Keywords cancer - epidemiology - hospital-based cancer registry - India - medical tourism
Introduction
As the population grows and our lifestyle is changing, cancer continues to increase
in incidence. As per the International Agency for Research on Cancer, it is estimated
that one in five men and one in six women worldwide will develop cancer over the course
of their lifetime and that one in eight men and one in 11 women will die from this
disease.[1 ] Cancer incidence continues to rise in all countries, but as per GLOBOCAN 2018, Asian
countries share the burden of nearly half of the new cancer cases and more than half
of cancer deaths. The excess burden of deaths is thought to be because of poorer health
facilities along with a higher prevalence of cancer types associated with poorer prognosis.
By 2025, it is predicted that, worldwide, there will be 20 million new cancer cases,
and low- and middle-income countries will share 80% of the disease burden.[2 ]
A national health program directed toward cancer screening, prevention, and treatment
is increasingly becoming the need of the hour and cancer registries form the very
basic foundation for any such endeavor. It was in June 1963 that the first cancer
registry program was established in India in Mumbai,[3 ] but the program got the requisite boost only in 1982 when the National Cancer Registry
Program (NCRP) was established. At present, there are 20 population-based cancer registries
(PBCRs) along with 29 hospital-based cancer registries (HBCRs).[4 ] While PBCRs provide data on the magnitude, patterns, and trends of disease over
time, HBCRs give a better insight regarding the diagnosis and treatment of cancer
in patients along with their compliance and long-term follow-up.
Of the 17 HBCRs that were included in the most recent consolidated report of NCRP
(2012–2014),[5 ] there were only three from North India and only one from the capital city of Delhi.
This was from the Dr. B R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (BRAIRCH), New
Delhi, which is representative of government sector. Private sector has been under
represented in the registry data with only 4 out of 17 registries from private institutes,
all of which are from southern India. Hence, there are no data on the epidemiology
of patients with cancer who seek care in the private sector in North India including
patients traveling from other states as well as from outside India to Delhi for medical
tourism.
We hereby report the data collected at our tertiary cancer center for all cancer patients
registered between 2013 and 2017.
Materials and Methods
Setting
Max Healthcare, established in 2000, is a provider of health care to Delhi-National
Capital Region (NCR) and North India including cancer care. The oncology division
of Max Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, located in South Delhi is one of the hospitals
in this network and registers ~3,000 cancer patients per year.
Case Ascertainment and Registration
All patients visiting the Oncology Outpatient Record (OPD) of Max Cancer Centre (MCC),
Saket, between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017, were potentially eligible,
and those with cancer were included. The patients were identified using their unique
patient identity number. Data were extracted prospectively from the medical record
files along with OPD notes, investigation reports, treatment procedures, and discharge
summaries. Since July 1, 2015, we have also ascertained cases from the pathology records
to enhance the completeness of our registration. This is done by monthly review of
all patients with cancer diagnosis in the pathology database, and these are then matched
with those which have already been identified through the primary route of MCC OPD.
Any new patients identified through this mechanism are then added to the registry
database. The data so extracted were abstracted into the NCRP core pro forma. The
cancer registry used the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision
(ICD-10) version for site classification and ICD-O-3 for histological classification
to code the data. The HBCR DM software developed by the NCRP is used for online data
entry.
Statistical Analysis
Data from the HBCR DM software were extracted into Microsoft Excel. We conducted a
descriptive analysis of cancer distribution by age, gender, nationality, and stage.
Methods of diagnosis were noted for all patients. We studied the distribution of cancer
across various sites as classified in ICD-10 classification. Site of cancer as per
the NCRP nomenclature was further analyzed for individual subgroups, namely, sex (male/female)
and geography (native population/foreign patients). Cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth,
pharynx (excluding nasopharynx), esophagus, larynx, lung, and urinary bladder were
considered as sites of cancer related to tobacco use. We looked into the clinical
stage and the extent of disease for all patients and the treatment modalities received.
Ethical Statements
The institutional ethics committee approved the study with reference number CRP001:
NCRP Max Healthcare CT/MSSH/SKT-2/ONCO/12–10. The procedures followed were in accordance
with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional)
and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 2013. Written informed consents
of patients were taken.
