Keywords
penetrating head injury - epileptic seizure - head trauma
Introduction
About 6 to 15% of patients who suffer a first seizure sustain head injuries that require
medical attention.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6] Most seizure-related head injuries are accounted for by laceration and cerebral
commotion. Intracranial injuries such as subarachnoid or subdural bleeding are rare.
Penetrating bony injuries to the skull caused by a fall on a sharp object during a
seizure have also been reported, but they account for less than 3% of all ictal head
injuries.[5]
[6]
[7] Even less common include transoral, transnasal, or transorbital injuries. However,
there are some case reports describing such rare types of penetrating injuries associated
with generalized seizures.[8]
[9]
We report on a case of transnasal penetrating injury extending to the skull base and
its treatment in a patient who fell on a toilet paper holder.
Case Presentation
A 51-year-old patient suffered a generalized seizure at home. When the emergency physician
arrived, she was sleepy and had no apparent neurologic deficits. Bronchial cancer
had been diagnosed half a year earlier, and the patient had a first episode of generalized
seizure while going to the bathroom at night. Her head fell on a toilet paper holder
with two pointed vertical metal rods ([Fig. 1]). The tip of one of the rods entered the patient's right nostril where the conical
tip remained trapped. This prevented the pulling back of the toilet paper holder.
The toilet paper role compressed the patient's nose from the opposite side, thus preventing
a hemodynamically significant blood loss. The patient was brought to the emergency
room with the toilet paper holder in place ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 A 51-year-old patient with transnasal penetrating injury caused by a fall on a toilet
paper holder. Photographs show the patient immediately after arrival to the emergency
room.
On admission, the patient had recovered from her postictal state, was awake, responsive,
and fully oriented. Cranial nerve function was normal. A computed tomographic (CT)
scan of the head showed that one of the metal rods of the toilet paper holder extended
through the right nasal vestibule along the middle and superior nasal conchae up to
the cribriform lamina. There was no evidence of intracranial air or hemorrhage ([Fig. 2]). The cerebral CT scans obtained with soft tissue window showed multiple contrast-enhancing
lesions, suggesting cerebral metastases ([Fig. 3]).
Fig. 2 Computed tomography of the head. The scout image (A) and sagittal reconstructions
(B and C) show one of the rods of the toilet paper holder extending through the nose
and up to the skull base. The conical tip is in direct contact with the cribriform
lamina.
Fig. 3 Computed tomography of the head after contrast medium administration. The soft tissue
window shows multiple intracranial contrast-enhancing lesions suggestive of multiple
cerebral metastases from the patient's known bronchial cancer.
The patient was immediately operated on. First, the toilet paper holder was removed
with a bolt cutter by cutting the rod at a distance of approximately 3 cm from where
it entered the patient's nostril. This procedure was necessary to allow transoral
intubation for anesthesia. The penetration pathway of the rod along the nasal mucosa
up to the skull base was explored with a speculum and then the rod including its tip
was extracted retrogradely. Inspection of the cribriform lamina showed moderate mucosal
injury and confirmed that the rod had not extended beyond the skull base. Following
local wound management and nasal tamponade, the patient received a broad-spectrum
antibiotic for 10 days. Electroencephalography (EEG) showed epileptiform discharges.
Oral antiepileptic therapy was initiated. The patient was discharged on the third
postoperative day without any neurologic deficit. Outpatient antiepileptic therapy
was initiated, as well as further oncologic therapy against the multiple brain metastases.
Discussion
Until otherwise proven, a generalized seizure that first occurs on an adult is indicative
of a brain tumor.[1]
[10] About 5 to 10% of cerebral tumors come to clinical attention because of a focal
or generalized seizure.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4] The risk of severe head injury during a seizure is usually small.[5]
[6]
[7] Only few reports have been published on transoral, transnasal, and transorbital
penetrating injuries suffered by patients who fell during a seizure. Such injuries
are typically caused by long, pointed objects such as pencils, items of cutlery, or
other hand tools.[9]
[11] To our knowledge, a head injury resulting from a fall in the bathroom, as in our
patient, has not been reported hitherto in the literature.
Patients with skull penetrating injuries may develop posttraumatic complications such
as a posttraumatic aneurysm, AV fistula, or meningitis.[12]
[13]
[14]
[15] This is why prophylactic antibiotic treatment is recommended in such cases.[14]
[15] The antibiotic is chosen on the basis of the contamination expected to be found
on the object that caused the injury or on the results of an antibiogram. The penetrating
object in our case was probably diffusely contaminated with aerobic and anaerobic
pathogens, which is why a broad-spectrum antibiotic agent was chosen.
The CT scans allowed good visualization of the metal rod within the skull and the
relationship of its tip to the skull base. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was not
possible in our patient because the penetrating object was metallic, as is the case
in most patients with this kind of injury.
In patients in whom a posttraumatic vascular lesion is suspected, imaging can be supplemented
by conventional pan-angiography.[16] Subsequent MRI may help localize the source of a cerebrospinal fluid leakage.
In patients with transnasal penetrating injuries, the strategy is to leave the penetrating
object in place until the patient has been brought to a suitable trauma center. Only
the careful evaluation of all imaging findings in each individual case allows deciding
whether it is possible to extract the object retrogradely or whether craniotomy is
required for anterograde removal. The latter is associated with a high risk of infection
and should therefore be performed only under administration of meningeal doses of
a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Anticonvulsive medication should be monitored by means
of EEG and blood-level determination of anticonvulsants prior to discharge. Otherwise,
posttraumatic seizures could potentiate the risk of epileptic seizures in patients
with brain tumors.[17]
