Zusammenfassung
Drohungen sind häufige Ereignisse. In der Schweiz machten sie z. B. 2002 2,8 % aller
registrierten Einzelstraftaten aus und zeigten eine starke Zunahme. Nur ein geringer
Teil der Drohungen wird ausgeführt. Andererseits gehen vielen schweren Gewaltstraftaten
Drohungen voraus. Darum wird immer wieder die Frage aufgeworfen, ob die Tat durch
eine adäquate Beurteilung der Drohung hätte verhindert werden können. Auch wenn Drohungen
weder hinreichende noch notwendige Voraussetzungen für schwere Gewalttaten sind, empfiehlt
es sich, jede Drohung ernst zu nehmen und eine Risikobeurteilung vorzunehmen. Es besteht
ein breiter Konsens über die Notwendigkeit der Drohungsanalyse, zumal Hinweise aus
der Praxis dafür vorliegen, dass mit professionellen Risikoanalysen Straftaten verhindert
werden können. Bei der Analyse der Drohung kann wegen der sehr geringen Basisrate
schwerer Gewaltdelikte nicht auf profilorientierte (statische) Verfahren zurückgegriffen
werden. Vielmehr ist ein prozessorientiertes Vorgehen indiziert, bei dem die Drohung
und deren Kontext individuell beurteilt wird. In den bislang durchgeführten Untersuchungen
wurden Befunde zu verschiedenen Aspekten von Drohungen vorgelegt, die bei der Beurteilung
bestimmter Einzelfälle hilfreich sein können. Neben der konkreten Analyse von Merkmalen
der Drohung gilt es, die Täter-Opfer-Beziehung sowie die Persönlichkeit des Täters
genau zu analysieren. Es besteht die Aussicht, mit weitergehenden Forschungen ein
bislang noch nicht ausreichend genutztes Potenzial zur Prävention schwerer Gewalttaten
zu erschließen.
Abstract
Threats are frequent events. For example, in Switzerland in 2002 they accounted for
2.8 % of all registered instantaneous crimes and showed a marked increase. Only a
small proportion of threats are actually executed. On the other hand, many serious,
violent crimes are preceded by threats. Therefore, the question repeatedly arises
as to whether the crime could have been prevented by an adequate assessment of the
threat. Even if threatening behavior is not a sufficient or necessary precursor to
violent crime, it is advisable to take every threat seriously and to carry out a risk
assessment. There is far-reaching agreement on the necessity of threat analysis, especially
since there is practical evidence that professional risk analysis can prevent criminal
acts. Since the baseline rate for grievous violent crime is very low, it is not possible
for threat analysis to rely on profile-oriented (static) procedures. Rather, a process-oriented
approach is indicated, whereby each threat is assessed in its individual context.
Investigations so far have presented findings relating to different aspect of threats
that can be helpful in the evaluation of specific, individual cases. In addition to
specific analysis of the characteristics of the threat, it is essential to perform
a detailed analysis of the relationship between the offender and the victim and of
the offender's personality. It is to be expected that more extensive research will
make it possible to benefit from an as yet inadequately exploited potential to prevent
violent crime.
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Dipl.-Psych.
Astrid Rossegger
Psychiatrisch-Psychologischer Dienst Justizdirektion Kanton Zürich
Postfach
8090 Zürich
Schweiz
Email: astrid.rossegger@ji.zh.ch