Electrophilic Sulfoximidations of Thiols by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents

Key words

sulfoximidation - thiol - N-sulfenylsulfoximine - hypervalent iodine reagents - ligand exchange

Sulfoximines are monoaza analogues of sulfones with relevance for asymmetric synthesis[1] and applications in crop protection and medicinal chemistry.[2] They exhibit manifold reaction behavior, as reflected by Trost and Matsuoka, who described N-nitrosulfoximines as ‘chemical chameleons’.[3] In general, substituents at the sulfoximidoyl group affect the properties of the respective molecules,[4] [5] allowing, for example, fine-tuning of important parameters such as pK _a [6] and solubility.[7] The N-substituent plays a key role in this context. Besides introducing it directly by sulfide or sulfoxide imidation,[4] [8] it can be varied by functionalizing NH-sulfoximines 1, which are readily accessible by various routes.[1] [9] Most protocols involve deprotonated intermediates A, which react with electrophiles to give acylated, alkylated, or arylated products among others.[10] Alternative N-modification pathways via radicals B or cationic species C are rare.

In 2016 we introduced hypervalent iodine(III) compounds 2 with the vision to apply them synthetically as sulfoximidoyl transfer agents (Scheme [1]).[11] [12] To our delight, photocatalysis allowed activation of the central I–N bond of 2 leading to functionalizations of benzylic C–H bonds by the resulting sulfoximidoyl moieties.[10g,13] In terms of the mechanism, the process was suggested to proceed via radicals such as B. While searching for new applications of iodine reagents 2, we began focusing on pathways via (formally) cationic species C. Until now, only one transformation reflecting such reactivity is known. In the respective reaction scheme, reagents 2 react with terminal alkynes in the presence of a base affording N-alkynylated sulfoximines 3.[11] After screening a series of other nucleophiles, we have now also discovered that deprotonated thiols were capable of reacting with 2 leading to N-sulfenylsulfoximines with the general structure 5. Products of type 5 were known, but the common synthetic procedures started from NH-sulfoximines 1, which were either N-derivatized by deprotonation followed by treatment with electrophilic sulfur reagents (such as ArSCl)[14] or coupled with preformed[15] or thiol-derived disulfides[16] [17] under metal catalysis. Thus, our new approach contrasted all previous ones.

Scheme 1 General reaction behavior of NH-sulfoximines 1 and access to target compounds 5 via iodine reagents 2

The initial studies were performed with S-methyl-S-phenyl derivative 2a and thiophenol (4a) as representative substrates. In dichloroethane (DCE), both compounds did not reacted at ambient temperature or at 70 °C, and only the starting materials were recovered (Table [1], entries 1 and 2). Also the addition of DBU, K₂CO₃, or KOt-Bu did not lead to a breakthrough, and at best, traces of the expected product 5aa were observed (Table [1], entries 3–5). The situation changed, when NaH was applied as base, and after a short optimization of the reaction conditions (Table [1], entries 6–11), N-sulfenylsulfoximine 5aa was obtained in 91% yield (Table [1], entry 11).

Table 1 Optimization of the Reaction Parameters^a

Entry	Base (equiv)	Solvent	Temp (°C)	Yield (%)
1	–	DCE	25	n.r.
2	–	DCE	70	n.r.
3	DBU (2.1)	DCE	25	trace
4	K2CO3 (2.1)	DCE	25	n.d.
5	KOt-Bu (2.1)	DCE	25	trace
6	NaH (2.1)	DCE	25	27
7	NaH (2.1)	DCE	50	71
8	NaH (2.1)	MeCN	50	21
9	NaH (2.1)	THF	50	17
10	NaH (2.1)	CH2Cl2	50	75
11b	NaH (4.2)	CH2Cl2	50	91

^a Reaction conditions (0.2-mmol scale): iodine reagent 2a, thiophenol (4a; 2 equiv), base, solvent (2 mL), sealed tube, 16 h. n.r. = no reaction, n.d. = not detected.

^b Use of 4 equiv of 4a.