Results
The total number of patients identified was 24,680 (24,069 through OPD records and
additional 611 through pathology records) for the time period 2013 to 2017. Among
the registered patients, 15,850 (64.2%) had cancer and 5,332 (21.6%) did not have
cancer. It was not possible to be certain if the diagnosis was cancer in 3,498 (14.2%)
patients due to inadequate workup or absence of documentation. This category of patients
with uncertain diagnosis decreased steadily with time from 43.02% in January 2013
to 11.30% in December 2017 as our procedures of patient identification, documentation,
and data quality improved. Of the 15,850 patients with confirmed cancer diagnosis,
microscopic verification was done in 98.1% of male patients and 98.4% of females.
The remaining patients were diagnosed mainly on radiology. The flowchart of cancer
registry is depicted in [Fig. 1 ].
Fig. 1 Flowchart of cancer registry. MCC, Max Cancer Centre; NCRP, National Cancer Registry
Program.
Distribution by Sex, Age, and Geography
Of the 15,850 cases, 8,034 (51%) were males and 7,816 (49%) were females, with a male-to-female
ratio of 1:0.97. The age distribution of cancers is seen in [Fig. 2 ]. Data analyzed by 5-year age groups showed that, among males and females, the peak
incidence was seen in the age group of 60 to 64 years. Nearly 1.8% of cancer patients
were pediatric (<15 years age) and 30.1% were geriatric (>65 years of age). Sixty
percent of patients were from Delhi-NCR (South Delhi 38%, Southwest Delhi 14%, Gurgaon
8%, West Delhi 7%, Northwest Delhi 7%, East Delhi 5%, and others 21%), 27% from other
parts of India, and 13% from outside India.
Fig. 2 Distribution of cancer by gender in broad age groups.
Distribution by Site and Variation by Gender and Geography
The most common sites (organ systems) of cancer in decreasing order were digestive
organs (20.7%); breast (18.9%); lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (11.8%); female genital
organs (9.5%); respiratory and intrathoracic organs (9.2%); lymph, hematological,
and related tissues (6.5%); male genital organs (6.2%); eye, brain, and central nervous
system (4.7%); urinary tract (3.8%); melanoma of skin (2.7%); thyroid and other endocrine
glands (1.9%); ill-defined, secondary, and unspecified sites (1.4%); bone and articular
cartilage (1.4%); and mesothelial and soft tissue (1.3%). The breakdown of hematolymphoid
malignancies consisted of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (3.1% of entire population), Hodgkin
lymphoma (1.0% of entire population), leukemia (1.6% of entire population), and multiple
myeloma (0.9% of entire population).
The distribution of cancer by site (organs) for males and females is displayed in
[Tables 1 ] and [2 ], respectively. The most common organs for cancer in males by site were prostate
(10.9%), lung (10%), and mouth (7.6%). The number of male patients with other and
unspecified sites was 1.5%.
