Zusammenfassung
Die frühe Reperfusion des verschlossenen epikardialen Koronargefäßes und die antithrombotische
Therapie haben beim akuten Myokardinfarkt mit Elevation der ST–Strecke eine herausragende
Bedeutung. Dem Notarzt kommt eine Schlüssselrolle in der Diagnostik und Einleitung
einer Therapie zu. Der folgende Artikel beschreibt Konzepte der Akutversorgung von
Patienten mit Myokardinfarkt und umreißt die aktuelle Evidenz für die verschiedenen
Therapieoptionen.
Abstract:
The early reperfusion of the occluded epicardial coronary artery and the antithrombotic
therapy is of eminent importance in the management of the acute myocardial infarction
with ST–segment–elevation. The emergency physician has a key role in establishing
the diagnosis and deciding about the therapy. The following article describes modern
concepts and the evidence of the emergency management of patients with myocardial
infarction.
Schlüsselworte:
Akutes Koronarsyndrom - Myokardinfarkt - prähospitale Thrombolyse - Perkutane Koronarintervention
- Reperfusion
Key words:
Acute coronary syndrome - myocardial infarction - prehospital thrombolysis - percutaneous
coronary intervention - reperfusion
Kernaussagen
Das akute Koronarsyndrom hat trotz großer Fortschritte in der Akuttherapie, Primär–
und Sekundärprophylaxe eine nach wie vor ernste Prognose. Etwa 40 % aller Patienten
versterben in den ersten 28 Tagen.
Der akute Myokardinfarkt mit Elevation der ST–Strecke oder neuem Linksschenkelblock
entsteht meistens infolge des thrombotischen Verschlusses eines epikardialen Koronargefäßes.
Die Prognose von STEMI–Patienten kann durch eine Reperfusionstherapie grundlegend
verbessert werden.
Reperfusionsverfahren der Wahl ist die primäre perkutane Katheterintervention mit
Implantation eines koronaren Stents (PCI).
Ist eine PCI nicht innerhalb von 90 Minuten nach Erstdiagnose möglich, so ist das
Reperfusionsverfahren der zweiten Wahl eine prähospitale Thrombolyse – vorzugsweise
mit Tenekteplase. Zu rechnen ist mit einer Versagerquote von 30–40 %.
Dem Notarzt kommt in der Erstdiagnose und Einleitung der Therapie eine Schlüsselrolle
zu.
Entscheidende diagnostische Maßnahme ist ein prähospital abgeleitetes 12–Kanal–EKG.
Andere diagnostischen Tests, wie zum Beispiel Schnelltests auf kardiale Nekrosemarker,
haben für den Rettungsdienst keine Bedeutung.
Als antithrombotische Basistherapie erfolgt umgehend nach Diagnose eines akuten Koronarsyndroms
die Gabe von Acetylsalicylsäure und Heparin intravenös.
Die Kombination einer prähospitalen Thrombolyse und einer umgehend sich anschließenden
PCI erhöht die Akut–Letalität und wird nicht empfohlen.
Die Erweiterung der prähospitalen antithrombotischen Basistherapie um Clopidogrel
und/oder einen Glykoproteinrezeptor–Antagonisten wird gegenwärtig – obwohl vielversprechend
– aufgrund der unzureichenden Datenlage nicht empfohlen. Gleiches gilt für den Ersatz
unfraktionierten Heparins durch ein niedermolekulares Heparin.
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Dr. med. Ekkehard Hilker Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h.c. Günter Breithardt
eMail: hilkere@uni-muenster.de
eMail: g.breithardt@uni-muenster.de