To achieve this result, the following parameters were important: First, the ratio of starting materials 2a and 4a had to be 1:4. Second, the solvent needed to be dichloromethane, and third, the reaction temperature had to be 50 °C.

With the optimized conditions in hand, the substrate scope was examined. The results for reactions performed on a 0.2-mmol scale with respect to 2a (in sealed tubes) are summarized in Scheme [2]. First, various aromatic thiols were reacted with hypervalent iodine reagent 2a. All products 5aa–aj were obtained in good to high yields (52–91%). Electronic or steric effects induced by substituents on the thiophenol did not have an apparent impact on the reaction efficiency. Also ortho-substituted thiols reacted remarkably well as reflected by the results for products 5af–ah, which were isolated in yields of 81%, 80%, and 72%, respectively. Reactions of 2a with aliphatic thiols proved more difficult. Thus, 5ak and 5al stemming from couplings of 2a with 2-methylpropane-2-thiol (4k) and cyclohexanethiol (4l) were obtained in only 21% and 30%, respectively. Varying the structure of the hypervalent iodine reagent was possible too, and applying S,S-diphenyl and S-(4-fluorophenyl)-S-methyl derivatives 2b and 2c in reactions with thiophenol (4a) led to the corresponding products 5ba and 5ca in 77% and 46% yield, respectively. With tetrahydrothiophene derivative 2d as the coupling agent for 4a, only traces of the corresponding product 5da were observed. The attempt to use 1-sulfoximidoyl-1,2-benziodoxole 6 in the reaction with 4a remained unsuccessful.[18]

Scheme 2 Syntheses of N-sulfenylsulfoximines

Based on previous reports,[11] [19] [20] we suggest the pathway depicted in Scheme [3] for the formation of N-sulfenylsulfoximines 5. First, thiol 4 is deprotonated by sodium ­hydride, and the resulting thiolate reacts with hypervalent iodine reagent 2 by tosylate substitution. This ligand exchange leads to the formation of a transient intermediate 7, which upon elimination of iodobenzene provides product 5.

Scheme 3 Possible reaction pathway

In summary, we developed a new approach towards N-sulfenylsulfoximines by electrophilic sulfoximidations of thiols with sulfoximidoyl-containing hypervalent iodine(III) reagents. Both N-(arylsulfenyl)- as well as N-(alkylsul­fenyl)sulfoximines can easily be obtained under metal-free conditions.

Unless otherwise noted, all chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers (Abcr, Acros, Sigma Aldrich, Merck) and used without further purification. When required, solvents were dried according to general purification methods. The product mixtures were analyzed by TLC using silica gel plates (Merck-Schuchardt) with fluorescent indicator (λ = 254 nm). The purification of the products was performed by flash column chromatography using silica gel 60 (63–200 μm) from Merck. NMR spectra were recorded on Agilent VNMRS 600, Agilent VNMRS 400 or Varian Mercury 300 in deuterated solvents. The IR spectra were recorded with a PerkinElmer Spectrum 100 spectrometer with an attached UATR device Diamond KRS-5; all IR data were collected by attenuated total reflectance (ATR). Mass spectra were recorded on a Finnigan SSQ Finnigan 7000 spectrometer (EI, 70 eV). HRMS were recorded on a Thermo Scientific LTQ Orbitrap XL spectrometer. Melting points (mp) were measured on a Büchi B-540 melting point apparatus.

N-Thiosulfoximines 5aa–da; General Procedure

Thiol 4 (0.80 mmol), NaH (0.80 mmol, 32 mg, wt = 60%), and CH₂Cl₂ (2.0 mL) were added to a flame-dried reaction tube (15 mL) equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, and the mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 4 h. Then, the hypervalent iodine(III) salt 2 (0.20 mmol) was added to the mixture in one portion. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at 50 °C and then cooled to r.t. Concentration under reduced pressure and subsequent purification of the product by column chromatography (silica gel, EtOAc/pentane 1:2) afforded N-thiosulfoximines 5.

N-(Phenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5aa)[15]

Pale yellow viscous oil; yield: 48 mg (91%).

