Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung: Vor dem Hintergrund viel versprechender Ergebnisse aus der First-line-Therapie des
metastasierten Nierenzellkarzinoms untersuchten wir Effektivität und Nebenwirkungsprofil
kombinierter IL-2/Thalidomid-Therapie bei Patienten mit immun(chemo)therapierefraktärem
Nierenzellkarzinom. Material und Methode: 14 Patienten mit therapierefraktärem Nierenzellkarzinom und weiter bestehendem Therapiewunsch
wurden mit Thalidomid (p. o., 200 mg/d, Tag 1 + 2, Woche 0; anschließend 400 mg/d)
in Kombination mit IL-2 (s. c., 7 MIU/m2 , Tag 1 - 5, Woche 1 - 4) behandelt. Die Zykluslänge betrug 6 Wochen. Das Therapieansprechen
wurde nach je 2 Zyklen reevaluiert. Ergebnisse: Objektive Tumorremissionen konnten nicht erreicht werden, 4 Patienten (29 %) zeigten
eine Stabilisierung ihrer Erkrankung für 21, 15, 13 und 9 Monate. Das Nebenwirkungsspektrum
bestand überwiegend aus erst- bis drittgradiger Fatigue und Obstipation sowie grippeähnlichen
Beschwerden. Ein Patient brach bereits nach 3 Wochen die Behandlung wegen eines therapierefraktären
paralytischen Ileus ab. Eine zweite Patientin beendete die Behandlung nach 7 Wochen
aufgrund zunehmender Verwirrtheit. 11 Patienten benötigten eine IL-2-Dosisreduktion
im Verlauf der Therapie, die im Median über 19 Wochen (3 - 44 Wochen) durchgeführt
wurde. Das mittlere Gesamtüberleben betrug 22 Monate. Schlussfolgerungen: Die ambulante IL-2/Thalidomid-Therapie zur Behandlung des Patienten mit zytokinrefraktärem
Nierenzellkarzinom und weiterhin bestehendem Therapiewunsch ist prinzipiell möglich.
Toxizität und Kosten sind jedoch beträchtlich, das Ansprechen limitiert. Die Frage
nach einer effizienten Second-line-Therapie bleibt unbeantwortet; die hier untersuchte
Kombinationstherapie scheint keine rationelle Option für die Behandlung des vortherapierten
progredienten Nierenzellkarzinoms darzustellen.
Abstract
Purpose: On the basis of promising first-line data we have evaluated the safety and efficacy
of a combination therapy comprising interleukin-2 (IL-2) and thalidomide in patients
with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) refractory to both immuno- and chemotherapy.
Patients and Methods: 14 patients with progressive metastatic RCC, in whom prior immunochemotherapy had
failed but who desired further active therapy, were enrolled in this study. Oral thalidomide
was started at 200 mg/d and escalated after two days to 400 mg/d at week 0. IL-2 at
7 MIU/m2 was given by subcutaneous injection, starting at week 1, days 1 to 5, weeks 1 to
4, with no IL-2 at weeks 5 and 6. The response was assessed every other therapy cycle.
Results: 12 patients were evaluable for response. There was no objective response; 4 patients
showed stable disease for 21, 15, 13 and 9 months, respectively. Toxicities were predominantly
grade 1 - 3 and included somnolence and constipation, as well as flu-like symptoms
associated with IL-2. However, one patient developed serious constipation which led
to a paralytic ileus and discontinuation of treatment. Another patient left the study
after seven weeks due to increasing confusion. 11 patients required IL-2 dose reduction.
Time on therapy ranged from 3 - 44 weeks (median, 19 weeks). Median overall survival
was 22 months. Up to date, all patients have discontinued treatment. Conclusions: We conclude that outpatient administration of thalidomide/IL-2 is feasible in patients
with heavily pretreated and progressive RCC who desire further active treatment. However,
toxicity and costs are considerable and the clinical benefit is uncertain. Therefore
thalidomide/IL-2 may not represent a promising therapeutic approach for this subgroup
of patients.
Schlüsselwörter
Nierenzellkarzinom - IL-2 - IFN - Thalidomid - Second-line-Therapie - Progression
- Überleben
Key words
IL-2 - IFN - thalidomide - second-line therapy - renal cell carcinoma - progression
- remission - survival - review
Literatur
1
Doehn C, Jocham D.
Immunotherapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results from Current Phase-III-Trials.
Aktuelle Urol.
2004;
35
21-129
2
Motzer R J, Russo P.
Systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma.
J Urol.
2000;
163
408-417
3
Whelan P.
The medical treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
EAU Update Series.
2003;
1
237-246
4
Kirkali Z, Oebek C.
Clinical aspects of renal cell carcinoma.
EAU Update Series.
2003;
1
189-196
5
Amato R J.
