ABSTRACT
Study type: Basic science
Objective: Low back pain is one of the most common health problems [1] and is strongly associated with intervertebral disc degeneration, (IVD). Current
treatments remove the symptoms without reversing or even retarding the underlying
problem. Development of new therapy for the regeneration of the degenerative IVD is
complicated by the lack of a validated long-term organ culture model in which therapeutic
candidates can be studied. The object of this study was to develop, optimize, and
validate an organ culture model for human IVD, allowing for the study of degeneration
and the potential for regeneration of the human IVD.
Methods: From eleven donors, an average of 5–6 IVDs were obtained. Inclusion criteria were;
age between 50 and 70 years old, no history of cancer, chemotherapy, diabetes, or
liver cirrhosis. An x-ray of the harvested spine was done to assess the grade of degeneration.
Three different methods for isolating the discs were studied: with bony endplate (BEP),
without endplate (NEP), and with cartilage endplate (CEP). Discs were cultured for
4 weeks without external load, in Dulbecco’s modified eagle media with glucose and
fetal bovine serum (FBS). Four different combinations of concentrations of glucose
and FBS were compared: low glucose-low FBS, low glucose-high FBS, high glucose-low
FBS, and high glucose-high FBS [2]. Short-term cultures (1 week) were performed to compare the cell viability of the
three methods of isolating the discs. Swelling potential on NEP and CEP discs from
the same donor were evaluated. After four weeks of culture, a 4 mm punch was taken
from CEP discs and cell viability was evaluated using a live / dead assay with confocal
microscopy.
Results: Analyzing the potential of swelling in CEP discs, there was an increase in volume
to a maximum of 25 % and retention of shape and morphology. Whereas in NEP discs,
there was an excessive deformation and a two-fold time increase in volume than CEP
discs. The cell viability in short-term cultures is around 40 %–50 % in the BEP model,
50 %–60 % in the NEP model and > 96 % in the CEP model. BEP isolated discs show endplate
necrosis that begins after 4 days of culture. Cell viability in CEP discs was evaluated
at 4 weeks in three different areas of the disc: nucleus pulposus, inner annulus fibrosus,
and outer annulus fibrosus. We found no difference in live cells (> 96 %) between
the four different concentrations of FBS and glucose (Table [1]).
Conclusions: We have developed a novel method to isolate human IVDs and optimized the culture
conditions. The CEP method has been proven to be superior to the previous models (NEP
and BEP) in cell viability and maintaining physiologic swelling [3]. In the long-term cultures, the CEP system maintained sufficient nutrient supply
and high cell survival in all regions of the discs even with low concentrations of
FBS and glucose. The availability of an intact disc organ culture system has a considerable
advantage over the culture of isolated disc cells, as it maintains the cells in their
unique microenvironment, making any response to catabolic or anabolic agents more
physiologically relevant.
