Gastroenterol.
1997;
(Suppl 1)
116-147
- 11
Pederzoli P, Bassi C, Vesentini S, Campedelli A.
A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications
in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem.
Surg Gynecol Obstet.
1993;
176
480-483
- 12
Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Taavitsainen M, Kivisaari L, Valtonen V, Haapiainen R,
Schroder T, Kivilaakso E.
Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis.
Lancet.
1995;
346
663-667
- 13
Luiten E J, Hop W C, Lange J F, Bruining H A.
Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe
acute pancreatitis.
Ann Surg.
1995;
222
57-65
- 14
Schwarz M, Isenmann R, Meyer H, Beger H G.
Antibiotika bei nekrotisierender Pankreatitis - Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Studie.
Dtsch med Wochenschr.
1997;
122
356-361
- 15
Bassi C, Falconi M, Talamini G, Uomo G, Papaccio G, Dervenis C, Salvia R, Minelli E B,
Pederzoli P.
Controlled clinical trial of pefloxacin versus imipenem in severe acute pancreatitis.
Gastroenterology.
1998;
115
1513-1517
- 16
Manes G, Rabitti P G, Menchise A, Riccio E, Balzano A, Uomo G.
Prophylaxis with meropenem of septic complications in acute pancreatitis: a randomized,
controlled trial versus imipenem.
Pancreas.
2003;
27
e79-e83
- 17
Maraví-Poma E, Gener J, Alvarez-Lerma F, Olaechea P, Blanco A, Domínguez-Munoz J E.
Early antibiotic treatment (prophylaxis) of septic complications in severe acute necrotizing
pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study comparing two regimens
with imipenem-cilastatin.
Intens Care Med.
2003;
29
1974-1980
- 18
Golub R, Siddiqi F, Pohl D.
Role of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis.
J Gastrointest Surg.
1998;
2
496-503
- 19
Sharma V K, Howden C W.
Prophylactic antibiotic administration reduces sepsis and mortality in acute necrotizing
pancreatitis: a meta-analysis.
Pancreas.
2001;
22
28-31
- 20 Villatoro E, Larvin M, Bassi C. Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection
of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library,
Issue 1. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, UK 2004
- 21
Bradley E L.
Antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: current status and future directions.
Am J Surg.
1989;
158
472-477
- 22
Büchler M, Malfertheiner P, Friess H, Isenmann R, Vanek E, Grimm H, Schlegel P, Friess T,
Beger H G.
Human pancreatic tissue concentration of bactericidal antibiotics.
Gastroenterology.
1992;
103
1902-1908
- 23
Luiten E J, Hop W C, Lange J F, Bruining H A.
Differential prognosis of gramnegative versus grampositive infected and sterile pancreatic
necrosis: results of a randomized trial in patients with severe acute pancreatitis
treated with adjuvant selective decontamination.
Clin Infect Dis.
1997;
25
811-816
- 24
Howard T J, Temple M B.
Prophylactic antibiotics alter the bacteriology of infected necrosis in severe acute
pancreatitis.
J Am Coll Surg.
2002;
195
759-767
- 25
Bradley E L, Allen K.
A prospective longitudinal study of observation versus surgical intervention in the
management of necrotizing pancreatitis.
Am J Surg.
1991;
161
19-24
- 26
Hoerauf A, Hammer S, Müller-Myhsok B, Rupprecht H.
Intra-abdominal Candida infection during acute necrotizing pancreatitis has a high
prevalence and is associated with increased mortality.
Crit Care Med.
1998;
26
2010-2015
- 27
Gloor B, Müller C A, Worni M, Stahel P F, Redaelli C, Uhl W, Büchler M W.
Pancreatic infection in severe pancreatitis: the role of fungus and multiresistant
organisms.
Arch Surg.
2001;
136
592-596
- 28
De Waele J J, Vogelaers D, Blot S, Colardyn F.
Fungal infections in patients with severe acute pancreatitis and the use of prophylactic
therapy.
Clin Infect Dis.
2003;
37
208-213
- 29
He Y M, Lv X S, Ai Z L, Liu Z S, Qian Q, Sun Q, Chen J W, Lei D X, Jiang C Q, Yuan Y F.
Prevention and therapy of fungal infection in severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective
clinical study.
World J Gastroenterol.
2003;
9
2619-2621
- 30
Shanmugam N, Isenmann R, Barkin J S, Beger H G.
Pancreatic fungal infection.
Pancreas.
2003;
27
133-138
- 31
Farkas G, Marton J, Mandi Y, Szederkenyi E.
Surgical strategy and management of infected pancreatic necrosis.
Br J Surg.
1996;
83
930-933
- 32
Solomkin J S, Umanskiy K.
Intraabdominal sepsis: newer interventional and antimicrobial therapies for infected
necrotizing pancreatitis.
Curr Opin Crit Care.
2003;
9
424-427
- 33
Takeda K, Matsuno S, Sunamura M, Kakugawa Y.
Continuous regional arterial infusion of protease inhibitor and antibiotics in acute
necrotizing pancreatitis.
Am J Surg.
1996;
171
394-398
- 34
Al-Omran M, Groof A, Wilke D.
Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2003;
1
CD002837
- 35
Bohidar N P, Garg P K, Khanna S, Tandon R K.
Incidence, etiology, and impact of fever in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Pancreatology.
2003;
3
9-13
- 36
Rau B, Pralle U, Mayer J M, Beger H G.
Role of ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis
of infected pancreatic necrosis.
Br J Surg.
1998;
85
179-184
- 37
Uhl W, Warshaw A, Imrie C, Bassi C, McKay C J, Lankisch P G, Carter R, DiMagno E,
Banks P A, Whitcomb D C, Dervenis C, Ulrich C D, Satake K, Ghaneh P, Hartwig W, Werner J,
McEntee G, Neoptolemos J P, Büchler M W.
IAP guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis.
Pancreatology.
2002;
2
565-573
- 38
Delcenserie R, Yzet T, Ducroix J P.
Prophylactic antibiotics in treatment of severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis.
Pancreas.
1996;
13
198-201
PD Dr. med. Hans-Ulrich Schulz
Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie · Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg
Leipziger Str. 44
39120 Magdeburg
Phone: 03 91-6 71 55 00
Fax: 03 91-67 19 01 81
Email: hans-ulrich.schulz@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de