Keywords
human papillomavirus - HPV vaccine - adolescents - schools - vaccination
Palavras-chave
papilomavírus humano - vacina contra HPV - adolescentes - escolas - vacinação
Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary condition for the development of cervical cancer,
and HPV vaccination prevents up to 90% of this cancer.[1] Screening and vaccination combined are the main strategies towards the eradication
of cervical cancer.[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended HPV vaccination since 2009, starting
at the age of between 9 and 10 years old, preferably for girls.[6]
The first population program with HPV vaccination started in Australia (2007) and
reached a high and sustained coverage reporting a continuous drop in the incidence
of cervical cancer precursor lesions.[2] The National Immunization Program (PNI, in the Portuguese acronym) in Brazil offers
the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV 6/11/16/18) through the Brazilian Unified Health
System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) since 2014. The target are girls from 9 to
14 years old, but since 2017 boys from 11 to 14 years old were also included. In the
1st year (2014), the strategy was school-based and 5.3 million first doses were applied
(coverage of 108%). In the second dose, after a 6-month interval, 3.2 million doses
were applied (coverage of 64.8%).[7] In the following year (2015), the strategy changed from school-based to be offered
at primary health care facilities, and the PNI reported a significant drop in vaccination
coverage: between 50 and 61% in the first dose and between 22 and 38% in the second
dose.[8]
[9]
In Indaiatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil, a school-based HPV vaccine program was
planned to increase coverage. The present article describes the rationale, design,
implementation, and results of the 1st 2 years of the program. Several unexpected competing events prevented the full development
of the strategy. The present article is a critical report of the challenges to be
overcome in a real-world setting of a middle-income country.
Methods
This is a prospective study with the objective of evaluating the interventions of
a school-based HPV vaccination program aiming to increase coverage in preadolescents
and adolescents. In Brazil, the PNI offers HPV vaccine in a two-dose schedule (at
a 6-month interval) to girls from 9 to 14 years old and to boys from 11 to 14 years
old in primary health care facilities. Indaiatuba, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil,
is an urban city with a population of 240,000 inhabitants and a high (0.79) human
development index.[10] The municipality launched the school-based program in 2018. The program used the
quadrivalent HPV vaccine provided by the PNI (Ministry of Health). The premises and
objectives of the program were as follows:
-
Strategy: School-based. In Indaiatuba, > 80% of children are students in municipal public schools.
The robust public health and educational framework enabled designing the strategy.
-
Targeted population: The target population were girls and boys between 9 and 10 years old. The estimated
population in 2018 was of 5,600 children from 9 to10 years old and of 11,300 children
from 11 to 14 years old.[11] The program designers choose to unify the ages of the target girls and boys to facilitate
the logistics of the process. The PNI authorized this change, with the condition that
a a surveillance research project were conducted in parallel. The research project
was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Campinas (CAAE 87358318.2.0000.5404).
-
Vaccination schedule: Two annual doses were planned. The first dose was at 9 years old and the second
dose at 10 years old. The PNI also authorized this change. The program expected a
transition period for those who had already received the first dose at 10 years old.
The leaflet of the manufacturer indicates a 12-month vaccination interval (0, 6, and
12 months) from 9 to 15 years old, and this recommendation is adopted by some representative
American guidelines.[12]
-
Time for vaccination: The program designers defined March as the preferred month for immunization since,
in Brazil, it is the first month of the academic year. No other competing seasonal
vaccination campaign happens during this period. There was also the possibility of
integrating the events of ‘Lilac March’, the month of action for cervical cancer awareness
and prevention.
The study protocol considered was planned for the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. Data
were obtained from the PNI information system, an official recording platform of the
Brazilian Ministry of Health.[13] The variables were the number of doses administered per month (first or second dose),
by age, and by gender. The program's impact was assessed by calculating the annual
coverage. The numerator was the number of doses, and the denominator was the official
estimated population for the year, age, and gender. The results related to the years
2018 and 2019 were compared with 2017, just before the program started. The statistical
analysis was done by the chi-squared test, with 5% of significance. The implementation
steps and results of the program were correlated with competing external events.
