Klin Padiatr 2008; 220(3): 166-174
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1065347
Original Article

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Parents' Perspective on Symptoms, Quality of Life, Characteristics of Death and End-of-Life Decisions for Children Dying from Cancer

Einschätzungen von Eltern an Krebs verstorbener Kinder zu Krankheitssymptomen, Lebensqualität, Sterbeprozess und Entscheidungen am LebensendeT. Hechler 1 , M. Blankenburg 1 , S. J. Friedrichsdorf 2 , D. Garske 1 , B. Hübner 1 , A. Menke 1 , C. Wamsler 1 , J. Wolfe 3 , B. Zernikow 1
  • 1Vodafone Foundation Institute for Children's Pain Therapy and Paediatric Palliative Care, Children's and Adolescents’ Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
  • 2Pain and Palliative Care Program, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
  • 3Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital Boston, USA
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
13 May 2008 (online)

Abstract

Background: In the present study, we investigated the situation of children who had succumbed to their malignancy in Germany as perceived by their parents. Specifically, we were interested in bereaved parents’ perspective on five essential areas: 1) symptoms and quality of life, 2) characteristics of the child's death, 3) anticipation of their child's death and care delivery, 4) end-of-life decisions and 5) impact of the child's death on the parents and perceived social support by the health care team.

Materials and methods: We contacted all existing departments for paediatric oncology in the German federal state of Nordrhein Westfalen and asked them to contact all parents for participation in our study who had lost their child to cancer in 1999 and 2000. Upon agreement, we interviewed the parents utilising a validated semi-structured interview on distressing symptoms and quality of life of their children during the end-of-life care period.

Results: Six of the 19 departments agreed to participate. Parents of 48 children (31 boys, 17 girls) were interviewed. The main distressing symptoms were fatigue, pain, loss of appetite, and dyspnoea according to the parents. While parents perceived pain and constipation to have been treated successfully, loss of appetite and anxiety were not treated effectively. 75% of the children died due to a progression of their malignancy. Of these, 50% obtained cancer-directed therapy at the end of life, which was negatively rated by the parents in hindsight. 48% of the children died at home even though 88% of the parents chose ‘at home’ as the most appropriate locale of death in hindsight. Parents anticipated their child's death on average 9 weeks prior to the child's death. 41% of the parents provided palliative home care for their child and the majority (88%) rated the quality of care as good or very good. 64% discussed end-of-life decisions with the health care team, 36% did not have a discussion. Parents were clearly affected by their child's death. However, 15% of the parents were not contacted by the health care team following the child's death.

Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that psychological symptoms (e.g. anxiety) are frequent symptoms in the end-of-life care period and cause severe suffering in the children. Questions in terms of benefits and costs of cancer-directed therapy in the end-of-life care period need to be addressed in future prospective studies. Parents’ perspective on their child's death and related end-of-life decisions highlighted the importance of communication between parents and the health care team. Future studies need to investigate potential barriers in the communication between parents and the team to optimise end-of-life decisions and hence, reduce parents’ long-term distress. In line with the previous, the present data demonstrated that there is still a lack of routine contact from the health care team following the child's death despite existing guidelines. Research is therefore needed into the implementation of guidelines for routine contact into clinical practice following a child's death.

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung: In der vorliegenden Untersuchung beschäftigen wir uns mit der elterlichen Sicht der Situation von Kindern, die in Deutschland an bösartigen Erkankungen verstorben sind. Dabei interessierten wir uns für 5 Bereiche aus der Sicht der verwaisten Eltern: 1) Symptome und Lebensqualität, 2) Charakteristika des Todes, 3) Erwartung des herannahenden Todes und Versorgung, 4) Entscheidungen in der Lebensendphase und 5) Auswirkungen des Todes auf die Eltern und Nachsorge durch das Versorgungsteam.

Methodik: Alle Abteilungen für Pädiatrische Onkologie in Nordrhein-Westfalen wurden um ihre Teilnahme gebeten und mit den Eltern in Kontakt zu treten, deren Kinder im Zeitraum von 1999-2000 an Krebs verstorben waren. Bei Einverständnis der Eltern interviewten wir diese mit einem semi-strukturierten Fragebogen.

