Zusammenfassung
Stretching wird in fast allen Sportarten als Aufwärm- und Erholungsübung eingesetzt.
Auch Physiotherapeuten verwenden Dehnungen, um bestimmte Behandlungsziele zu verfolgen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht anhand der veröffentlichten Forschungsergebnisse
wissenschaftlich nachweisbare positive ebenso wie negative physiotherapeutische Auswirkungen
von Stretching.
Abstract
Stretching is used as warming-up and recovery routine in almost all sports. Physiotherapists
also employ stretching in order to persue certain treatment objectives. This article
investigates evidence-based positive as well as negative physiotherapeutic effects
of stretching on the basis of published research.
Schlüsselwörter
Stretching - Forschungsergebnisse - Physiotherapie
Key words
Stretching - research results - physiotherapy
Literatur
- 1 Anderson R, Anderson J. Stretching. Bolinas. California; Shelter Publications 1980
- 2
Antonio J, Gonyea W J.
Progressive stretch overload of skeletal muscle results in hypertrophy before hyperplasia.
J Appl Physiol.
1993;
75
1263-1271
- 3
Antonio J, Gonyea W J.
Role of muscle fiber hypertrophy and hyperplasia in intermittently stretched avian
muscle.
J Appl Physiol.
1993;
74
1893-1898
- 4
Behm D G, Bambury A, Cahill F. et al .
Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time and movement time.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2004;
35
1397-1402
- 5
Bixler B, Jones R L.
High-school football injuries: effects of a post-halftime warm-up and stretching routine.
Family Practice Research Journal.
1992;
12
131-139
- 6
Bjorklund M, Hamberg J, Crenshaw A G.
Sensory adaptation after a 2-week stretching regimen of the rectus femoris muscle.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
2001;
82
1245-1250
- 7
Blair S N, Kohl I II HW, Goodyear N N.
Relative risks for running and exercise injuries: studies in three populations.
Res Q.
1987;
58
221-228
- 8
Brunet M E, Cook S D, Brinker M R. et al .
A survey of running injuries in 1505 competitive and recreational runners.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness.
1990;
30
307-315
- 9
Chalmers G.
Re-examination of the possible role of Golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle reflexes
in proprioceptive neuromuscular fascilitation muscle stretching.
Sports Biomech.
2004;
3
159-183
- 10
Cowan P MS, McGavin A CT, North A CT.
The polypeptide chain configuration of collagen.
Nature.
1955;
176
1062-1064
- 11
Cross K M, Worrell T W.
Effects of a static stretching program on the incidence of lower extremity musculotendinous
strains.
J Athletic Training.
1999;
34
11-14
- 12
Dadebo B, White J, George K P.
A survey of flexibility training protocols and hamstring strains in professional football
clubs in England.
Br J Sports Med.
2004;
38
388-394
- 13
de Weijer V C, Gorniak G C, Shamus E.
The effect of static stretch and warm-up exercise on hamstring length over the course
of 24 hours.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.
2003;
33
727-733
- 14
Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Liljedahl S O.
Prevention of soccer injuries.
Am J Sports Med.
1983;
11
116-120
- 15
Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Moller M. et al .
Incidence of soccer injuries and their relation to training and team success.
Am J Sports Med.
1983;
11
63-67
- 16
Evetovich T K, Nauman N J, Conley D S. et al .
Effect of static stretching of the biceps brachii on torque, electromyography, and
mechanomyography during concentric isokinetic muscle actions.
J Strength Cond Res.
2003;
17
484-488
- 17 Evjenth O, Hamberg J. Muscle Stretching in Manual Therapy. Vol. 1 u. 2. Alfta;
1988
- 18 Evjenth O. Autostretching. Alfta; 1991
- 19
Garrett W E Jr.
Muscle strain injuries.
Am J Sports Med.
1996;
24
S2-S8
- 20 Goldspink G. Zelluläre und muskuläre Aspekte der Trainingsadaptation des Skelettmuskels. Komi,
PV Kraft und Schnellkraft im Sport Köln; Dt. Ärzteverlag 1994
- 21
Guissard N, Duchateau J.
Effect of static stretch training on neural and mechanical properties of the human
plantar-flexor muscles.
Muscle Nerve.
2004;
29
248-255
- 22
Halbertsma J P, Goeken L N.
Stretching exercises: effect on passive extensibility and stiffness in short hamstrings
of healthy subjects.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1994;
75
976-981
- 23
Hartig D E, Henderson J M.
Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military
basic trainees.
Am J Sport Med.
1999;
27
173-176
- 24
Herbert R D, Gabriel M.
Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury:
systematic review.
BMJ.
2002;
325
468
- 25 Janda V. Muskelfunktionsdiagnostik. Heidelberg; Vfm 1979
- 26
Jones B H, Cowan D N, Tomlinson J P. et al .
Epidemiology of injuries associated with physical training among young men in the
army.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1993;
25
197-203
- 27 Klee A, Jöllenbeck T, Wiemann K. The significance of titin filaments to resting
tension and posture. Hong Y International Research in Sports Biomechanics. Tailor
& Francis 2001
- 28 Klein-Vogelbach S. Funktionelle Bewegungslehre. Heidelberg; Springer 1982
- 29
Knudson D, Bennett K, Corn R. et al .