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.98–7.94 (m, 2 H), 7.68–7.65 (m, 1 H), 7.60–7.56 (m, 2 H), 7.41–7.38 (m, 2 H), 7.27–7.25 (m, 2 H), 7.09 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.28 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (151 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 142.1, 138.7, 133.7, 129.5, 128.5, 128.4, 125.1, 123.8, 43.8.

N-(4-Methylphenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5ab)

Pale yellow viscous oil; yield: 45 mg (81%).

IR (ATR): 3476, 3309, 3018, 2922, 2325, 2015, 1907, 1735, 1487, 1217, 1091, 987, 804, 738, 686 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.95–7.93 (m, 2 H), 7.67–7.64 (m, 1 H), 7.59–7.56 (m, 2 H), 7.32–7.31 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.10–7.08 (m, 2 H), 3.26 (s, 3 H), 2.30 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (151 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 138.8, 138.2, 135.3, 133.6, 129.4, 129.3, 128.4, 125.0, 43.7, 21.0.

MS (EI): m/z = 277 (13, M⁺), 261 (4), 140 (23), 125 (21), 123 (100), 91 (22), 77 (72).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₄H₁₅NOS₂ + H]⁺: 278.0668; found: 278.0668.

N-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5ac)

Pale yellow oil; yield: 51 mg (87%).

IR (ATR): 3459, 3064, 2923, 2662, 2331, 2100, 1739, 1469, 1391, 1211, 1089, 981, 816, 735, 683 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.94–7.92 (m, 2 H), 7.69–7.66 (m, 1 H), 7.60–7.58 (m, 2 H), 7.33–7.31 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.23–7.21 (m, 2 H), 3.28 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (151 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 140.9, 138.5, 133.9, 130.6, 129.6, 128.6, 128.4, 125.1, 43.9.

MS (EI): m/z = 298 (95, M⁺), 143 (88), 140 (48), 125 (84), 124 (100), 111 (21), 77 (81).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₃H₁₂ClNOS₂ + H]⁺: 298.0122; found: 298.0122.

N-(4-Fluorophenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5ad)

Yellow oil; yield: 29 mg (52%).

IR (ATR): 3459, 3302, 3059, 2660, 2323, 2090, 1911, 1739, 1584, 1481, 1399, 1216, 1091, 986, 832, 741, 692 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.94–7.91 (m, 2 H), 7.69–7.65 (m, 1 H), 7.60–7.56 (m, 2 H), 7.41–7.37 (m, 2 H), 6.99–6.95 (m, 2 H), 3.27 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 161.2 (d, J _C-F = 245.4 Hz), 138.6, 136.8, 133.7, 129.5, 128.4, 127.0 (d, J _C-F = 8.1 Hz), 115.6 (d, J _C-F = 22.2 Hz), 43.9.

MS (EI): m/z = 281 (99, M⁺), 141 (6), 140 (100), 127 (8), 125 (4), 124 (8), 95 (15), 77 (38).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₃H₁₂FNOS₂ + H]⁺: 282.0417; found: 282.0420.

N-(4-Methoxyphenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5ae)

Yellow oil; yield: 44 mg (75%).

IR (ATR): 3460, 3298, 3062, 2929, 2667, 2328, 2096, 1906, 1730, 1586, 1487, 1226, 1091, 986, 825, 740, 686 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.93–7.91 (m, 2 H), 7.65–7.63 (m, 1 H), 7.58–7.56 (m, 2 H), 7.43–7.41 (m, 2 H), 6.84–6.82 (m, 2 H), 3.78 (s, 3 H), 3.23 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 158.7, 138.9, 133.5, 132.7, 129.5, 129.4, 128.5, 114.3, 55.4, 43.9.

MS (EI): m/z = 293 (3, M⁺), 154 (4), 140 (16), 139 (100), 125 (16), 124 (20), 107 (2), 77 (28).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₄H₁₅NO₂S₂ + H]⁺: 294.0617; found: 294.0618.

N-(2-Methylphenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5af)

Pale yellow oil; yield: 45 mg (81%).