Chemotherapy for renal cell carcinoma.
Semin Oncol.
2000;
27
177-186
6
Coppin C, Porzsolt F, Awa A, Kumpf J, Coldman A, Wilt T.
Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2005;
CD001425
7
Atzpodien J, Kirchner H, Jonas U, Bergmann L, Schott H, Heynemann H, Fornara P, Loening S A,
Roigas J, Muller S C, Bodenstein H, Pomer S, Metzner B, Rebmann U, Oberneder R, Siebels M,
Wandert T, Puchberger T, Reitz M.
Interleukin-2- and Interferon Alfa-2a-Based Immunochemotherapy in Advanced Renal Cell
Carcinoma: A Prospectively Randomized Trial of the German Cooperative Renal Carcinoma
Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN).
J Clin Oncol.
2004;
22
1188-1194
8
Heidenreich A, Schrader A J, Varga Z.
Basic science and research in renal cell carcinoma: from workbench to bedside.
Curr Opin Urol.
2003;
13
457-462
9
Schrader A J, Varga Z, Hegele A, Pfoertner S, Olbert P, Hofmann R.
Second-line strategies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: classics and novel approaches.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol..
2006;
132
137-149
10
Adlard J W.
Thalidomide in the treatment of cancer.
Anticancer Drugs.
2000;
11
787-791
11
D'Amato R J, Loughnan M S, Flynn E, Folkman J.
Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1994;
91
4082-4085
12
Amato R J.
Thalidomide therapy for renal cell carcinoma.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol.
2003;
46
59-65
13
Singhal S, Mehta J, Desikan R, Ayers D, Roberson P, Eddlemon P, Munshi N, Anaissie E,
Wilson C, Dhodapkar M, Zeddis J, Barlogie B.
Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
341
1565-1571
14
Fine H A, Figg W D, Jaeckle K, Wen P Y, Kyritsis A P, Loeffler J S, Levin V A, Black P M,
Kaplan R, Pluda J M, Yung W K.
Phase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent thalidomide in patients with recurrent
high-grade gliomas.
J Clin Oncol.
2000;
18
708-715
15
Little R F, Wyvill K M, Pluda J M, Welles L, Marshall V, Figg W D, Newcomb F M, Tosato G,
Feigal E, Steinberg S M, Whitby D, Goedert J J, Yarchoan R.
Activity of thalidomide in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2000;
18
2593-2602
16
Hwu W J, Krown S E, Menell J H, Panageas K S, Merrell J, Lamb L A, Williams L J, Quinn C J,
Foster T, Chapman P B, Livingston P O, Wolchok J D, Houghton A N.
Phase II study of temozolomide plus thalidomide for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2003;
21
3351-3356
17
Okafor M C.
Thalidomide for erythema nodosum leprosum and other applications.
Pharmacotherapy.
2003;
23
481-493
18
Hernberg M, Virkkunen P, Bono P, Ahtinen H, Maenpaa H, Joensuu H.
Interferon alfa-2b three times daily and thalidomide in the treatment of metastatic
renal cell carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2003;
21
3770-3776
19
Escudier B, Lassau N, Couanet D, Angevin E, Mesrati F, Leborgne S, Garofano A, Leboulaire C,
Dupouy N, Laplanche A.
Phase II trial of thalidomide in renal-cell carcinoma.
Ann Oncol.
2002;
13
1029-1035
20
Nathan P D, Gore M E, Eisen T G.
Unexpected toxicity of combination thalidomide and interferon alpha-2a treatment in
metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2002;
20
1429-1430
21
Desai A A, Vogelzang N J, Rini B I, Ansari R, Krauss S, Stadler W M.
A high rate of venous thromboembolism in a multi-institutional phase II trial of weekly
intravenous gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil and daily thalidomide
in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Cancer.
2002;
95
1629-1636
22
Amato R J, Schell J, Thompson N, Moore R, Miles B.
Phase II study of thalidomide + interleukin-2 (IL-2) in patients with metastatic renal
cell carcinoma (MRCC).
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol.
2003;
22
387 (abstr 1556)
23
Huland E, Heinzer H, Timm S, Alamian M, Huland H.
Immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in Germany. An assessment of the
current status.
Urologe A.
2002;
41
282-287
24
Rohde D.
New targets and drugs for treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Aktuelle Urol.
2005;
36
125-130
25
Schrader A J, Varga Z, Pfoertner S, Goelden U, Buer J, Hofmann R.
Treatment targeted at vascular endothelial growth factor: a promising approach to
managing metastatic kidney cancer.
BJU Int..
2006;
97
461-465
26
Clark P E, Hall M C, Miller A, Ridenhour K P, Stindt D, Lovato J F, Patton S E, Brinkley W,
Das S, Torti F M.