Results
Preparatory Phase (Year 1, February to August 2018)
The program planners supported by the research team presented the design of the program
to the health and education authorities. Seminars about HPV infection, cervical cancer
prevention, and immunization safety were presented to stakeholders, such as teachers
and other education personnel. According to the Brazilian legislation for the vaccination
of children, vaccines on the PNI list do not need authorization from parents or guardians.
If the choice is to not vaccinate, a Term of Refusal must be signed. Of the target
population, 4,878 children were invited (87.1%), and the Term of Refusal was presented
by parents or guardians of 366 children (7.5%).
The vaccination that was scheduled to start earlier, due to some external events,
was postponed to start only in September 2018:
-
1) The outbreak of yellow fever. It happened in March, displacing immunization team
workers to the urgent vaccination against it. Considering the seasonal vaccination
against influenza in April and May, the beginning of HPV vaccination was planned for
June, just before the winter school break.
-
2) National truckers strike. In May, a national truck driver strike began, with significant
logistical repercussions for health supplies. The beginning of the vaccination was
then rescheduled for August, after the school break.
-
3) Measles recrudescence in Brazil. In August, unexpected measles outbreaks were reported
in Brazil, triggered by the Latin America immigration crisis, and the PNI launched
a national vaccination campaign, replacing the immunization teams.
-
4) Finally, the HPV vaccination program was started in September, although there was
an expectation of competition for human resources due to the 'Pink October Campaign'
of breast cancer awareness.
Vaccination Phase (Year 1, September to November 2018)
Vaccination against HPV in schools was concentrated between September to November.
The first dose was given to 2,830 children from 9 to 10 years old, 3 times more than
in 2017 (n = 904) for the same age range. The coverage of the first dose (children from 9 to
10 years old) in 2017 and 2018 was, respectively, 16.1 and 50.5% (p < 0.0001). At older ages (12 to 14 years old), the number of first doses given was
lower in 2018 than in 2017 ([Figure 1]). The first dose vaccination in all ages increased 78% in 2018 compared with 2017
(6,636/3,733). It was more concentrated between September and November (ratio = 5.12)
when compared with the other months (ratio = 1.20) ([Figure 2]).
Fig. 1. Considering the target ages of the PNI (9 to 14 years old), the first dose of HPV
vaccine was given to 4,304 children in 2018 and to 2,974 children in 2017 (Ratio 2018-2017 = 1.45).
The difference was due to the higher vaccination rate in the age range between 9 and
10 years old (*Ratio 2018-2017 = 3.1).
Fig. 2. Distribution of the first dose of HPV vaccine applied according to the months of
vaccination (school-based vaccination took place from September to November 2018;
green bars). Ratio 2018/2017: September-November = 5.12; Other months = 1.20.
There were no significant questions raised from parents, guardians, or the society.
There were no adverse events consistently reported in the period and no serious adverse
events were reported.
Vaccination in 2019 (Year 2)
The vaccination against yellow fever, influenza, and measles displaced the immunization
health teams throughout the 1st semester of 2019. In September, the vaccination campaign in schools resumed, with
an evident reduction of interest by all involved. The results were poor, with a significant
drop in the number of first doses given to children from 9 to 10 years old (n = 1508; 26.9% coverage) ([Figure 3]).
Fig. 3. Distribution of Dose1 and Dose 2 of the HPV vaccine administered and coverage by
year and age group. School-based vaccination from 2018 at the age range between 9
and 10 years old (yo).
Reassessment of the Vaccination Program
Following the poor results obtained in 2019, a Municipal Law was approved on November
20th, instituting the 'Week of HPV vaccination' during the "Lilac March" (Law no. 7255/2019).[14] The objective was to protect the initiative of the HPV vaccination in schools from
unexpected events or even unscheduled vaccinations against other diseases.