Table 1
Top 10 cancer sites by geography in males
Rank
Percentage of all male patients (n )
Overall
Delhi
Outside Delhi (India)
Outside India
Abbreviation: NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
First
Prostate (874, 10.9%)
Prostate (450, 5.6%)
Lung (341, 4.2%)
Stomach (113, 1.4%)
Second
Lung (799, 9.9%)
Lung (374, 4.7%)
Mouth (338, 4.2%)
Brain and nervous system (97, 1.2%)
Third
Mouth (614, 7.6%)
Mouth (259, 3.2%)
Prostate (335, 4.2%)
Prostate (89, 1.1%)
Fourth
Tongue (475, 5.9%)
Tongue (217, 2.7%)
Tongue (248, 3.1%)
Lung (84, 1.0%)
Fifth
Brain and nervous system (445, 5.5%)
Esophagus (174, 2.2%)
Brain and nervous system (196, 2.4%)
Esophagus (61, 0.8%)
Sixth
Esophagus (390, 4.9%)
NHL (162, 2.0%)
Esophagus (155, 1.9%)
Colon (52, 0.6%)
Seventh
Stomach (346, 4.3%)
Brain and nervous system (152, 1.9%)
Colon (125, 1.6%)
NHL (51, 0.6%)
Eighth
Colon (328, 4.1%)
Colon (151, 1.9%)
Kidney (120, 1.5%)
Rectum (51, 0.6%)
Ninth
NHL (326, 4.1%)
Larynx (133, 1.7%)
NHL (112, 1.4%)
Liver (44, 0.5%)
Tenth
Rectum (265, 3.3%)
Stomach (123, 1.5%)
Gallbladder (111, 1.4%)
Bone (43, 0.5%)
Table 2
Top ten cancer sites by geography in females
Rank
Percentage of all female patients (n )
Overall
Delhi
Outside Delhi (India)
Outside India
Abbreviation: NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
First
Breast (2926, 37.4%)
Breast (1517, 19.4%)
Breast (1115, 14.3%)
Breast (294, 3.8%)
Second
Ovary (554, 7.1%)
Corpus uteri (274, 3.5%)
Ovary (255, 3.3%)
Brain and nervous system (67, 0.9%)
Third
Corpus uteri (442, 5.7%)
Ovary (260, 3.3%)
Cervix uteri (175, 2.2%)
Cervix uteri (58, 0.7%)
Fourth
Cervix uteri (432, 5.5%)
Cervix uteri (199, 2.5%)
Gallbladder (174, 2.2%)
Esophagus (42, 0.5%)
Fifth
Gallbladder (348, 4.5%)
Gallbladder (157, 2.0%)
Corpus uteri (151, 1.9%)
Ovary (39, 0.5%)
Sixth
Brain and nervous system (281, 3.6%)
Lung (139, 1.8%)
Brain and nervous system (111, 1.4%)
Stomach (34, 0.4%)
Seventh
Lung (269, 3.4%)
Brain and nervous system (103, 1.3%)
Lung (104, 1.3%)
Bone (32, 0.4%)
Eighth
Colon (206, 2.6%)
Colon (102, 1.3%)
Colon (83, 1.1%)
Thyroid (29, 0.4%)
Ninth
Esophagus (204, 2.6%)
Tongue (87, 1.1%)
Esophagus (78, 1.0%)
Lung (26, 0.3%)
Tenth
Thyroid (166, 2.1%)
NHL (84, 1.1%)
Mouth (77, 1.0%)
Rectum (24, 0.3%)
The pattern was slightly different in male patients from outside Delhi where prostate
cancer ranked lower than lung cancer and mouth cancer. In male patients visiting from
outside India, distribution was quite different with cancers of the stomach most commonly
followed by brain and nervous system and prostate ([Table 1 ]). Cancers of the mouth and tongue did not rank in the top ten cancers in this subset.
The most common organs for cancer in females were breast (37.4%), ovary (7.1%), and
corpus uteri (5.6%). The number of female patients with other and unspecified sites
was 25 (1.9%).
Breast cancer was the most common cancer among all females irrespective of the geography.
This was followed by ovary and cervix/uterus in Indian females in contrast to brain
and nervous system and cervix in females visiting from outside India ([Table 2 ]).
The top ten cancers in males and females among the four age groups are shown in [Tables 3 ] and [4 ], respectively.
Table 3
Top ten cancers by age groups in males
Rank
<15
15–34
35–64
>64
Abbreviation: NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
First
Brain and nervous system
Brain and nervous system
Mouth
Prostate
Second
Lymphoid leukemia
Bone
Lung, etc.
Lung, etc.
Third
Bone
NHL
Tongue
Esophagus
Fourth
Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin disease
Prostate
Stomach
Fifth
NHL
Testis
Brain and nervous system
Mouth
Sixth
Connective and soft tissue
Thyroid
Esophagus
Colon
Seventh
Kidney
Tongue
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Eighth
Myeloid leukemia
Rectum
Colon
Larynx
Ninth
Other skin
Mouth
NHL
Rectum
Tenth
Eye
Other skin
Kidney
Tongue
Table 4
Top ten cancers by age groups in females
Rank
<15
15–34
35–64
>64
Abbreviation: NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
First
Brain and nervous system
Breast
Breast
Breast
Second
Bone
Brain and nervous system
Ovary
Corpus uteri
Third
Lymphoid leukemia
Ovary
Cervix uteri
Gallbladder
Fourth
Ovary
Thyroid
Corpus uteri
Ovary
Fifth
Connective and soft tissue
Bone
Gallbladder
Esophagus
Sixth
Kidney
Hodgkin disease
Lung, etc.