IR (ATR): 3458, 3302, 3055, 2924, 2665, 2326, 2103, 1905, 1738, 1584, 1452, 1212, 1092, 986, 738, 685 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.97–7.94 (m, 2 H), 7.66–7.62 (m, 1 H), 7.58–7.54 (m, 2 H), 7.31–7.27 (m, 1 H), 7.02–6.95 (m, 2 H), 3.27 (s, 3 H), 2.14 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 140.7, 138.8, 133.6, 132.1, 129.4, 129.4, 128.4, 126.2, 124.5, 123.3, 43.8, 18.8.

MS (EI): m/z = 277 (91, M⁺), 137 (20), 125 (29), 124 (44), 123 (14), 91 (14), 77 (31).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₄H₁₅NOS₂ + H]⁺: 278.0668; found: 278.0670.

N-(2-Bromophenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5ag)

Yellow oil; yield: 55 mg (80%).

IR (ATR): 3458, 3058, 2926, 2669, 2325, 2097, 1915, 1738, 1570, 1438, 1316, 1211, 1092, 982, 912, 735 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.98–7.95 (m, 2 H), 7.67–7.65 (m, 2 H), 7.61–7.57 (m, 2 H), 7.36–7.32 (m, 2 H), 6.95–6.91 (m, 1 H), 3.31 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 143.1, 138.6, 133.9, 131.8, 129.6, 128.3, 127.5, 125.5, 124.3, 115.9, 44.0.

MS (EI): m/z = 241 (25, M⁺), 186 (2), 154 (2), 140 (12), 138 (2), 125 (45), 124 (100), 77 (18).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₃H₁₂BrONS₂ + Na]⁺: 363.9436; found: 363.9440.

N-(2-tert-Butylphenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5ah)

Pale yellow oil; yield: 46 mg (72%).

IR (ATR): 3456, 3058, 2960, 2328, 2094, 1911, 1738, 1583, 1446, 1313, 1211, 1092, 983, 741, 684 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.98–7.94 (m, 3 H), 7.64–7.62 (m, 1 H), 7.55–7.52 (m, 2 H), 7.26–7.22 (m, 1 H), 7.22–7.20 (m, 1 H), 7.06–7.03 (m, 1 H), 3.27 (s, 3 H), 1.32 (s, 9 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (151 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 144.8, 140.9, 138.9, 133.6, 129.3, 128.4, 126.1, 125.7, 125.6, 124.7, 43.7, 36.0, 29.9.

MS (EI): m/z = 319 (100, M⁺), 165 (8), 140 (9), 133 (2), 125 (20), 124 (26), 77 (14).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₇H₂₁NOS₂ + K]⁺: 358.0696; found: 358.0696.

N-(3-Methylphenylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5ai)

Colorless oil; yield: 39 mg (70%).

IR (ATR): 3427, 2905, 2655, 2321, 2096, 1920, 1730, 1627, 1583, 1446, 1322, 1244, 1147, 1089, 1000, 870, 746, 683 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.95–7.92 (m, 2 H), 7.66–7.62 (m, 1 H), 7.58–7.54 (m, 2 H), 7.20–7.12 (m, 3 H), 6.91–6.87 (m, 1 H), 3.26 (s, 3 H), 2.29 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 141.8, 138.8, 138.2, 133.6, 129.4, 128.4, 128.4, 126.1, 124.4, 121.1, 43.7, 21.4.

MS (EI): m/z = 277 (100, M⁺), 140 (32), 125 (43), 124 (94), 123 (81), 91 (47), 77 (66).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₄H₁₅NOS₂ + H]⁺: 278.0668; found: 278.0668.

N-(Naphthalen-2-ylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5aj)

Yellow oil; yield: 48 mg (77%).

IR (ATR): 3461, 3308, 3052, 2924, 2665, 2327, 2092, 1914, 1738, 1584, 1445, 1399, 1211, 1140, 1090, 982, 813, 738, 684 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.98–7.95 (m, 2 H), 7.82–7.80 (m, 1 H), 7.75–7.67 (m, 3 H), 7.66–7.58 (m, 1 H), 7.57–7.54 (m, 2 H), 7.45–7.36 (m, 3 H), 3.31 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 139.7, 138.7, 133.7, 131.6, 129.5, 128.4, 128.0, 127.7, 127.1, 126.3, 125.0, 122.7, 121.4, 43.8.

