Keywords
dental students - digital - endodontics - learning - pedagogical
Introduction
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) in higher education are the subject
of continual debate worldwide. Numerous studies spotlight digital development in learning
in dentistry.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7] According to several studies, some aspects of dentistry training appear to be the
main sources of stress among dental students[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]:
-
The transition year when entering clinical practice is evaluated as the most stressful
year due to fear of not treating competently and apprehension about patient contact.
-
Entering clinical practice with patient “confrontation,” a new situation for the student,
is very anxiety-provoking. According to Manolova et al, marrying theory to clinical
practice is difficult and stressful for French students.[10]
However, we found no study evaluating the form of teaching that students wished to
benefit from, to enhance current learning, nor any validated questionnaire on pedagogical
support preferences according to dentistry disciplines.
The aim of this two-step study was first to identify the type of pedagogical support
the students preferred in each dental discipline and then to evaluate the impact and
students’ feelings toward this new pedagogical format in the discipline they deemed
to need it most.
Materials and Methods
Student Needs, Fears, and Expectations during Their Theoretical and Clinical Course
In September 2016, a study was conducted at the Dentistry Faculty of the University
of Montpellier. To construct this questionnaire targeted on the use of ICTs in dentistry
and student needs, we proceeded iteratively to formulate progressively more precise
questions. Several modifications were made after testing the questionnaire on five
students of different years to evaluate the ease of comprehension and interpretation
before launching the survey. Once validated, we decided to distribute this questionnaire
to 3rd, 4th, and 5th year classes to be sure of accessing all students: the 3rd year
students may only access preclinical work, while the 4th and 5th year students are
allowed to treat patients in a clinical environment.
The questionnaire included the following items:
-
Would the provision of online classes or “E-learning” (via VLE) before compulsory
lectures be useful to you?
-
What type of support would most interest you during your classes and practical work?
In which disciplines? We proposed three types of additional support:
-
Proposition of clinical cases in photo format
-
Distribution of clinical cases and/or treatments in video format
-
Use of interactive software with self-test
-
Have you already done Internet research to supplement your classes, watched videos
on YouTube?
To detect a significant difference between the pedagogical supports, we calculated
a minimum sample size. With a detected minimum difference of 20% between proposed
choices, a power of 80%, and a probability value of 5%, a minimum of 160 students
was calculated. This questionnaire was completed anonymously by 206 students.
Creation and Establishment of the New Pedagogical Support
After completion of this questionnaire, we established one of the new pedagogical
supports that the students would like to have at disposal to enhance the current learning,
that is, a video describing the different stages of root canal treatment. We could,
therefore, test if the contribution of the new pedagogical tool would actually be
perceived positively by the students of the 3 years.
To create the videos, we used a cold light lamp to illuminate the work area, a clamp
to anchor the teeth, and photo and video material: two reflex cameras (Canon 7D and
Nikon D7000).
We began the videographic shots according to the general steps of a root canal treatment:
-
Access cavity preparation
-
Endo-Z and Gates drills use
-
Catheterization
-
Work length determination
-
Transition to rotary instrument
-
Master cone adjustment.
Before performing video shots, the tooth specimens were cut into half and the root
treatment was performed. The teeth were drilled carefully until we met the center
of the apex and the root canal. The video editing was done with MacBook's “Final Cut
Pro X.” Four videos were created for endodontics. The editing time was up to 60 hours
for a single video.
The first video concerned simplified endodontic treatment on a molar ([Fig. 1]); the second video, precurving of files; the third video, endodontic treatment on
a premolar with two distinct camera shots ([Fig. 2]); and last, a clinical case highlighting ergonomics, work planning, and successful
clinical treatment.
Fig. 1 Image of videoing molar.
Fig. 2 Image of videoing premolar.
Student Satisfaction with the New Pedagogical Support
To evaluate the impact and students’ feelings toward this new pedagogical format,
a satisfaction questionnaire was devised. All videos were distributed during classes
(to capture all students) and the questionnaires were distributed only to 3rd year
students at the end of the class, according to the sample size calculation (statistical
analysis). The questionnaire covered appreciation of videos, student satisfaction
relative to expectations, need for other videos (and in which disciplines), and opinion
on the effectiveness of this new support format for lectures and practical work. We
also wanted to know when the students preferred viewing this type of video (on the
Internet, during classes, or hands-on workshop).
Link to the three videos:
Video 1
Video 2
Video 3
Statistical Analysis
The calculation of the sample size indicated for the first questionnaire 150 subjects
and for the satisfaction questionnaire 60 subjects.
