Keywords
hemangioma - liver abscess - drainage
Introduction
Hepatic hemangiomas are the most common type of benign tumors of the liver. They are
typically discovered as an incidental finding on cross-sectional imaging performed
for other reasons.[1] The etiology of hepatic hemangiomas is thought to be due to atypical enlargement
of abnormal hepatic vasculature or congenital vascular ectasia. Angiogenic factors
and hormonal status are known factors in its pathogenesis. Females have a strong predisposition
to this tumor, especially those who are on oral contraceptives, steroid therapy, or
who are pregnant.
These lesions are typically small, benign and, rarely, cause complications. Pregnancy,
steroid use and hormonal therapy, including oral contraceptives, are associated with
growth of this tumor. Cessation of hormonal exposure will usually result in shrinkage
of the tumor size. When present, hepatic hemangiomas may cause chronic pain (due to
Glisson’s capsule irritation) or acute pain (due to rupture). Other symptoms may include
abdominal fullness due to the compressive effect on the gastrointestinal tract, in
which case surgical resection is recommended. Prophylactic resection of large or peripherally
located hemangiomas are also indicated in individuals who are at high risk of traumatic
rupture.[2]
[3] There are multiple case reports regarding management of complicated giant hemangiomas
and infected hepatic hemangiomas.[4]
[5] We present a case of infected hepatic hemangioma associated with trauma, where initial
imaging was concerning for metastasis.
Case Presentation
A 43-year-old female presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint
of worsening right upper quadrant abdominal pain, following a blunt trauma from a
go-cart collision 2 days prior. A contrast-enhanced CT revealed a hypodense (with
average density of 38 Hounsfield units) subcapsular lesion in the posterior right
lobe of the liver, measuring 50 × 47 mm. This mass had no rim enhancement (
[Fig. 1]
). Additional tiny hypodense lesions were noted in the right lobe and the dome of
the liver. Notably, an indeterminate left adrenal gland nodule (12 mm) was noted.
Fig. 1 Contrast-enhanced computed tomography axial image demonstrate a hypoattenuating lesion
in posterior right hepatic lobe (segment 6) (A). Additional tiny hypodense lesions were noted in the right lobe and the dome of
the liver (B, C).
Follow-up MRI was completed the following day after CT study. This showed hypointense
subscapular posterior right lobe liver mass on T1-weighted images (T1WI) (
[Fig. 2A]
). This mass was heterogeneously hyperintense on T2-weighted images (T2WI) (
[Fig. 2B]
), with associated gradual enhancement and diffusion restrictions (
[Fig. 3]
). There was gradual central enhancement with peripheral nonenhancing rim, which persisted
during the hepatocyte phase (
[Fig. 4]
). Additional small liver lesions were consistent with cysts. The left adrenal gland
nodule that was found on CT scan was consistent with a benign adenoma.
Fig. 2 T1-weighted MRI axial image demonstrate a hypointense lesion in the posterior right
hepatic lobe (A). T2-weighted MRI axial image demonstrate a heterogeneously hyperintense lesion in
the posterior right lobe (B).
Fig. 3 Diffusion-weighted-image (A) with apparent diffusion coefficient map showed diffusion restriction (B).
Fig. 4 (A–D) Contrast-enhanced MRI axial images demonstrate progressive central enhancement with
minimal peripheral rim enhancement.
Given these imaging findings, malignancy needed to be excluded. Upon further questioning,
patient gave history of weight loss, but she sated it was intentional. Thus, a percutaneous
biopsy was obtained to rule out malignancy, which was performed 2 days after MRI study.
Four milliliters of purulent fluid was aspirated on CT-guided biopsy; thus, a drainage
catheter was placed. This fluid collection grew Streptococcus sp., and the patient was treated with antibiotics. A core needle biopsy was also performed,
and subsequent histologic evaluation favored a diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma with
infarction and inflammation (
[Fig. 5]
). The patient was discharged after an 8-day hospital course, with a percutaneous
drain and intravenous (IV) antibiotic treatment for an additional 4 weeks. A week
following discharge, an abscessogram study was completed to evaluate for possible
fistula formation to adjacent structure. This showed filling of the abscess cavity,
without contrast extravasation outside of the cavity (
[Fig. 6]
). The drain was then removed during outpatient follow-up a week later. The patient
was doing well at her six-month follow-up.
