Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) most commonly appear in cirrhotic liver disease.
However, hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) in otherwise healthy livers might also transform
into HCCs. HCAs are often diagnosed accidentally with sonography in patients who are
investigated because of atypical abdominal complaints or abnormal liver biochemistry.
HCAs are found mainly in young women. Risk factors for the development and growth
of an HCA include usage of oral contraception (OAC), anabolic steroids, and hormonal
changes, as are common in pregnancies [1]
[2]
[3]
[4].
Risk factors for malignant transformation are rapid growth, tumor size (≥ 5 cm), male
sex, OAC, and β-catenin activation [4]
[5]
[6]. In these settings, surgical resection should be encouraged. Staining for β-catenin
should be undertaken on the resected tumor [7]. The malign transformation rate of HCAs has been reported to be as high as 5% [4].
As these tumors generally develop in a healthy liver, no specific complaints are clinically
manifest in the majority, while in cases of bleeding, pain can be the presenting symptom.
In the case of a large HCA transforming into HCC, the patient might not be eligible
for liver transplantation any longer due to the tumor size. Other curative options
are not yet available as there are no specific drugs to treat HCC.
We present a case of a young woman with diagnosis of a large HCC, which most likely
developed from an HCA shortly after child delivery, who was treated with a living-donor
transplantation (LDLT) from her genetically identical twin sister.
Case report
A 32-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain in the right upper abdomen six months
after childbirth to her primary care provider. The first time she noticed a painful
swelling in her right upper abdomen was two months after giving birth. During pregnancy,
she noticed no medical complaints, and her male child was born under normal conditions.
She developed no complications during her post partum period. The general practitioner diagnosed a hepatomegaly and a right hepatic lobe
mass at physical examination. Ultrasound confirmed the diagnosis and revealed a tumor
of >15 cm diameter in the right liver lobe and a smaller tumor in the left lobe.
These findings were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging that was conducted after
the referral to the outpatient hepatology clinic of the secondary healthcare provider.
The lesions were hypo-intense compared to the liver parenchyma on a T1 sequence and
a mixture of hypodense and hyperdense intensity on a T2 sequence ([Fig. 1]A–B). Computer tomography of chest and abdomen demonstrated the extent of the malignancy
in the liver, showing no evidence of cirrhosis or extrahepatic manifestations or metastases.
Fig. 1 Transverse and sagittal CT images of the liver tumor (A and B). Transverse MR image of the liver (C, late T1 images post primovist and D, arterial phase post primovist).
A biopsy from the liver lesion was performed showing a moderately differentiated HCC
and the coexistence of a highly differentiated hepatocellular lesion. The latter revealed
overexpression of serum amyloid A (SAA) and an abnormal β-catenin staining pattern
([Fig. 2]A–D, [Fig. 3]A–D). The tumor tissue tested positive for ctnnb1 mutation in exon 8 (p.N387K). Overall, the pathological features are consistent with
a β-catenin-activated inflammatory HCA (b-IHCA) with progression into HCC [8]. The AFP level was 221.4 ng/ml.
Fig. 2
A) Highly differentiated liver tumor with features of hepatocellular adenoma. Note
the presence of portal-tract-like structures (PTL) and isolated arteries (asterisk).
B) The tumor cells reveal overexpression of SAA. C) Expression of FABP1 is reduced but maintained. D) Only individual tumor cells show GS overexpression. Overall, the histological picture
is compatible with a β-activated inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma (b-IHCA).
Fig. 3
A) Pseudoglandular type of HCC with formation of pseudocapsule indicating a progressed
HCC. B) The tumor cells show diffuse GS upregulation indicating β-catenin activation. C) Mild perivenular fatty change in the surrounding normal liver with D) mild portal fibrosis.
According to the Milan criteria for HCC, the tumor was ineligible to be treated curatively
with a deceased-donor liver transplantation (DDLT). Therefore, resection of the tumor
was scheduled. During the operation, the multifocal tumor was not resectable due to
infiltration of the left liver vein of the left-sided, smaller tumor, and the operation
could not be carried out as planned. The opportunity of an LDLT was suggested due
to the lack of other treatment options and because the patient had an identical twin
sister willing to donate her left hemi-liver.
After the agreement of the twin sister, subsequent donor evaluation, and exclusion
of contraindications, the shared decision-making with the two sisters, parents, and
husbands was ethically approved by the ethics committee of the Ärztekammer Düsseldorf.
The patient and her sister had more than a week’s time to think it over after they
were informed about the operation and side effects. In that time, all preoperative
investigations for both were performed.