MS (EI): m/z = 313 (100, M⁺), 159 (42), 140 (30), 127 (42), 125 (32), 124 (40), 77 (30).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₇H₁₅NOS₂ + H]⁺: 314.0668; found: 314.0668.

N-(tert-Butylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5ak)

Colorless oil; yield: 10 mg (21%).

IR (ATR): 3272, 2962, 2291, 2094, 1933, 1592, 1408, 1257, 1017, 866, 769, 686 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.96–7.94 (m, 2 H), 7.64–7.60 (m, 1 H), 7.59–7.56 (m, 2 H), 3.14 (s, 3 H), 1.38 (s, 9 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (151 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 133.1, 129.5, 128.5, 45.5, 44.2, 31.3.

MS (EI): m/z = 243 (4, M⁺), 186 (3), 140 (22), 125 (100), 89 (65), 77 (48).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₁H₁₇NOS₂ + H]⁺: 244.0824; found: 244.0825.

N-(Cyclohexylthio)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine (5al)

Pale yellow oil; yield: 16 mg (30%).

IR (ATR): 3319, 3223, 2923, 2119, 1837, 1454, 1314, 1142, 1076, 988, 724 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.92–7.90 (m, 2H), 7.65–7.62 (m, 1H), 7.59–7.56 (m, 2H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 3.00–2.97 (m, 1H). 2.12–2.10 (m, 1H), 1.99–1.98 (m, 1H), 1.80–1.73 (m, 2H), 1.62–1.59 (m, 2H), 1.33–1.22 (m, 4H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (151 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 139.4, 133.3, 129.4, 128.5, 50.3, 43.9, 31.4, 26.0, 25.9.

MS (EI): m/z = 269 (5, M⁺), 186 (2), 140 (29), 139 (18), 125 (66), 124 (58), 77 (100).

HRMS (EI): m/z calcd for [C₁₆H₁₅NOS₂]⁺: 269.0903; found: 269.0891.

N-(Phenylthio)-S,S-diphenylsulfoximine (5ba)[15]

Colorless oil; yield: 50 mg (77%).

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 8.03–8.01 (m, 4 H), 7.59–7.53 (m, 2 H), 7.52–7.48 (m, 4 H), 7.44–7.42 (m, 2 H), 7.27–7.24 (m, 2 H), 7.09–7.07 (m, 1 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (151 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 142.1, 139.9, 133.2, 129.3, 128.5, 128.4, 125.0, 123.9.

N-(Phenylthio)-S-(4-fluorophenyl)-S-methylsulfoximine (5ca)

Colorless oil; yield: 26 mg (46%).

IR (ATR): 3459, 3300, 3020, 2926, 2324, 2098, 1899, 1738, 1585, 1482, 1310, 1212, 1089, 980, 823, 736, 683 cm^–1.

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.97–7.94 (m, 2 H), 7.39–7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.28–7.23 (m, 4 H), 7.11–7.09 (m, 2 H), 3.28 (s, 3 H).

¹³C{¹H} NMR (151 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 165.9 (d, J _C-F = 258.2 Hz), 141.8, 134.5, 131.3 (d, J _C-F = 9.1 Hz), 128.5, 125.3, 124.0, 116.8 (d, J _C-F = 22.7 Hz), 44.0.

MS (EI): m/z = 281 (34, M⁺), 143 (6), 142 (4), 127 (40), 124 (100), 109 (5), 95 (17), 77 (30).

HRMS: m/z calcd for [C₁₃H₁₃FNOS₂ + H]⁺: 282.0417; found: 282.0417.

