Keywords
gender parity - woman radiation oncologist - India
Contemporary social movements such as #MeToo has accentuated the attention toward
gender disparity in social as well as in the professional front.[1]
[2] Given this strong global interest in the advancement of professional success of
women and after a century of feminist advocacy in the developed and half-century in
the developing world and 40 years of international efforts on increasing gender equality,
the representation of women in the decision-making and leadership position is still
as low as 20%.[1] Accelerated health risk through discriminatory social norms, practices, values,
and beliefs, therefore, makes it essential to achieve gender equality. The question
being, “Why does gender parity matter for opportunities in medicine, science, and,
global health?” Potentially, gender equality in medicine, science, and global health
germinates to substantial social and economic gains.[1]
[2] Furthermore, gender parity is a basic human right and is essential for the achievement
of peaceful and financially balanced societies with comprehensive utilization of human
potential and sustainable growth.[3]
[4]
Unexpected variations in gender representation have been observed in the scientific
and healthcare community.[1]
[3]
[4] The following editorial analyzes the growth in the representation of the female
radiation oncologist workforce in India in recent times and the following progress
toward gender equality.
Among the countries in South Asia, India has the largest population of radiation oncologists.[5]
[6] The Association of Radiation oncologists of India (AROI) offers directive and professional
training either directly or through its derivative Indian College of Radiation Oncologists
(ICRO) since 1992. It is indispensable for all radiation oncology MD/DNB students
to get registered with the AROI to attend the ICRO teaching courses. Therefore, AROI
membership data is actual of the population of radiation oncologists in India. The
data on the registered radiation oncologists have been extracted from the member list
of the AROI website.[7] The recorded number of female and male radiation oncologists until October 2020
were 1,286 and 2,477 respectively. The list of AROI members was thoroughly verified
and found around 200 people were not in active oncology practice, which included around
20 FROs and the rest 180 MROs. The total number of functional radiation oncologists
is 3,563 and divided between FROs and MROs as 1,266 and 2,297, respectively.
The registration of FROs and MROs with AROI for 2013–October 2020 was as follows:
FRO:MRO (2013)–54: 102, (2014)-99:162, (2015)-77:148; (2016)-86:143, (2017)-110:110,
(2018)-116: 151, (2019)-121:152, 2020 (October)-129: 110. The number of FRO registration
was equal to and greater than MRO in 2017 and 2020, respectively. The temporal distribution
of cumulative and differential growth patterns for FROs and MROs are presented in
[Fig. 1].
Fig. 1 Cumulative and differential representation of FROs and MROs and its forecast for
the next decade (2030).
The left and right y-axes represent the cumulative growth pattern on a logarithmic
scale and differential growth (FRO/year and MRO/year) on a linear scale. Differential
growth patterns were limited between 2013 and 2020 with the average growth rate for
FROs and MROs being 12.7 ± 14.8% and 2.1 ± 32.0%, respectively, as observed. Differential
FRO growth fitted well with a power-law exponent of −58.6 ×0.3695, where MRO growth pattern showed a high degree of saturation, fitting with almost
linear (or logarithmic) (4.7ln(×) + 128.5) function.
Utilizing the data on average growth over the last 8 years (2013–2020), the number
of FROs and MROs is predicted until 2030. Gender equality among Indian radiation oncologists
is likely to be achieved by end of 2027. With a conservative estimate of 8% increase
in FROs/year, instead of the actual 12.7%, the cumulative FRO number will touch the
MRO number by June 2032. The growth pattern for MRO is not very steady with a high
standard deviation, which might lead to a fluctuation in the predicted value. Nonetheless,
the growth pattern of FRO is quite steady over the last 7 years and continues to grow
in the set pattern as predicted in this analysis.
Representative numbers of FROs in India is superior to that in the western world such
as the United States where practicing FRO is 26.5% of the male counterpart, compared
to 34.1% in India.[2] Our earlier study found that 47% of the FROs took classroom lectures, which was
also similar to that of the western world.[6] Nevertheless, the leadership positions are still very limited for the FROs.[6]
[8] A rough estimate on major hospitals in four metropolitan cities (Delhi, Kolkata,
Mumbai, and Chennai) and a few large public hospitals having post-graduation in radiotherapy
indicate only 17% of leadership positions are occupied by FROs. This is attributed
to the fact that the initial (1990–1995) low concentration of FROs in the radiation
oncology practice led to a lower number of women in leadership positions presently.
However, with the significant increase in the number of FROs in the practice accompanied
by sufficient incubation time, the leadership positions would also be equally shared
between male and female radiation oncologists in the future.
In an isolated incident, we have observed the “All Women Radiation Oncology Department”
in New Delhi-NCR, which is symbolic of the progress. We expect the number of FROs
will continue to increase in the near future at the present rate, without the identification
of any potential threat to the growth rate for radiation oncology has achieved a prestigious
position among the clinical super specialties.
Conclusively, quantitative gender equality will have a direct effect in two ways,
firstly around 2027–2028, Indian radiation oncologists' population will be gender
neutral and secondly, in the subsequent years the gender disparity in a leadership
position will also hopefully be neutralized. Often female cancer patients especially
gynecological and breast cancer patients are more comfortable with lady doctors for
discussion and especially for examination; an increased female clinicians' representation
in a specialized field such as cancer significantly increases the comfort level for
female patients in the hospital/treatment environment. As an indirect effect, the
increased representation of women would reduce the chance of sexual harassment (it
is undesired but present in our society), better working conditions, financial benefits,
and increased academic and research attributes.[1]
[3] The best example, of a better working condition, is the elimination of stressful
conditions and anxiety of the female worker who is either lactating mother and (or)
mother of an infant who is unable to deliver proper child care being away from the
child. With strict union government directives, only a handful of the institutions,
public or private, are currently having a crèche facility.[9] An increasing number of FROs and their occupancy in leadership positions may solve
such issues. Moreover, better workplace environment incorporating a greater number
of female co-workers and a proper childcare facility will eliminate the stress of
mothers who are apprehensive about the quality of childcare and in turn, will lead
to a higher level of productivity and better quality of work.
Historically, South Asia is one of the most gender unequal regions (gender inequality
index 62), slightly above the middle east and North Africa (60) with the maximum gender
equality seen in Western Europe.[10] In all South Asian countries, patriarchal values and social norms keep gender inequalities
alive in all subjects of social structure and professional fields. However, the perspectives
about gender inequality are changing with, more women are participating in a subjects
such as engineering, natural sciences, and medicine (ENM).[11] Such increased representation of women in ENM subjects is reflected by the encouraging
increase of female representation in the Indian Radiation Oncology specialization,
which is an encouraging sign.