Cervix uteri
Seventh
Melanoma of skin
NHL
Brain and nervous system
Lung, etc.
Eighth
NHL
Colon
Esophagus
Colon
Ninth
Eye
Rectum
Colon
NHL
Tenth
Liver
Connective and soft tissue
Stomach
Tongue
Tobacco-Related Cancers
In males, 2,964 tobacco-related cancers (TRCs) were detected, accounting for 36.9%
of all cancer cases. In females, 884 TRCs were detected, accounting for 11.3% of all
cancer cases. Among these cases, lung, esophagus, mouth, tongue, and urinary bladder
were the top five sites, in that order ([Table 5 ]).
Table 5
Specific sites of cancer among TRCs
Sites of cancer
Males, n (%)
Females, n (%)
Abbreviation: TRC, tobacco-related cancer.
Lip
210 (7)
5 (0.6)
Tongue
475 (16.0)
161 (18.2)
Mouth
615 (20.7)
161 (18.2)
Oropharynx
35 (1.20)
10 (1.1)
Hypopharynx
145(4.9)
17 (1.9)
Pharynx
11 (0.4)
1 (0.1)
Esophagus
390 (13.2)
204 (23.1)
Larynx
248 (8.4)
21 (2.4)
Lung
799 (27.0)
269 (30.4)
Urinary bladder
225 (7.6)
35 (4.0)
TRC
2,964 (100)
884 (100)
Composite Stage
The composite stage was known in 62% (n = 9789) of patients. The majority of the patients in males were stage IV (54%), followed
by stage III (21%), stage II (15%), and stage I (10%). In females, stage IV was proportionally
less at 33%, stage III in 23%, stage II in 28%, and stage I in 16%.
Treatment Received
As registry included OPD visits and pathology records, not all registered patients
received treatment at Max Super Specialty Hospital. Overall, 49.8% of male patients
and 49.7% of female patients received treatment at Max Super Specialty Hospital. A
total of 2,757 males received treatment at the reporting institute only. This included
single-modality surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy in 823 (29.9%), 392 (14.2%),
and 631 (22.9%) patients, respectively. Dual-modality treatment consisted of surgery
plus radiation in 118 (4.3%), surgery + chemotherapy in 92 (3.3%), and radiation and
chemotherapy in 505 (18.3%) patients. Triple-modality treatment was received by 112
(4.1%) males. Hormonal therapy alone or in combination with other modalities was received
by 0.9%. The remaining patients received unknown or not documented treatment modality.
A total of 3,202 females received treatment at the reporting institute only. This
included single-modality surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy in 1,174 (36.7%), 213
(6.7%), and 630 (19.7%), respectively. Dual modality treatment consisted of surgery
plus radiation in 160 (5.0%), surgery + chemotherapy in 439 (13.73%), and radiation
and chemotherapy in 322 (10.1%) patients. Triple modality treatment was received by
174 (5.4%) males. Hormonal therapy alone or in combination with another modality was
received by 2%. The remaining patients received unknown or not documented treatment
modality.
A total of 1,249 males and 1,320 females received treatment at our institute following
prior treatment at any other place. Among males, 77.1% received single modality and
20.3% received combination therapy. Among females, 74.2% received single modality
and 23.3% received combination therapy.
Discussion
Over the past few years, NCRP has ensured expanding coverage of population covered
in cancer registry programs through an increasing number of HBCRs. Despite this, information
from North India is relatively sparse and that from the private sector is nonexistent.
We provide here a comprehensive registry data of patients coming to our institute
over a period of 5 years. The number of patients with uncertain diagnosis has steadily
decreased from January 2013 when it was 43.02% to 11.3% in December 2017. More than
98% of patients had a microscopic verification of diagnosis. These data combined with
case ascertainment through multiple sources indicate that the quality of registry
is high and improving. The number of cancers with sites other and unspecified is <2%.