Acute effects of stretching are not evident in the kinematics of the vertical jump.
J Strength Cond Res.
2001;
15
98-101
- 30
Lund H, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Kanstrup I L. et al .
The effect of passive stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness, and other detrimental
effects following eccentric exercise.
Scand J Med Sci Sports.
1998;
8
216-221
- 31
Macera C A, Pate R P, Powell K E. et al .
Predicting lower extremity injuries among habitual runners.
Arch Intern Med.
1989;
149
2565-2568
- 32
Magid A D, Law D J.
Myofibrils bear most of the resting tension in frog skeletal muscles.
Science.
1985;
230
1280-1282
- 33
Magnusson S P, Simonsen E B, Aagard P. et al .
Mechanical and physiological responses to stretching with and without preisometric
contraction in human skeletal muscle.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1996;
77
373-378
- 34
Maruyama K, Yoshioka T, Higuchi H. et al .
Connectin filaments link thick filaments and Z-lines in frog skeletal muscle as revealed
by immunoelectron microscopy.
The Journal of Cell Biology.
1985;
101
2167-2172
- 35
Maruyama K, Matsuno A, Higuchi H. et al .
Behavior of connectin (titin) and nebulin in skinned muscle fibres released after
extreme stretch as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy.
J Musc Res Cell Motil.
1989;
10
350-359
- 36
Maruyama K, Sawada H, Kimuras S. et al .
Connectin filaments in stretched skinned fibers of frog skeletal muscle.
The Journal of Cell Biology.
1994;
99
1391-1397
- 37
van Mechelen W, Strobil H, Kemper H C. et al .
Prevention of running injuries by warming-up, cool-down, and stretching exercises.
Am I Sports Med.
1993;
21
711-719
- 38
Pope R P, Herbert R D, Kilwan I D.
Effects of ankle dorsiflexion range and pre-exercise calf muscle stretching on injury
risk in army recruits.
Australian I Physiother.
1998;
44
165-177
- 39
Pope R P, Herbert R D, Kirwan J D. et al .
A randomized trial of preexercise stretching for prevention of lower-limb injury.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2000;
32
271-277
- 40
Power K, Behm D, Cahill F. et al .
An Acute Bout of Static Stretching: Effects on Force and Jumping Performance.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2004;
36
1389-1396
- 41 Sahrman S. Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndromes. St. Louis;
Mosby 2001
- 42 Schmidt R F, Thews G, eds. Physiologie des Menschen (Human Physiology). Heidelberg;
Springer 1977
- 43
Shellock F G, Prentice W E.
Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related
injuries.
Sports Med.
1985;
2
267-278
- 44
Shrier I.
Stretching before exercise: an evidence based approach.
Br J Sports Med.
2000;
34
324-325
- 45
Smith L L, Brunetz M H, Chenier T C. et al .
The effects of static and ballistic stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness and
creatine kinase.
Res Q Exerc Sport.
1993;
64
103-107
- 46
Walshe A D, Wilson G J.
The influence of musculotendinous stiffness on drop jump performance.
Can J Appl Physiol.
1997;
22
117-132
- 47
Walter S O, Hart L E, Macintosh I M. et al .
The Ontario cohort study of running related injuries.
Arch Intern Med.
1989;
149
2561-2564
- 48
Wang K, McCarter R, Wright J. et al .
Regulation of skeletal muscle stiffness and elasticity by titin isoforms: A test of
the segmental extension model of resting tension.
Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA).
1991;
88
7101-7105
- 49
Wang K, McCarter R, Wright J. et al .
Viscoelasticity of the sarcomere matrix of skeletal muscles - The titin-myosin composite
filament is a dual-stage molecular spring.
Biophys J.
1993;
64
1161-1177
- 50 Wiemann K. Beeinflussung muskulärer Parameter durch unterschiedliche Dehnverfahren. Hoster
M, Nepper HU Dehnen und Mobilisieren Waldenburg; Waldenburger Therapietage 1994
- 51
Wiemann K, Kamphöfner M.
Verhindert statisches Dehnen das Auftreten von Muskelkater nach exzentrischem Training?.
Dtsch Zschr f Sportmedizin.
1995;
46
9
- 52
Wiemann K, Klee A, Stratmann M.
Filamentäre Quellen der Muskel-Ruhespannung und die Behandlung muskulärer Dysbalancen
(Fibrillar sources of the muscle resting tension and the therapy of muscular imbalances).
Zeitschr f Physiotherapeuten.
1999;
4
628-640
- 53
Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Danneels L. et al .
Stretching and injury prevention: an obscure relationship.
Sports Med.
2004;
34
443-449
- 54
Young W B, Behm A G.
Should static stretching be used during a warm-up for strength and power activities?.
Strength Cond I.
2003;
24
33-37
Fritz Zahnd, Master Muskuloskelettale & Sport-Physiotherapie 2004 University of South
Australia
Hans-Rölli-Str. 20 b
CH-8127 Forch
eMail: fzahnd@bluewin.ch