Abnormal pigmentation within cutaneous scars: A complication of wound healing

Sarah Chadwick; Rebecca Heath; Mamta Shah

doi:10.4103/0970-0358.101328

Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, Inhaltsverzeichnis

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian J Plast Surg 2012; 45(02): 403-411
DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.101328

Review Article

Association of Plastic Surgeons of India

Abnormal pigmentation within cutaneous scars: A complication of wound healing

Autor*innen

Sarah Chadwick

Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Rebecca Heath

Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Mamta Shah

Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK

Abstract

als PDF herunterladen

ABSTRACT

Abnormally pigmented scars are an undesirable consequence of cutaneous wound healing and are a complication every single individual worldwide is at risk of. They present a challenge for clinicians, as there are currently no definitive treatment options available, and render scars much more noticeable making them highly distressing for patients. Despite extensive research into both wound healing and the pigment cell, there remains a scarcity of knowledge surrounding the repigmentation of cutaneous scars. Pigment production is complex and under the control of many extrinsic and intrinsic factors and patterns of scar repigmentation are unpredictable. This article gives an overview of human skin pigmentation, repigmentation following wounding and current treatment options.

KEY WORDS

Melanin - melanogenesis - pigmentation - scar(s) - wound

PDF (206 kb)

Referenzen

1 Morgan JE, Gilchrest B, Goldwyn RM. Skin pigmentation. Current concepts and relevance to plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1975;56:617-28.
2 Tyack ZF, Pegg S, Ziviani J. Postburn dyspigmentation: its assessment, management, and relationship to scarring--a review of the literature. J Burn Care Rehabil 1997;18:435-40.
3 Wisely JA, Hoyle E, Tarrier N, Edwards J. Where to start? Attempting to meet the psychological needs of burned patients. Burns 2007;33:736-46.
4 Zeitlin RE. Long-term psychosocial sequelae of paediatric burns. Burns 1997;23:467-72.
5 Jablonski NG. The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color. Annu Rev Anthropol 2004;33:585-623.
6 An SM, Koh JS, Boo YC. Inhibition of melanogenesis by tyrosinase siRNA in human melanocytes. BMB Rep 2009;42:178-83.
7 Hearing VJ. Milestones in melanocytes/melanogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2011;131:E1.
8 Lassalle MW, Igarashi S, Sasaki M, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Horikoshi T. Effects of melanogenesis-inducing nitric oxide and histamine on the production of eumelanin and pheomelanin in cultured human melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res 2003;16:81-4.
9 Staricco RJ, Pinkus H. Quantitative and qualitative data on the pigment cells of adult human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1957;28:33-45.
10 Iozumi K, Hoganson GE, Pennella R, Everett MA, Fuller BB. Role of tyrosinase as the determinant of pigmentation in cultured human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100:806-11.
11 Fitzpatrick TB, Breathnach AS. The epidermal melanin unit system. Dermatol Wochenschr 1963;147:481-9.
12 Plonka PM, Passeron T, Brenner M, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Thomas A, et al. What are melanocytes really doing all day long.? Exp Dermatol 2009;18:799-819.
13 Abdel-Malek Z, Scott MC, Suzuki I, Tada A, Im S, Lamoreux L, et al. The melanocortin-1 receptor is a key regulator of human cutaneous pigmentation. Pigment Cell Res 2000;13 Suppl 8:156-62.
14 Eller MS, Ostrom K, Gilchrest BA. DNA damage enhances melanogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:1087-92.
15 Smith DR, Spaulding DT, Glenn HM, Fuller BB. The relationship between Na(+)/H(+) exchanger expression and tyrosinase activity in human melanocytes. Exp Cell Res 2004;298:521-34.
16 Willey A, Anderson RR, Azpiazu JL, Bakus AD, Barlow RJ, Dover JS, et al. Complications of laser dermatologic surgery. Lasers Surg Med 2006;38:1-15.
17 Chan HH. Special considerations for darker-skinned patients. Curr Probl Dermatol 2011;42:153-9.
18 Randhawa M, Huff T, Valencia JC, Younossi Z, Chandhoke V, Hearing VJ, et al. Evidence for the ectopic synthesis of melanin in human adipose tissue. Faseb J 2009;23:835-43.
19 Breathnach AS. Melanocytes in early regenerated human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1960;35:245-51.
20 Pepper FJ. The epithelial repair of skin wounds in the guinea pig with special reference to the participation of melanocytes. J Morphol 1954;95:471-99.
