Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel möchte auf das relativ weit verbreitete Phänomen Rechenangst aufmerksam
machen und die damit einhergehenden Probleme darstellen. Rechenangst wirkt sich wie
jede andere Phobie auf drei Ebenen aus: physiologisch (z. B. erhöhte Herzschlagfrequenz,
Schweißausbrüche), kognitiv („worrysome thoughts”) und verhaltensmäßig (Vermeidungsverhalten).
Das Vermeiden von rechnerischen Tätigkeiten - was auch den Umgang mit Zahlen einschließen
kann - führt dabei langfristig meist in einen Teufelskreis von Lernrückstand, Misserfolgserlebnissen
und emotionalen Problemen. Rechenangst beeinträchtigt die Rechenleistung auch kurzfristig
über eine Belastung von Aufmerksamkeits- und Arbeitsgedächtnisressourcen. In der Literatur
wurde wiederholt ein negativer korrelativer Zusammenhang zwischen Rechenleistung und
Rechenangst berichtet. Ob dieser Zusammenhang auch kausal ist, kann bis dato nicht
eindeutig beantwortet werden, da Längsschnittstudien zu diesem Thema noch ausstehen.
In Hinblick auf Geschlechtsunterschiede lässt sich berichten, dass bei Mädchen relativ
zu Jungen tendenziell negativere Einstellungen zum Rechnen sowie höhere Rechenangst
beobachtbar sind. Ob Mädchen jedoch tatsächlich öfter und/oder ein höheres Ausmaß
an Rechenangst entwickeln oder diese nur bereitwilliger berichten, bleibt unklar.
Wichtig ist die Beachtung des Phänomens Rechenangst auch bei der Gestaltung einer
Dyskalkulie-Therapie (kurative Maßnahmen) sowie bei der Planung des Vorschul- und
Mathematikunterrichtes (präventive Maßnahmen). Ein Primärziel sollte dabei die Schaffung
einer positiven Lernatmosphäre und die Etablierung des konzeptuellen arithmetischen
Verständnisses sein, damit ein angstfreies, motiviertes und aktives Lernen ermöglicht
wird.
Abstract
The main aim of this article is to draw the readers’ attention to the rather neglected
but nevertheless quite frequent phenomenon of math anxiety. Specifically, we want
to point out the problems associated with math anxiety as well as its connection to
arithmetic performance. Like all other phobias, math anxiety exerts negative effects
on a) physiological (e. g. tachycardia, sweating), b) cognitive (worrisome thoughts),
and c) behavioural levels (avoidance). Avoiding math-related activities often leads
to a long-term vicious circle of falling behind in maths lessons, experiencing failure,
and emotional problems. Furthermore, math anxiety has also online effects on calculation,
as it draws upon attentional and working memory resources. Overall, a negative correlation
between arithmetic performance and math anxiety has been repeatedly reported, but
up to date - and in the absence of respective longitudinal studies - it remains an
open question whether this connection is a causal one or not. Regarding sex differences,
tendencies to report higher levels of math anxiety and/or more negative attitudes
towards math were found in girls relative to boys. Nonetheless, it remains unclear
whether girls also experience a higher level of math anxiety or whether they merely
are more likely to report it. Acknowledging the existence and the various negative
effects of math anxiety is important for both the planning of dyscalculia intervention
programs (curative procedures) and for the development of mathematics curricula (preventive
procedure). Primary goals should be the creation of a positive atmosphere and the
simultaneous establishment of conceptual arithmetical understanding, which in turn
should facilitate motivated and active learning free of anguish and anxiety.
Schlüsselwörter
Rechenangst - Rechenleistung - entwicklungsbedingte Dyskalkulie - Geschlechtsunterschiede
- pädagogische Implikationen
Key words
Math anxiety - arithmetic skills - developmental dyscalculia - gender differences
- educational implications
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Helga Krinzinger
Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen
Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Neuropsychologie
Neurologische Klinik
Pauwelsstrasse 30
52057 Aachen
eMail: krinzinger@neuropsych.rwth-aachen.de