All tests were validated with p-value fixed at 0.05. We used Stata 14.1. software (StataCorp, College Station, Texas,
United States) for the statistical analysis and Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation,
Redmond, Washington, United States) for graphics. Two tests were used:
Results
Students’ Needs, Fears, and Expectations During their Theoretical and Clinical Course
We obtained 80% participation with 165 questionnaires, compatible with the calculated
minimum (160). The average age of respondents was 22.1 years, with 58.8% females versus
41.2% males. About 95.7% of students found the online classes or “E-learning” (via
VLE) before compulsory lectures useful. Age, treated as a quantitative variable, was
compared between the group who found the E-learning useful and the group who did not
find the E-learning useful. Age was not significant in this response (Student's t-test,
p = 0.94). Gender and year of the study were not statistically significant (chi-squared
test, p = 0.94 and p = 0.27, respectively). Video was a students’ preferred choice, whatever the study
year (chi-squared test, p = 0.04) ([Table 1]). Females chose videos significantly more often than males (69.1 vs. 30.9%, chi-squared
test, p = 0.004). More interest in video was manifested in prosthetics, periodontics, and
endodontics, this result being independent of the year or gender ([Fig. 3]).
Table 1
Breakdown of pedagogical support choices according to the study year
|
3rd year
|
4th year
|
5th year
|
Total
|
|
Pictures (%)
|
23 (34.8)
|
14 (29.2)
|
16 (32.6)
|
53 (32.5)
|
|
Videos (%)
|
25 (37.9)
|
22 (45.8)
|
21 (42.9)
|
68 (41.7)
|
|
Software (%)
|
18 (27.3)
|
12 (25.0)
|
12 (24.5)
|
42 (25.8)
|
|
Total (%)
|
66 (100)
|
48 (100)
|
49 (100)
|
163 (100)
|
Fig. 3 Video support need for each disciplines.
Student demands for course supplements concerned different disciplines ([Table 2]):
Table 2
Most requested topics for video according to the discipline
|
Disciplines
|
n (%)
|
|
Conservative dentistry (%)
|
|
|
Caries diagnosis
|
74 (45.1)
|
|
The use of different restorative materials
|
88 (53.7)
|
|
Endodontics (%)
|
|
|
Access cavity
|
34 (20.5)
|
|
The management of emergencies
|
126 (75.9)
|
|
Prosthesis (%)
|
|
|
Crown removal techniques
|
46 (27.5)
|
|
Post and core techniques
|
103 (61.7)
|
|
Periodontology (%)
|
|
|
Charting
|
30 (17.8)
|
|
Flap surgery
|
135 (80.4)
|
|
Oral surgery (%)
|
|
|
Inferior alveolar nerve block techniques
|
59 (34.3)
|
|
Tooth extraction (unerupted, wisdom)
|
110 (64.0)
|
|
Orthodontics (%)
|
|
|
Cephalometric
|
55 (39.6)
|
|
Space maintainer
|
79 (56.8)
|
|
Pedodontics (%)
|
|
|
Pulpotomy
|
81 (54.4)
|
|
Pediatric crown
|
65 (43.6)
|
-
In conservative dentistry use of different restorative materials with their clinical
application (53.7%)
-
Emergency treatment in endodontics was students’ predominant concern whatever the
year (64% in 3rd year, 83% in 4th year, and 85% in 5th year)
-
In periodontics, flap surgery was predominant at 80%
-
In oral medicine and surgery, performing complex avulsions was the most apprehended
subject (63.9%).
One can highlight the fact that 91.5% of students had already done Internet research
at least once during their course, particularly looking at videos. This research had
fulfilled expectations in 83.1% of cases and increased incrementally each study year
(3rd year 79%, 4th year 96%, and 5th year 100%). Students researched videos to clarify
and improve lesson comprehension and clinical practice (3rd year 83.6%, 4th year 87.0%,
and 5th year 91.8%). Prosthesis was researched the most, either on the Internet or
sites such as “YouTube” ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Research of course supplements on Internet and You-Tube according to the discipline
|
Course supplement
|
Internet (%)
|
YouTube (%)
|
|
None
|
34 (9.6)
|
20 (9.6)
|
|
Conservative dentistry
|
43 (12.1)
|
33 (15.9)
|
|
Endodontics
|
55 (15.5)
|
26 (12.5)
|
|
Prothesis
|
67 (18.9)
|
41 (19.6)
|
|
Periodontology
|
64 (18.2)
|
39 (18.8)
|
|
Oral surgery
|
43 (12.1)
|
44 (21.2)
|
|
Orthodontics
|
24 (6.8)
|
2 (1.0)
|
|
Pedodontics
|
24 (6.8)
|
3 (1.4)
|
Finally, the most dreaded discipline in the 3rd year, 1 year before clinical practice
entrance, was endodontics ([Fig. 4]). Once students enter clinical practice, two disciplines principally concerned the
endodontics and prosthesis ([Table 4]).