Fig. 5 The upper half of the photomicrograph highlights viable if congested hemangioma at
20x (A) and 40x (B) magnification. The lower half highlights the infected portion at 40x magnification
including mild-to-moderate (C), and florid, with electronically enhanced inset of neutrophils (D).
Fig. 6 Contrast injection into the percutaneous drain showed abscess cavity without extravasation
outside of the abscess cavity such as to the biliary system or any other hepatic structure.
Discussion
Hepatic hemangiomas are the most common benign hepatic lesions, which can typically
be diagnosed with imaging studies.[6] The classic presentation of a hemangioma on contrast-enhanced CT is as a smooth,
well-demarcated mass with peripheral nodular enhancement, followed by a filling-in
pattern during the late phase. The lesion remains isodense or hyperdense on the delayed
phase imaging.[6]
[7] On sonographic study, the majority of hemangiomas present as homogeneous, hyperechoic
masses with posterior enhancement.[1] MRI is considered the gold standard modality in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas.[8] It is characterized by a hyperintense mass on T2WI, with signal intensity between
cerebrospinal fluid and the spleen, and hypointense on T1WI. Larger hemangiomas may
have an area of nonenhancement on T1WI.[9]
[10] The sensitivity and specificity of an MRI study is increased to 100% with contrast
enhancement.[11]
While MRI is highly accurate in the diagnosis of typical hemangiomas, atypical features
should be explored further, as they broaden the differential and increase the challenge
of diagnosing a hepatic hemangioma. Only 10% of hemangioma cases will show multiple
lesions and this should prompt further evaluation.[12] As noted in our patient, CT imaging showed a hypodense lesion in the posterior right
lobe of the liver, which measured 50 × 47 mm, with no rim enhancement. Additional
hypodense lesions were noted in the right lobe and the dome of the liver, which was
concerning for metastasis. This led to further workup with MRI, where the mass was
also found to be heterogeneously hyperintense on an MR T2WI, with a nonenhancing peripheral
rim. Multiphase CT scan was not done in lieu of MRI study.
Heterogeneity findings in hepatic hemangiomas can be found in large and giant hemangiomas
(size greater than 4 cm) and can be due to thrombosis, fibrosis, calcification, hemorrhaging
necrosis or obliteration of cavernous sinuses.[1]
[13]
[14] The differential diagnosis when atypical features are present must be all-encompassing,
including focal nodular hyperplasia when scarring is seen, primary hepatic tumors,
and metastases, among many others. Hemangiomas with inflammatory processes are very
rare and associated with giant hemangiomas. Previous case reports describe these findings
to show typical giant hemangioma characteristics.[13]
Although the MRI study of this patient showed heterogeneously T2 hyperintense and
T1 hypointense, associated gradual enhancement with diffusion restrictions favored
metastasis rather than hemangioma ([Figs. 2] and [3]). Differential diagnosis of metastasis was also supported by symptoms of weight
loss endorsed by the patient. Other differential diagnoses included hepatocellular
carcinoma and hepatic adenoma. The patient was recommended CT-guided needle biopsy.
This was performed and purulent drainage was noted at the time of biopsy, which led
to placement of a percutaneous drain for source control. Fluid culture and pathology
study showed a final diagnosis of infected hemangioma.
Giant hemangioma is usually diagnosed incidentally during imaging study for other
disease processes. In symptomatic patients, such as pain, bloating, and discomfort,
surgical resection or enucleation can be offered.[3] Other indications for surgical resection are uncertainty in diagnosis and enlarging
size. Alternatively, nonsurgical management should also be discussed and may result
in decreasing in size and symptoms’ resolution. Imaging-guided percutaneous aspiration
of hepatic cavernous hemangioma has been shown to be safe and useful in diagnosis.[15] However, caution should be taken when performing this procedure, given the high
vascularity of the tumor.[16] It is important to obtain safe route and use small needle to initiate the procedure.
In our case, percutaneous drain placement after biopsy and fluid aspiration allowed
patient to avoid partial liver resection.
In conclusion, we documented a case of infected hepatic hemangioma, which was found
in a patient who presented with right upper quadrant pain secondary to trauma. This
diagnosis should be considered when a patient presents with systemic inflammatory
symptoms, and subsequent imaging findings of a hepatic mass are inconclusive. Usually,
biopsy is needed to rule out malignancy like in our patient. In addition, this case
demonstrates that nonsurgical treatment with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage
may be sufficient to treat such patients.