Phase II trial of combination interferon-alpha and thalidomide as first-line therapy
in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Urology.
2004;
63
1061-1065
27
Kedar I, Mermershtain W, Ivgi H.
Thalidomide reduces serum C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 and induces response
to IL-2 in a fraction of metastatic renal cell cancer patients who failed IL-2-based
therapy.
Int J Cancer.
2004;
110
260-265
28
Amato R J.
Thalidomide: an antineoplastic agent.
Curr Oncol Rep.
2002;
4
56-62
29
Eisen T, Boshoff C, Mak I, Sapunar F, Vaughan M M, Pyle L, Johnston S R, Ahern R,
Smith I E, Gore M E.
Continuous low dose Thalidomide: a phase II study in advanced melanoma, renal cell,
ovarian and breast cancer.
Br J Cancer.
2000;
82
812-817
30
Daliani D D, Papandreou C N, Thall P F, Wang X, Perez C, Oliva R, Pagliaro L, Amato R.
A pilot study of thalidomide in patients with progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Cancer.
2002;
95
758-765
31
Escudier B, Lassau N, Couanet D, Angevin E, Leborgne S, Garofano A, Mesrati F, Laplanche A.
Phase II Trial of Thalidomide in Renal Cell Carcinoma.
ASCO Annual Meeting.
2001;
abstr 718
32
Li Z, Amato R, Papandreou C, Pagliaro L, Kim J, Millikan R, Loggins-Coffman J, Perez C,
Logothetis C, Daliani D.
Phase II Study of Thalidomide for Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (MRCC)
Progressing After Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-Based Therapy (Rx).
ASCO Annual Meeting.
2001;
abstr 717
33
Novik Y, Dutcher J P, Larkin M, Wiernik P H.
Phase II Study of Thalidomide (T) in Advanced Refractory Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer
(MRCC): a Single Institution Experience.
ASCO Annual Meeting.
2001;
abstr 1057
34
Stebbing J, Benson C, Eisen T, Pyle L, Smalley K, Bridle H, Mak I, Sapunar F, Ahern R,
Gore M E.
The treatment of advanced renal cell cancer with high-dose oral thalidomide.
Br J Cancer.
2001;
85
953-958
35
Srinivas S, Guardino A E.
Randomized trial of high and low dose thalidomide in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
ASCO Annual Meeting.
2002;
abstr 2403
36
Motzer R J, Berg W, Ginsberg M, Russo P, Vuky J, Yu R, Bacik J, Mazumdar M.
Phase II trial of thalidomide for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2002;
20
302-306
37
Minor D R, Monroe D, Damico L A, Meng G, Suryadevara U, Elias L.
A phase II study of thalidomide in advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Invest New Drugs.
2002;
20
389-393
38
Eisen T.
Phase II results of a phase II/III study comparing thalidomide with medroxyprogesterone
in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol.
2003;
22
400 (abstr 1606)
39
Green D, Meza-Junco J, Arce C, Chavez-Macgregor M, de la Peña R, Sotomayor M, Gabilondo F.
Phase-II trial of thalidomide for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
ASCO Annual Meeting.
2005;
abstr 4761
40
Madhusudan S, Protheroe A, Vasey P, Patel P, Selby P, Altman D, Christodoulos K, Harris A L.
A randomised phase II study of interferon alpha alone or in combination with thalidomide
in metastatic renal cancer.
J Clin Oncol.
2004;
22
4742
41
Tripathi R R, Patel B, Heilbrun L, Hussain M, Flaherty L, Vaishampayan U N.
Phase II study of interferon and thalidomide in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2004;
22
abstr 4712
42
Minor D R, Amato R J.
Thalidomide, interferon-alpha, and capecitabine as second-line therapy for metastatic
renal cell cancer (RCC).
J Clin Oncol.
2004;
22
4696
43
Amato R J, Rawat A.
Interferon-alpha plus capecitabine and thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal
cell carcinoma: A pilot study.
Invest New Drugs.
2005;
2
2
44
Morgan M, Rawat A, Amato R J.
Phase II Study of Thalidomide, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), and Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony
Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) in Patients (pts) with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
(MRCC).
J Clin Oncol.
2005;
23
432s (abstr 4717)
45
Schrader A J, Heidenreich A, Hegele A, Olbert P, Ohlmann C H, Varga Z, Knobloch R
von, Hofmann R.
Application of thalidomide/interleukin-2 in immunochemotherapy-refractory metastatic
renal cell carcinoma.
Anticancer Drugs.
2005;
16
581-585
Dr. med. Andres Jan Schrader
Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinik Marburg
Baldingerstraße
35043 Marburg
Telefon: +49-6421-286-2479
Fax: +49-6421-286-5590
eMail: ajschrader@gmx.de