• References


For selected reviews, see:
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• 1b Reggelin M. Zur C. Synthesis 2000; 1
• 1c Gais H.-J. Heteroat. Chem. 2007; 18: 472
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• 1g Hosseinian A. Fekri LZ. Monfared A. Vessally E. Nikpassand M. J. Sulfur Chem. 2018; in press;

For representative contributions, see:
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• 8 For a sulfoxide to sulfilimine conversion followed by oxidation to give sulfoxides, see: Hendriks CM. M. Lamers P. Engel J. Bolm C. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013; 355: 3363

For direct approaches towards NH-sulfoximines, see:
• 9a Zenzola M. Doran R. Degennaro L. Luisi R. Bull JA. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016; 55: 7203
• 9b Tota A. Zenzola M. Chawner SJ. St Jon-Campbell S. Carlucci C. Romanazzi G. Degennaro L. Bull JA. Luisi R. Chem. Commun. 2017; 53: 348
• 9c Yu H. Zhen L. Bolm C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018; 57: 324

For selected examples from our group, see: N-arylation:
• 10a Bolm C. Hildebrand JP. J. Org. Chem. 2000; 65: 169
• 10b Miyasaka M. Hirano K. Satoh T. Kowalczyk R. Bolm C. Miura M. Org. Lett. 2011; 13: 359

N-Alkynylation:
• 10c Wang L. Huang H. Priebbenow DL. Pan F. Bolm C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013; 52: 3478
• 10d Priebbenow DL. Becker P. Bolm C. Org. Lett. 2013; 15: 6155

N-Acylation:
• 10e Cheng H. Bolm C. Synlett 2016; 27: 769

N-Alkylation:
• 10f Hendriks CM. M. Bohmann RA. Bohlem M. Bolm C. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2014; 356: 1847
• 10g Wang H. Zhang D. Bolm C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018; 57: 5863
• 11 Wang H. Cheng Y. Becker P. Raabe G. Bolm C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016; 55: 12655
• 12 For related hypervalent iodine reagents having a 1,2-benziodoxole core, see: Wang H. Zhang D. Sheng H. Bolm C. J. Org. Chem. 2017; 82: 11854
• 13 For an alternative reaction behavior of such species, see: Wang H. Zhang D. Bolm C. Chem. Eur. J. 2018; in press;
• 14a Buchholt HC. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1970; 2: 177
• 14b Akutagawa K. Furukawa N. Oae S. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1984; 57: 518
• 15 Zhu H. Yu JT. Cheng J. Chem. Commun. 2016; 52: 11908
• 16a Peng Y. Lin Y. Nie R. Zheng Y. Liu Y. Guo L. Wu Y. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2018; 844
• 16b Yang L. Feng J. Qiao M. Zeng Q. Org. Chem. Front. 2018; 5: 24
• 17 For the preparation of sulfoximines with N–SCF₃ groups, which were prepared by reacting NBr-sulfoximines with AgSCF₃, see: Bohnen C. Bolm C. Org. Lett. 2015; 17: 3011
• 18 In these experiments, combinations of 4a (2 equiv) and NaH (2.1 equiv) were applied; satisfying results were not achieved in DCE at r.t. or 50 °C or in CH₂Cl₂ at 50 °C.

For selected overviews on hypervalent iodine reagents, see:
• 19a Zhdankin VV. Stang PJ. Chem. Rev. 2002; 102: 2523
• 19b Singh FV. Wirth T. Chem. Asian J. 2014; 9: 950
• 19c Ochiai M. Chem. Rec. 2007; 7: 12
• 19d Uyanik M. Ishihara K. ChemCatChem 2012; 4: 177
• 19e Zhdankin VV. Stang PJ. Chem. Rev. 2008; 108: 5299
• 19f Yoshimura A. Zhdankin VV. Chem. Rev. 2016; 116: 3328
• 19g Zhdankin VV. Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry: Preparation, Structure and Synthetic Application of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds. Wiley; New York: 2013
• 19h Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry . In Topics in Current Chemistry . Vol. 373. Wirth T. Springer; Switzerland: 2015
• 20a Tinnis F. Stridfeldt E. Lundberg H. Adolfsson H. Olofsson B. Org. Lett. 2015; 17: 2688
• 20b Malmgren J. Santoro S. Jalalian N. Himo F. Olofsson B. Chem. Eur. J. 2013; 19: 10334