ABSTRACT
Trauma and/or accidental injury complicates 6-7% of all pregnancies. The management
protocols for trauma in pregnancy are based largely on case reports and small series.
The purposes of this study were to: describe the demographics of pregnant trauma patients
at a tertiary care center and a large community hospital; identify variables predictive
of fetal outcome including an examination of Kleihauer-Betke and nonstress testing;
and recommend an evaluation and management protocol after trauma based on empirical
data rather than anecdotal reports. Data from pregnancies complicated by trauma from
July 1987 through October 1993 were retrospectively reviewed. Statistical analysis
included Chi-square and Kruskall-Wallis testing. There were 476 medical records available
for review. Of the trauma cases, 54.6% were motor vehicle accidents, 22.3% were domestic
abuse and assaults, 21.8% were associated with falls, and 1.3% were secondary to burns,
puncture wounds, or animal bites. Mean maternal age was 24 years, 49.9% were Caucasian,
and 43% were primigravid. Mean ges-tational age at occurrence of trauma was 25.9 weeks
and mean gestational age of delivery was 37.9 weeks. Domestic abuse occurred most
frequently before 18 weeks, falls between 20-30 weeks' gestation, and motor vehicle
accidents occurred with equal frequency throughout gestation. Uterine contractions
occurred in 39.8% of patients and as often as every 1 to 5 min in 18% of patients.
Preterm labor occurred in 11.4%, preterm delivery in 25%, and abruptions in 1.58%
of the trauma population. Fetal heart rate monitoring was abnormal in 3% of cases.
Twenty-seven perinatal deaths were noted and in 14 pregnancies the deaths were related
to trauma. Eight of these perinatal deaths were associated with motor vehicle accidents,
four with domestic violence, and two with falls. The only preventable perinatal deaths
were a twin pregnancy transferred with nonreassuring fetal heart tones. Early warning
symptoms of vaginal bleeding, uterine contractions, and/or abdominal and/or uterine
tenderness were not predictive of either preterm delivery or adverse pregnancy outcome,
sensitivity 52%, specificity 48%. Abnormal monitoring and positive Kleihauer-Betke
tests were also not predictive of adverse pregnancy outcome. However, there were no
adverse outcomes directly related to trauma when monitoring was normal and early warning
symptoms were absent (negative predictive value 100%). Two hundred eighty-nine Kleihauer-Betke
tests were performed and only one affected management. Repetitive monitoring over
several days did not uncover any patients whose heart rate tracings evolved from normal
to abnormal monitoring. Given our findings that prolonged monitoring was not helpful
in management of pregnant trauma patients, we support the recommendation that initial
external fetal monitoring be performed for 4 hr, and, if reassuring, the patient may
be sent home with precautions. We also recommend an Rh-immunoglobulin work-up for
all Rh-neg-ative pregnant trauma patients, but do not recommend Kleihauer-Betke testing
for Rh-positive women. Given the frequency with which trauma affects pregnancy and
the difficulty encountered with identifying variables predictive of pregnancy outcome,
there may be great benefits of incorporating trauma prevention into routine prenatal
care.
Keywords
Trauma in pregnancy - domestic violence - motor vehicle accident - fetal heart rate
testing - Kleihauer-Betke
