Keywords
superficial parotidectomy - lateral temporal bone resection - neck dissection - external
auditory canal
Introduction
Malignant melanoma is an uncommon malignancy in the head and neck region. Among the
various subsites, external auditory canal melanoma is an infrequent occurrence. Maximum
30 cases have been reported in the literature to date. Compared with other subsites,
melanoma of external auditory canal presents late and has a poor prognosis despite
extensive surgery and adjuvant therapy.[1]
It may present as a bleeding polyp, mass in the external auditory canal, ulceration,
pain, discharge, or hearing loss in the affected ear. Sometimes, it can metastasize
locoregionally or present with distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. It is
treated with lateral temporal bone resection along with superficial parotidectomy
and neck dissection in advanced cases. Adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy
may be added if required. It is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis.
We had a middle-aged female patient present to us with a bleeding polypoidal mass
in her left ear, which was managed surgically.
Case Report
A 44-year-old female presented to our outpatient department with ear discomfort and
occasional bleeding from her left ear for 10 to 12 months. She had a feeling of decreased
hearing in the same ear for 3 to 4 months before presentation. Local examination revealed
a blackish mass in her left external auditory canal ([Fig. 1]) that was bleeding on manipulation. The tuning fork test and audiometry showed mild
conductive hearing loss in the ipsilateral ear, and the right ear hearing level was
normal. High-resolution and contrast-enhanced computer tomography of the temporal
bone was done. The scan showed an enhancing mass in the right external auditory canal
at its opening. The bony external auditory canal, middle ear, mastoid, and surrounding
structures, including parotid glands, were normal. No cervical lymphadenopathy was
identified on palpation. Laboratory investigations and other systemic examinations
showed no significant abnormality.
Fig. 1 Malignant melanoma occluding left external auditory canal.
After taking informed and written consent, wide excision of the black bleeding mass
(23 × 6 × 7 mm) was done under local anesthesia ([Fig. 2]). It was arising from the floor of the external auditory canal with narrow attachment.
The cartilage base of the lesion was excised and cauterized. Surrounding cartilage
from the external auditory canal and concha was excised, preserving the tragus. The
ear canal was packed with an antibiotic-soaked pack, which was removed after 10 days.
The histopathology of the excised specimen showed invasion of the basal layer of epidermis
at places with tumor cells. The tumor cells are strongly and diffusely positive for
HMB-45 and S-100 ([Fig. 3]) and negative for synaptophysin and chromogranin. The perichondrium and underlying
excised cartilage were free. The overall histopathological features were consistent
with malignant melanoma.
Fig. 2 Excised specimen from left external auditory canal (2.3 × 0.6 × 0.7 cm).
Fig. 3 (A) Tumor cells showing strongly immunopositivity for S-100 protein. (B) Tumour cells showing strong and diffuse immunopositivity for HMB 45.
After histopathological diagnosis, the patient was evaluated immediately with contrast-enhanced
computer tomography of the abdomen and chest to rule out any distant organ metastasis.
Positron emission tomography scan was done after 6 weeks and no residual local lesion
or distant metastasis was identified. The oncology board’s opinion was taken. The
patient was kept under close observation with monthly periodic evaluation in the initial
1 year and then for 3 to 6 monthly follow-up. At 1 year, she was evaluated with contrast-enhanced
computer tomography of the abdomen and ultrasound of the neck and chest X-ray. The
patient did not show any locoregional recurrence or any features of distant metastasis
till the last follow-up, that is, 4 years after her illness.
Discussion
Malignant melanoma is a rare and aggressive tumor arising from melanocytes. Malignant
melanoma of the ear constitutes 7 to 14% of all head and neck region melanoma. Ear
comprises 1 to 4% of all skin melanomas, of which helix constitutes the commonest
site followed by ear lobule.[2] The external auditory canal is a very rare site of tumor occurrence compared with
other subsites of the external ear. Among various histological types, superficial
spreading type is the commonest variant found, and the median survival time is 7.9
years.[2]
[3]
Malignant melanoma may present with a bleeding polyp in the ear or as an ulcerated
mass, pre- and postaural swelling, and pain. It may erode the ear canal and may invade
the parotid gland in the advanced stage. Regional cervical lymph node metastasis is
uncommon.
Early lesions can be managed by cartilage sparing wide local excision of the tumor
followed by reconstruction if required with a good survival rate.[4] Neck node dissection is not recommended in node-negative patients.[3] Local recurrence and distant metastasis are not uncommon and have a very poor prognosis.
In patients with extensive disease, the prescribed treatment modality includes wide
local excision with lateral temporal bone resection, superficial parotidectomy, selective/functional
neck dissection with postoperative radiation, and chemotherapy. But these patients
have an abysmal prognosis despite the multimodality approach. Tumor thickness and
Clark level of invasion are the important risk factors for disease-specific survival.[5]
In our case, the tumor was limited to the cartilaginous part of the external auditory
canal. Underlying perichondrium, cartilage, and the bony canal were spared, and there
was no regional cervical nodal metastasis. The perichondrium acts as a barrier for
the spread in early cases. Thus, wide local excision preserving the cartilage can
be considered sufficient in early melanoma cases involving the helix.[4] Therefore, wide local excision with close observation was oncologically adequate.
She is disease-free after 4 years of her illness.
Conclusion
Ear melanoma involving the external auditory canal is very rare. The prognosis is
poor in patients with an extensive disease with distant metastasis at presentation
despite extensive surgery and multimodality treatment. When presented early, wide
local excision with a negative margin is sufficient. Neck dissection is usually not
needed in patients without metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy. Thus, early diagnosis
is the key for better survival, and extensive surgery is not usually required in every
case, as was the initial protocol.