On external quality checks by NCRP, the number of errors is 2.3%, and this has decreased
from 4.7% in 2013 to 2.2% in 2017. This compares favorably with all the HBCRs that
were part of the last NCRP report.[5 ] Since we have included all patients coming to our OPDs along with data collected
from pathologic records, it gives a complete overview of cancer patients presenting
to our tertiary cancer center. Unfortunately, the follow-up of all patients was not
available, leading to nonavailability of data pertaining to outcomes and survival.
This is now an area of focus for our future studies.
Prostate cancer was the most common cancer in males. This is in contrast to registry
based at BRAIRCH and many other registries, where carcinoma prostate was not in the
top ten common cancers in males.[5 ] A higher proportion of geriatric patients, a specialized uro-oncology department
as well as the socioeconomic status of our patients, could explain the difference.
Similarly, four of the top ten cancers in males were from the gastrointestinal tract
(esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum). This was not the case for most other registries
except for Amrita Institute, Kochi.[5 ] This could represent a tertiary center referral bias for patients requiring specialized
surgeries as well as the socioeconomic status of our patients. Furthermore, we saw
a difference in the proportion of digestive organs among males of 15 to 34-year age
group as against the BRAIRCH registry data. Only HBCRs from Guwahati, Assam, Chennai,
and Bangalore see digestive organs among the top ten cancer sites in males of this
age group.
In females, breast is now the leading site of cancer across nation accounting for
29.09% of all cases. The proportion of females with breast cancer in our registry
was higher (37.44%) as compared with BRAIRCH (26.1%) and also in comparison to private
HBCRs from Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Hospital (29.09%).[5 ]
[6 ] As majority of our patient population comes from affluent strata of society, this
probably reflects the higher prevalence of breast cancer in high-income groups. The
proportion of females with cervical cancer was less in our registry accounting for
5.52% of all female cancer patients in contrast to BRAIRCH (9.64%).
One in eight of our patients was from outside India. Data from NCRP HBCR do not provide
information on this for other centers, but it is likely that most/all patients in
these centers are from India. We also looked at data from Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Hospital,
which also operates in the private sector in Delhi-NCR, and although it has no published
data as part of the NCRP report, it has made relevant data available on its website.[6 ] The proportion of patients registered at our institute from Delhi and surrounding
states is comparable with them, but we see a higher proportion of international patients
(13%) as compared with Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Hospital (6% in 2015). We saw a difference
in distribution of cancer between Indian and international patients. Unlike Indian
males, prostate cancer was not the most common cancer organ among the international
male patients and was surpassed by carcinoma stomach and cancers of the brain and
nervous system. This is perhaps due to these cancers requiring specialized surgical
techniques in their management and has a higher risk of relapse after therapy, requiring
second opinions. Probably, due to similar reasons, malignancies of the bones were
represented in the top ten cancers among international patients, unlike Indian population.
TRCs accounted for 36.9% of male cancers and 11.3% of female cancers, which is comparable
to BRAIRCH (37.2% in males and 11.0% in females) but significantly lower than all
other cancer registries.[5 ] The Government of India has taken leading initiatives to spread awareness against
tobacco and related products and for smoking cessation practices. As a result, TRCs
are gradually decreasing, but there is still a long way to go.[7 ]
As an HBCR coming from a private setup and catering to international patients as well,
our registry report saw some interesting differences in distribution of cancer as
compared with other HBCRs. The distribution of cancer among various age groups was
similar with 35 to 64 years old bearing the major burden. Most of the HBCRs from the
southern part of the continent list thyroid as one of the top ten sites of cancer
in females in the age group of 15 to 34 years, but its contribution decreases in the
northern part of the country. BRAIRCH registry does not include thyroid among the
top ten cancers, although thyroid ranked 6th in our registry among females of 15 to
34 years’ age group.
Conclusion
Data from our HBCR highlight the differences from previous data reported in the NCRP
HBCRs. Key findings include that prostate cancer was the most common site in males
and that gastrointestinal cancers formed a much greater proportion of cancers among
males and females. These differences could be explained by the higher socioeconomic
status of our patients, referral bias for certain specialties, and international medical
tourism.