Ergebnisse: Sechs der 19 Abteilungen erklärten sich zur Teilnahme bereit. Eltern von 48 Kindern (31 Jungen, 17 Mädchen) wurden interviewt. Die belastendsten Symptome aus Sicht der Eltern waren Erschöpfung, Schmerz, Appetitlosigkeit und Dyspnoe. Während die Eltern Schmerz und Obstipation als gut behandelt ansahen, wurde Appetitlosigkeit und Angst aus ihrer Sicht nicht erfolgreich behandelt. 75% der Kinder verstarben aufgrund der Progredienz der Erkrankung. Von diesen erhielten 50% eine antineoplastische Therapie in der Lebensendphase, die im Nachhinein negativ von den Eltern beurteilt wurde. 48% der Kinder verstarben zu Hause, obwohl im Nachhinein 88% Zuhause als ihren Wunschort für den Tod des Kindes angaben. Die Eltern erahnten den Tod ihres Kindes im Durchschnitt 9 Wochen vorher. 41% der Eltern boten ihrem Kind pädiatrische Palliativversorung zu Hause an, und die Mehrzahl bewertete die Qualität der Versorgung als gut oder sehr gut. 64% diskutierten Entscheidungen in der Lebensendphase (z. B. Reanimation) mit dem Versorgungsteam, 36% hatten keinen Austausch. 15% der Eltern wurden nach dem Tod des Kindes nicht von dem Versorgungsteam kontaktiert.

Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorliegende Studie hat gezeigt, dass psychologische Symptome (z. B. Ängste) häufige Symptome in der Lebensendphase sind und zu erheblichen Leiden führen können. Fragen des Für und Wider von Tumortherapie in der Lebensendphase müssen in zukünftigen Studien adressiert werden. Die elterliche Perspektive und die damit zusammenhängenden Entscheidungen zeigen die Notwendigkeit von Kommunikation zwischen den Eltern und dem Versorgungsteam. Zukünftige Studien sollten die Barrieren in der Kommunikation erforschen, um Entscheidungen in der Lebensendphase zu optimieren und damit die Belastung der Eltern langfristig zu reduzieren. Damit zusammenhängend hat die vorliegende Studie gezeigt, dass es nach wie vor und trotz bestehender Leitlinien einen Mangel an Nachsorge von Seiten des Versorgungsteams gibt. Eine Erforschung der Implementierung von Leitlinien zur Nachsorge in den klinischen Alltag ist indiziert.