Vaccination in 2020 (Year 3)
Considering the obligation by law for City managers to provide vaccination teams dedicated
to immunization against HPV, the work in schools was planned for March 2020. In February
2020, there was a recommendation from the PNI to move the influenza vaccination to
an earlier date, to March, due to the imminent COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the efforts
to keep the schedule, the COVID-19 pandemic arrived, scared the populations, and school
activities were suspended in March. In 2020, most immunization programs were interrupted
across the country.
Program for 2021 (Year 4)
There is a commitment by the public managers to achieve the goals proposed by the
municipal program, including the vaccination in March 2021, with dedicated teams.
However, the COVID-19 pandemic persists and worsens. No presential school activities
are planned by now. COVID-19 vaccination has started in January in Brazil, and there
is an urgent need to start the seasonal vaccination against influenza before the winter
season.
Discussion
School-based HPV vaccination through a municipal program has proven to be feasible
and can increase vaccine coverage. In contrast, the execution of the program presented
vulnerabilities due to unexpected events competing for the activities of the immunization
team.
In the 1st year of the program, even facing several adversities, the age range from 9 to 10
years old achieved 50.5% of coverage with the first dose, a significant increase compared
with only 16.1% in 2017. When considering the age range from 12 to 14 years old that
was not included in the program, the first doses were kept at low levels. The increased
coverage observed in the months of execution of the program compared with the other
months and with 2017 indicates the potential success of school-based vaccination.
Countries with high and sustained vaccine coverage, such as Australia, Canada, Sweden,
and Malaysia, opted for the school-based strategy.[2]
[4]
[5]
[15] Some of them already demonstrate a progressive effect in the diagnosis of cervical
cancer precursor lesions, reporting a decreasing incidence.[2]
[5] In 2020, a Swedish population assessment demonstrated a substantial reduction in
the incidence of cervical cancer in vaccinated women compared to unvaccinated women,
especially when vaccinating before 17 years old, with a decrease of 88%.[5]
In 2014, the incredible mark of 5.3 million first doses (coverage of 108.7%) was reached
in the 1st year of the Brazilian program of HPV vaccination by the school-based strategy. The
second dose coverage, 6 months later, dropped to 64.8%.[7] This variation in rates is attributed to the media effect raised about safety issues.
Supporting global affirmative communication, the World Health Organization (WHO) attests
to the safety of the HPV vaccines. Higher levels of antibodies are reported in preadolescents
or youngest adolescents, and some protection is expected after the first dose.[16] A 12-month interval for the second dose is recommended, and the risk of failure
or of exposure to HPV at these ages is very low, close to 1% in 10-year-old Brazilian
girls.[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
The difficulty of the parents in taking adolescents to be vaccinated in Health Care
Units during business hours may be the main obstacle and needs to be overcome. This
issue is enough to explain the poor results achieved for other ages (from 12 to 14
years old). Therefore, vaccination in schools seems to be the solution.
The school-based strategy used was successful, although it presented points of weakness,
some of which were unforeseen. The following aspects need to be highlighted: the availability
of > 80% of children under the tutelage and surveillance of municipal schools; the
unification of the target ages for girls and boys; and the annual vaccination schedule.
All these strategies are possible to be reproduced across the country.
The program, however, showed its vulnerability to unforeseen situations, mainly due
to the lack of a dedicated team for immunization. The attempt for the approval of
the Municipal Law by the end of 2019 needs to be tested. It may help to define the
human resources to the school-based strategy, reducing the risk of unexpected events.
The COVID-19 pandemic in the year 2020 resulted in no consistent presential school
activity, and the vaccination was not carried out. In 2021, with the evident burden
and longevity of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to emphasize that other healthcare
actions should not be suspended or postponed but planned to be carried out concurrently.
HPV vaccination is essential for the WHO to achieve its goal of accelerating the eradication
of cervical cancer through the vaccination of 90% of girls up to 15 years old by 2030.[21]
Conclusion
The school-based HPV vaccination in an organized program significantly increased vaccination
coverage in the age range from 9 to 10 years old, regardless of gender, but showing
vulnerability to unpredictable or competing events. The creation of dedicated teams
prioritizing the execution of the vaccination program is crucial to achieving high
coverage. rates.
