Background: The popularity of personal listening devices (PLDs) including iPods has increased
dramatically over the past decade. PLDs allow users to listen to music uninterrupted
for prolonged periods and at levels that may pose a risk for hearing loss in some
listeners, particularly those using earbud earphones that fail to attenuate high ambient
noise levels and necessitate increasing volume for acoustic enjoyment. Earlier studies
have documented PLD use by teenagers and adults, but omitted college students, which
represent a large segment of individuals who use these devices.
Purpose: This study surveyed college students' knowledge about, experiences with, attitudes
toward, and practices and preferences for hearing health and use of iPods and/or other
PLDs. The study was designed to help determine the need, content, and preferred format
for educational outreach campaigns regarding safe iPod use to college students.
Research Design: An 83-item questionnaire was designed and used to survey college students' knowledge
about, experiences with, attitudes toward, and practices/preferences for hearing health
and PLD use. The questionnaire assessed Demographics and Knowledge of Hearing Health, iPod Users' Practices and Preferences,
Attitudes toward iPod Use, and Reasons for iPod Use.
Results: Generally, most college students were knowledgeable about hearing health but could
use information about signs of and how to prevent hearing loss. Two-thirds of these
students used iPods, but not at levels or for durations that should pose excessive
risks for hearing loss when listening in quiet environments. However, most iPod users
could be at risk for hearing loss given a combination of common practices.
Conclusions: Most of these college students should not be at great risk of hearing loss from their
iPods when used conscientiously. Some concern is warranted for a small segment of
these students who seemed to be most at risk because they listened to their iPods
at high volume levels for long durations using earbuds, and reported that they may
already have hearing loss due to their iPods.
Key Words
College students - iPods - nonoccupational noise exposure - personal listening devices
- recreational noise exposure - young adults