An LDLT of the left lobe with biliodigestive anastomosis of her sister was carried
out. The procedure and postoperative period passed without major complications.
Pathological evaluation revealed a multifocal HCC of up to an 18 cm diameter with
microscopic vascular invasion (G2, pT3a, pN0 (0/6), L0, V1, R0).
Immunosuppressive treatment for one month was administered with prednisone and tacrolimus
in reduction dose because of an initial elevation of the liver enzymes. Because of
the genetical identity, immunosuppressive medication could be discontinued thereafter.
At present, eight years after the transplantation, the patient and her sister are
in excellent physical and psychological condition without any signs of HCC recurrence
or metastases. The donor twin sister has never developed any liver anomalies including
HCA. Liver biochemistry and functions are normal. The recently performed MRI scan
and Rx thorax, eight years after transplantation, showed postoperative sequels without
any signs of recurrence or metastasis.
Discussion
This is the clinically impressive case of a successful LDLT for a large multifocal
HCC in a young woman from her genetically identical twin sister. Eight years after
transplantation, no recurrence or metastasis of the HCC have been found, and both
sisters are in perfect health with a normal liver function and biochemistry. The graft
recipient recently gave birth to her second child.
LDLT presented the only treatment option in this patient and resulted in a very favorable
clinical outcome. However, due to possible recurrence of the malignancy and possible
donor harm, critical evaluation of both donor and recipient must be performed prior
to LDLTs in cases like this.
Selection for LT
The majority of malignant liver tumors develop due to chronic liver diseases like
viral hepatitis and alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. For cirrhotic patients,
tumor size can predict long-term survival and, therefore, influences the chosen therapy.
The optimal curative treatment for malignant liver tumors in cirrhosis is liver transplantation
(LT), which cures both cancer and the underlying disease. Selection for LT in patients
with HCC is based on the Milan criteria that allow for one tumor of up to 5 cm in
diameter or up to three nodules, each 3 cm or less in diameter, and exclude extrahepatic
spread or macrovascular invasion [9]
[10]. Our patient presented with a large multifocal HCC and was therefore excluded from
DDLT according to the Milan criteria.
The critical issue is the risk of relapse or metastasis after LT in HCCs that are
exceeding the Milan criteria [11]. HCCs within the Milan criteria have an 83% recurrence-free survival after 4 years
and, therefore, a comparable survival rate to patients with non-malignant liver diseases
when treated with LT [9]
[12]. Tumor recurrence appears to be related to tumor biology, vascular invasion, tumor
size, and the degree of differentiation [12]
[13]
[14]
[15].
There have been efforts to extend the Milan criteria as other treatment options are
lacking and the survival rates of patients transplanted outside the Milan criteria
are considerable [15]
[16]
[17]
[18].
The University of California, San Francisco (UCLF)’s classification can be considered
a wider classification. It allows for a single tumor <6.5 cm, no more than 3 tumors
with each <4.5 cm in diameter, and a cumulative tumor size <8 cm. Applying these criteria,
5-year survival has been reported to be 75.2% [17]
[19].
Another expansion of the criteria is represented by the so-called up-to-seven criteria,
where the sum of the size of the largest tumor in cm and the number of tumors does
not exceed seven. These criteria proved to show acceptable survival rates (5-year
survival 65.3%) compared to patients within the Milan criteria or transplanted for
other reasons [20]
[21].
Tumor biology as a marker for risk of recurrence has recently shifted into the focus
of attention. Sapisochin et al. presented the extended Toronto criteria for selection
of patients for LT based on tumor differentiation and cancer-related symptoms. This
makes most patients with a disease limited to the liver eligible for transplantations.
Applying these criteria, they found no significant survival differences between HCCs
inside and outside of Milan. Five-year survival inside and outside Milan was 76% and
68%, respectively, and 50% and 60% at 10 years after LT [22]. These data underline the importance of individual patient selection for LT beyond
simple tumor size measurements.
However, due to organ shortages, DDLT is still reserved for patients with the most
favorable postoperative outcome, which is widely accepted to be HCCs inside the Milan
criteria [18]. In our patient, the impressive size of the HCC (18 cm diameter) has excluded her
from any established transplantation criteria for DDLT.
LDLT for HCC
LDLT has been introduced as an option to reduce organ shortage and expand the selection
criteria for transplantation [23]
[24]
[25]. Recently, data of a large multicenter cohort study revealed a comparable survival
rate for patients undergoing LDLT for HCC inside and outside the Milan criteria in
North America: 1- and 5-year survival rates were 90.1% and 78.5% for patients inside
the Milan criteria and 90.4% and 68.6% for patients with tumors outside the Milan
criteria [23]. Bhangui et al. reported favorable outcomes for LDLT for HCC, basing selection on
the absence of an extrahepatic tumor burden, irrespective of tumor size and number.