21 Snell RS. A study of the melanocytes and melanin in a healing deep wound. J Anat 1963;97:243-53.
22 Hirobe T. Proliferation of epidermal melanocytes during the healing of skin wounds in newborn mice. J Exp Zool 1983;227:423-31.
23 Heath RL, Thomlinson AM, Shah M. Melanocytes and burn wound healing. Burns 2009;35(Supplement 1):S44-S44.
24 Tobin DJ. The cell biology of human hair follicle pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011;24:75-88.
25 Nishimura EK. Melanocyte stem cells: a melanocyte reservoir in hair follicles for hair and skin pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011;24:401-10.
26 Ito M, Liu Y, Yang Z, Nguyen J, Liang F, Morris RJ, et al. Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge contribute to wound repair but not to homeostasis of the epidermis. Nat Med 2005;11:1351-4.
27 Zabierowski SE, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Li L, Herlyn M. Dermis-derived stem cells: a source of epidermal melanocytes and melanoma? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011;24:422-9.
28 Matsumoto K, Robb E, Warden G, Nordlund J. Hyperpigmentation of human skin grafted on to athymic nude mice: immunohistochemical study. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:412-8.
29 Buscà R, Ballotti R. Ballotti, Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation. Pigment Cell Res 2000;13:60-9.
30 Cui R, Widlund HR, Feige E, Lin JY, Wilensky DL, Igras VE, et al. Central role of p53 in the suntan response and pathologic hyperpigmentation. Cell 2007;128:853-64.
31 Shah M, Revis D, Herrick S, Baillie R, Thorgeirson S, Ferguson M, et al. Role of elevated plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 levels in wound healing. Am J Pathol 1999;154:1115-24.
32 Loeken MR. How TGF-beta and PAX3 regulate suntanning. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009;22:146-7.
33 Ortonne JP, Bissett DL. Latest insights into skin hyperpigmentation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2008;13:10-4.
34 Coelho SG, Zhou Y, Bushar HF, Miller SA, Zmudzka BZ, Hearing VJ, et al. Long-lasting pigmentation of human skin, a new look at an overlooked response to UV. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009;22:238-41.
35 van der Veer WM, Bloemen MC, Ulrich MM, Molema G, van Zuijlen PP, Middelkoop E, et al. Potential cellular and molecular causes of hypertrophic scar formation. Burns 2009;35:15-29.
36 Grover R, Morgan BD. Management of hypopigmentation following burn injury. Burns 1996;22:627-30.
37 Bongiorno MR, Aricò M. Exogenous ochronosis and striae atrophicae following the use of bleaching creams. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:112-5.
38 Briganti S, Camera E, Picardo M. Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmentation. Pigment Cell Res 2003;16:101-10.
39 Mahé A, Ly F, Aymard G, Dangou JM. Skin diseases associated with the cosmetic use of bleaching products in women from Dakar, Senegal. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:493-500.
40 Sperry K. Tattoos and tattooing. Part I: History and methodology. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1991;12:313-9.
41 Eves PC, Bullett NA, Haddow D, Beck AJ, Layton C, Way L, et al. Simplifying the delivery of melanocytes and keratinocytes for the treatment of vitiligo using a chemically defined carrier dressing. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:1554-64.
42 Wood FM, Kolybaba ML, Allen P. The use of cultured epithelial autograft in the treatment of major burn wounds: eleven years of clinical experience. Burns 2006;32:538-44.
43 Wood FM, Giles N, Stevenson A, Rea S, Fear M. Characterisation of the cell suspension harvested from the dermal epidermal junction using a ReCell® kit. Burns 2012;38:44-51.
44 Levy SB. Tanning preparations. Dermatol Clin 2000;18:591-6.
45 Mahé A, Ly F, Aymard G, Dangou JM. Skin diseases associated with the cosmetic use of bleaching products in women from Dakar, Senegal. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:493-500.
46 Chikkamuniyappa S, Sjuve-Scott R, Lancaster-Weiss K, Miller A, Yeh IT. Tattoo pigment in sentinel lymph nodes: a mimicker of metastatic malignant melanoma. Dermatol Online J 2005;11:14.
47 Raine C, al-Nakib K, Quaba AA. A role for lasers in the treatment of pigmented skin grafts. Burns 1997;23:641-4.
48 Back C, Dearman B, Li A, Neild T, Greenwood JE. Noncultured keratinocyte/melanocyte cosuspension: effect on reepithelialization and repigmentation--a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Burn Care Res 2009;30:408-16.
49 Al-Qattan MM. Surgical management of post-burn skin dyspigmentation of the upper limb. Burns 2000;26:581-6.
50 Yamaguchi Y, Hearing VJ. Physiological factors that regulate skin pigmentation. Biofactors 2009;35:193-9.