Literatur

  • 1 Belasco JB, Danz P, Drill A, Schmid W, Burkey E. Supportive care: palliative care in children, adolescents, and young adults-model of care, interventions, and cost of care: a retrospective review.  J Palliat Care. 2000;  16 39-46
  • 2 Bluebond-Langner M, Belasco JB, Goldman A, Belasco C. Understanding parents’ approaches to care and treatment children with cancer when standard therapy has failed.  J Clin Oncol. 2007;  25 2414-2419
  • 3 Calaminus G, Weispach S, Teske C, Göbel U. Quality of survival in children and adolescents after treatment for childhood cancer: the influence of reported late effects on health related quality of life.  Klin Pädiatr. 2007;  219 152-157
  • 4 Collins JJ, Byrnes ME, Dunkel IJ, Lapin J, Nadel T, Thaler HT. et al . The measurement of symptoms in children with cancer.  J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;  19 363-377
  • 5 Drake R, Collins JJ, Byrnes ME, Dunkel IJ, Lapin J, Nadel T. et al . The measurement of symptoms in children with cancer.  J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;  19 363-377
  • 6 Friedrichsdorf S, Brun S, Menke A, Wamsler C, Zernikow B. Status Quo of palliative care in pediatric oncology - a nationwide survey in Germany.  J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;  29 156-164
  • 7 Goldman A, Hewitt M, Collins GS, Childs M, Hain R. United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group/Paediatric Oncology Nurses’ Forum Palliative Care Working Group . Symptoms in children/young people with progressive malignant disease: United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group/Paediatric Oncology Nurses Forum survey.  Pediatrics. 2006;  117 e1179-e1186
  • 8 Herold R, Reiche R, Creutzig U, Henze G. Assessment of staffing and infrastructures of paediatric oncology and haematology centres in Germany.  Klin Pädiatr. 2007;  219 ((6)) 380-390
  • 9 Hinds PS, Pritchard M, Harper J. End-of-life research as a priority for pediatric oncology.  J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2004;  21 175-179
  • 10 Holm KE, Patterson JM, Gurney JG. Parental involvement and family-centered care in the diagnostic and treatment phases of childhood cancer: Results from a qualitative study.  J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2003;  20 301-313
  • 11 Houlahan KE, Branowicki PA, Mack JW, Dinning C, MacCabe M. Can end of life care for the pediatric patient suffering with escalating and intractable symptoms be improved?.  J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2006;  23 45-51
  • 12 Janssen G, Friedland C, Richter U, Leonhardt H, Göbel U. Out-patient palliative care of children with cancer and their families.  Klin Pädiatr. 2004;  216 183-188
  • 13 Kreicbergs U, Valdimarsdottir U, Onelöv E, Björk O, Steineck G, Henter J-I. Care-related distress. A nationwide study of parents who lost their child to cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2005;  23 9162-9171
  • 14 Kreicbergs U, Valdimarsdottir U, Onelöv E, Henter J-I, Steineck G. Anxiety and depression in parents 4-9 years after the loss of a child owing to malignancy: A population-based follow-up.  Psychol Med. 2004;  34 1431-1441
  • 15 Mack JW, Hilden JM, Watterson J, Moore C, Turner B, Holcombe EG, Weeks JC, Wolfe J. Parent and physician perspectives on quality of care at the end of life in children with cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2005;  23 ((36)) 9155-9161
  • 16 Rabow MW, Hauser JM, Adams J. Supporting family care givers at the end of life.  JAMA. 2004;  291 483-491
  • 17 Schreiber-Gollwitzer BM, Gallo A Di, Maier S. . Position paper by the Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH) and the Deutsche Leukämie-Forschungshilfe (DLFH) on psycho-social care for pediatric oncology and hematology patients in hospital.  Klin Pädiatr. 2007;  219 ((6)) 368-371
  • 18 Schreiber-Gollwitzer BM, Schroder HM, Griessmeier B, Labouvie H, Lilienthal S. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of psychosocial care for patients in pediatric oncology and haematology - a multicenter study on behalf of the PSAPOH].  Klin Pädiatr. 2003;  215 171-176
  • 19 Shah S, Weitman S, Langevin AM, Bernstein M, Furman W, Pratt C. Phase I therapy trials in children with cancer.  J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1998;  20 431-438
  • 20 Surkan PJ, Dickman PW, Steineck G, Onelöv E, Kreicbergs U. Home care of a child dying of malignancy and parental awareness of a child's impending death.  Palliat Med. 2006;  20 161-169
  • 21 Theunissen JM, Hoogerbrugge PM, Achterberg T van, Prins JB, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, Ende CH van den. Symptoms in the palliative phase of children with cancer.  Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;  49 160-165
  • 22 Wolfe J, Holcombe EG, Klar N, Levin SB, Ellenbogen JM, Salem-Schatz S. et al . Symptoms and suffering at the end of life in children with cancer.  N Engl J Med. 2000;  342 326-333
  • 23 Wolfe J, MacCallum DE, Byrne P, Bruera E. How children die in hospital.  J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;  20 417-423

Correspondence

PD Dr. med. B. Zernikow

Vodafone Foundation Institute for Children's Pain Therapy and Paediatric Palliative Care

Children's and Adolescents' Hospital Datteln

Witten/Herdecke University

Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner-Str. 5

45711 Datteln

Phone: +49/2363/975 180

Fax: +49/2363/975 181

Email: B.Zernikow@kinderklinik-datteln.de

    >