The 5-year survival rate for all patients was 64%. Tumors outside the UCSF criteria
and biological criteria (high AFP and [18F]FDG-PET avidity) proved to be predictors for overall survival and tumor recurrence
[24].
All decisions for LDLT need to balance the benefit for the recipient, who often has
no other therapeutic options, with the harm for the donor. Both donor and recipient
need to be involved in the process of shared decision-making. In the case presented,
neither suffered from any major complication and both are in excellent condition eight
years after the transplantation.
Risk factors for recurrence and role of immunosuppression
After transplantation, low-dose immunomodulation with steroids and tacrolimus was
given for four weeks to facilitate a rapid adaption of the transplanted liver segments.
As the sisters were genetically identical, fully matched, immunosuppressive drugs
were not needed for graft survival in the long term. Immunosuppressive drugs can facilitate
recurrence of disease, and higher tacrolimus levels increase the risk of tumor recurrence
of HCC within 3 years after transplantation [11]
[26].
There have been reports on LDLT from identical twins for hepatitis C and B cirrhosis
and metastases of a neuroendocrine tumor. Given perfect HLA matching, transplantations
in these cases can be performed without the need of immunosuppressive medication [27]
[28].
Most likely, this also lowered the risk of HCC recurrence or metastasis development
in our patient who until now, eight years later, is still recurrence- and metastasis-free
and in good health. This shows that in all cases of LDLT for HCC outside the Milan
criteria, careful evaluation and monitoring of immunosuppressive medication are essential.
HCA as underlying disease
In our case, HCC formation occurred in an otherwise healthy young female patient and
could not be attributed to an underlying chronic liver disease. Thus, it is likely
that another preexisting condition resulted in tumor development. HCA is the most
prevalent benign hepatocellular tumor in young females and can be subtyped according
to clinical and immunohistochemical parameters [5]
[6]
[29]. HCA subtypes with β-catenin activation are prone to malignant transformation into
HCC.
In our case, the tumor cells showed upregulation of inflammatory markers and an abnormal
β-catenin expression pattern, which could be attributed to an activating ctnnb1 mutation, leading to the diagnosis of b-IHCA as the underlying lesion. HCA growth
is promoted by steroid hormones, and complications like bleeding or malignant transformation
have been reported during pregnancy and OAC therapy [3]
[30]. Thus, malignant transformation of b-IHCA seems likely, and the multifocal tumor
growth detected in the explant liver is suggestive of intrahepatic dissemination.
While there is little evidence on therapeutic management of HCA during pregnancy,
close monitoring is mandatory [29]. In the case of large tumors or complications during a previous pregnancy, surgical
resection should be considered prior to pregnancy [29]
[31]. Interestingly, in our case, the genetically identical twin sister, who also had
given birth at a young age, has not developed HCA. Both twin sisters had a history
of usage of OAC, and both had no history of alcohol or drug abuse or any other anomalies.
Ethical considerations
LDLT is only acceptable when a good prognosis can be calculated before LT. In the
case of a Samaritan donorship like those more often performed in a kidney transplantation
setting, it is essential to inform about the risks for the donor but also about the
predicted long-term survival for the recipient to make an informed decision. Also,
the post-LT immunosuppressive therapy will be an important issue in deciding which
patient with an extended HCC is eligible for LT. In this context, LDLT from a genetically
identical twin is to be considered of special importance because, even though rarely
possible, outcomes might be excellent due to a lack of the need for immunosuppressive
therapy.
Conclusion
In certain situations, large HCCs outside the standard criteria can be cured by LDLT.
This requires optimal preoperative care and evaluation of both recipient and donor
to avoid risks for the donor and minimize risks of recurrence for the recipient. As
HCC is a growing problem with rising rates of steatotic liver diseases like metabolic-disfunction-associated
steatotic liver disease (MASLD), future research should focus on optimizing the selection
criteria for recipients and minimizing morbidity for donors. In times of organ shortages,
the expansion of LDLT programs is a valuable option with a high benefit for otherwise
untreatable patients.
Disclosures
The manuscript has not been published previously and is not under consideration (in
whole or in part) for publication elsewhere. All authors have contributed to and agreed
on the content of the manuscript. The study was performed according to the Declaration
of Helsinki and its later amendments. All participants provided written informed consent
prior to participation.