Fig. 4 Breakdown of most apprehended 3rd year disciplines.
Table 4
Most apprehended disciplines according to the year
|
Most apprehended discipline
|
3rd year (%)
|
4th year (%)
|
5th year (%)
|
|
Conservative dentistry
|
4 (5.2)
|
0 (0.0)
|
2 (5.7)
|
|
Endodontics
|
47 (61.0)
|
22 (40.0)
|
6 (17.1)
|
|
Prothesis
|
13 (16.9)
|
21 (38.2)
|
22 (62.9)
|
|
Periodontology
|
4 (5.2)
|
6 (10.9)
|
4 (11.4)
|
|
Oral surgery
|
5 (6.5)
|
6 (10.9)
|
1 (2.9)
|
|
Orthodontics
|
2 (2.6)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
|
|
Pedodontics
|
2 (2.6)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
|
It is clear from this first questionnaire that students demanded new pedagogical supports
for learning: video was the most demanded over the three participating years.
Student Satisfaction Regarding New Video Support
We obtained 71 questionnaires, a 100% response rate from all 3rd year students. One-hundred
percent of students appreciated the video distributed, and it fulfilled expectations
for all. Concerning the time, when the students preferred viewing this type of video,
no particular time was predominantly preferred, but the first choice was video distribution
during hands-on workshop.
All students wanted other videos to aid comprehension of lectures and clinical practice.
Certain students shared their satisfaction in the free commentary section. It appears
that students appreciated the concise and visual nature of this video. The most prevalent
comments resembled the following: “very useful for summarizing and enabling the comprehension
which a class does not produce initially” and “video is great, particularly cross-sectional
visual of the tooth aids comprehension.”
Discussion
The main aim of this study was to analyze the student needs for new pedagogical supports.
Looking at the results of this qualitative analysis of the questionnaires, it emerges
that there was a strong need for supplementary support for lectures and practical
work: video was the most requested tool. What is impeding teachers today in digital
application in our faculty is the lack of materials and time and the technical complexity
required for video production. Despite that, most of the teachers were persuaded that
educational technologies such as video provided better visualization and could improve
health professions student learning outcomes.[13] Many studies in the medical field show the positive effect of videographic tools.[14]
[15] In 2007, a study by Reynolds et al highlighted the growing appeal of teaching ICT
with students.[6] Reissmann et al also found the same results in a German dental school.[7] The results of the present study confirm the potential of these new technologies
together with the utmost interest of the students.
An evolution of student needs over the years was evident. It appears that progressing
through the clinical curriculum, students find their bearings for performing endodontic
treatment. Conversely, prosthesis remains a dreaded discipline. Establishing a diagnosis
and management of multidisciplinary cases remains complex notions throughout the clinical
years. This study sample did not include all students in the faculty: 2nd and 6th
years were left out. We considered that 2nd year students are just beginning theory
and do not have the hindsight to be objective with this questionnaire and 6th year
only have intern clinical practice which makes it difficult to question the whole
cohort. The selection bias was weak, even nonexistent, because we questioned every
student from each year of the study concerned with the study topic.
Although external validation of the study is not established, given that it depends
on the type of teaching in place, the trends concerning observed students’ wishes
seem logical: 3rd year students, the most inexperienced, requested these new pedagogical
tools the most. Students of other years appreciated them, but to a lesser degree.
The usual biases found in self-administered questionnaires concern honesty regarding
personal questions. Knowing that these questionnaires are anonymous, this bias is
expected to be minimal and students had no reason to falsify their responses since
this questionnaire was aimed at improving their learning.
Conclusion
Analysis of the first questionnaire enabled determination of the most requested pedagogical
support to assist understanding of lectures and practical work: video. Another important
result was that endodontics was the most apprehended discipline when entering clinical
practice. This result was accompanied by another finding: most students had already
done Internet research at least once during their course and the most researched disciplines
were prosthesis, periodontics, and endodontics. Finally, all respondents of the satisfaction
survey, having watched the videos created, appreciated this “new” pedagogical support,
and for all students, this fulfilled their expectations.
The use of more targeted didactic tools such as clear and precise videos might enable
students to better understand theory and diminish fears for their clinical practice
debut and the remainder of their course.
Financial Support and Sponsorship
Nil.
