Reproducibility of an organoleptic method for halitosis assessment

Késsia Suênia Fidelis de Mesquita-Guimarães; Gabriela Cristina Santin; Camila Scatena; Antônio Luiz Rodrigues Junior; Mônica Campos Serra

doi:10.4103/2278-9626.198600

European Journal of General Dentistry, Table of Contents

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · European Journal of General Dentistry 2017; 6(01): 9-13
DOI: 10.4103/2278-9626.198600

Original Article

Reproducibility of an organoleptic method for halitosis assessment

Authors

Késsia Suênia Fidelis de Mesquita-Guimarães

Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Gabriela Cristina Santin

¹Department of Dentistry, State Faculty of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Camila Scatena

²Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Serra Gaucham, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
Antônio Luiz Rodrigues Junior

³Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Mônica Campos Serra

⁴Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

Abstract

PDF Download

Abstract

Background: The organoleptic evaluation is considered the gold standard between evaluation methods of halitosis, but its main drawback is the difficulty of reproducibility. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of an organoleptic evaluation method using three levels of scores (0 = no odor, 1 = moderate odor, and 2 = strong odor) to increase reliability between researchers and clinicians. Methods: The evaluation was blindly conducted by two examiners previously calibrated by the Smell Identification Test and compliance in clinical trials. Statistical calculations were done with STATA ® software version 9.0. Results: The degree of agreement between examiners was 82.5%, with estimated Kappa (κ=0.69), with substantial agreement. Conclusion: The scale used in this study by organoleptic method was effective and reproducible but must be repeated and compared to other methods for better consistency of results.

Keywords

Breath - halitosis - judges - organoleptic

PDF (366 kb)

References

References
1 Bollen CM, Beikler T. Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach. Int J Oral Sci 2012;4:55-63.
2 Bornstein MM, Stocker BL, Seemann R, Bürgin WB, Lussi A. Prevalence of halitosis in young male adults: a study in swiss army recruits comparing self-reported and clinical data. J Periodontol 2009;80:24-31.
3 Bornstein MM, Kislig K, Hoti BB, Seemann R, Lussi A. Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland: A study comparing self-reported and clinical data. Eur J Oral Sci 2009;117:261-7.
4 Apatzidou AD, Bakirtzoglou E, Vouros I, Karagiannis V, Papa A, Konstantinidis A. Association between oral malodour and periodontal disease-related parameters in the general population. Acta Odontol Scand 2013;71:189-95.
5 Greenman J, Lenton P, Seemann R, Nachnani S. Organoleptic assessment of halitosis for dental professionals - general recommendations. J Breath Res 2014;8:017102.
6 Iwanicka-Grzegorek E, Michalik J, Kepa J, Wierzbicka M, Aleksinski M, Pierzynowska E. Subjective patients′ opinion and evaluation of halitosis using halimeter and organoleptic scores. Oral Dis 2005;11 Suppl 1:86-8.
7 Greenman J, Duffield J, Spencer P, Rosenberg M, Corry D, Saad S, et al. Study on the organoleptic intensity scale for measuring oral malodor. J Dent Res 2004;83:81-5.
8 Greenman J, El-Maaytah M, Duffield J, Spencer P, Rosenberg M, Corry D, et al. Assessing the relationship between concentrations of malodor compounds and odor scores from judges. J Am Dent Assoc 2005;136:749-57.
9 Kizhner V, Xu D, Krespi YP. A new tool measuring oral malodor quality of life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011;268:1227-32.
10 Laleman I, Dadamio J, De Geest S, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. Instrumental assessment of halitosis for the general dental practitioner. J Breath Res 2014;8:017103.
11 Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977;33:159-74.
12 Mcdowell J. Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. 3 rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1987. p. 3-748.
13 Morita M, Wang HL. Relationship of sulcular sulfide level to severity of periodontal disease and BANA test. J Periodontol 2001;72:74-8.
14 Rosenberg M, Septon I, Eli I, Bar-Ness R, Gelernter I, Brenner S, et al. Halitosis measurement by an industrial sulphide monitor. J Periodontol 1991;62:487-9.
15 Nachnani S, Majerus G, Lenton P, Hodges J, Magallanes E. Effects of training on odor judges scoring intensity. Oral Dis 2005;11 Suppl 1:40-4.
16 Oho T, Yoshida Y, Shimazaki Y, Yamashita Y, Koga T. Characteristics of patients complaining of halitosis and the usefulness of gas chromatography for diagnosing halitosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:531-4.
17 Pereira MG. Epidemiology: Theory and Practice. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1995. p. 596.
18 Quirynen M, Dadamio J, Van den Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, Van Tornout M, et al. Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J Clin Periodontol 2009;36:970-5.
19 Dadamio J, Van Tornout M, Van den Velde S, Federico R, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. A novel and visual test for oral malodour: First observations. J Breath Res 2011;5:046003.
20 Baharvand M, Maleki Z, Mohammadi S, Alavi K, Moghaddam EJ. Assessment of oral malodor: A comparison of the organoleptic method with sulfide monitoring. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008;9:76-83.
21 Rosenberg M, Kulkarni GV, Bosy A, McCulloch CA. Reproducibility and sensitivity of oral malodor measurements with a portable sulphide monitor. J Dent Res 1991;70:1436-40.
22 Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Measurement of oral malodor: current methods and future prospects. J Periodontol 1992;63:776-82.
23 Seemann R, Conceicao MD, Filippi A, Greenman J, Lenton P, Nachnani S, et al. Halitosis management by the general dental practitioner - Results of an international consensus workshop. J Breath Res 2014;8:017101.
24 Sopapornamorn P, Ueno M, Vachirarojpisan T, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y. Association between oral malodor and measurements obtained using a new sulfide monitor. J Dent 2006;34:770-4.
25 Sterer N, Greenstein RB, Rosenberg M. Beta-galactosidase activity in saliva is associated with oral malodor. J Dent Res 2002;81:182-5.
26 Tanaka M, Anguri H, Nishida N, Ojima M, Nagata H, Shizukuishi S. Reliability of clinical parameters for predicting the outcome of oral malodor treatment. J Dent Res 2003;82:518-22.
27 van den Broek AM, Feenstra L, de Baat C. A review of the current literature on aetiology and measurement methods of halitosis. J Dent 2007;35:627-35.
28 Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc 2000;66:257-61.