Keywords
electrical stimulation - dysphagia - head and neck neoplasms - rehabilitation
Introduction
Dysphagia is a highly prevalent symptom in head neck cancer (HNC).[1] It is estimated that between 31 and 79% of patients with HNC experience swallowing
disorders after surgery and radiotherapy (RT), two common modalities for HNC treatment.[2] Regardless of the etiology, dysphagia causes negative impacts on respiratory and
nutritional functions, leading to an increase in the rate of aspiration pneumonia,
malnutrition, and dehydration problems with impairment to health and quality of life
(QOL).[3]
Surgery compromises swallowing due to the extension of the procedures and their reconstructions,
which often leads to major structural damage and tissue loss.[4] Radiotherapy (RT), despite technology advances, causes changes in muscle configuration
and muscle fibrosis, reduces sensitivity, contributes to laryngeal edema, reduces
laryngeal elevation, and impairs airway protection.[5]
[6]
[7] These associated factors often cause chronic dysphagia, which makes it difficult
to rehabilitate and due to the predominantly irreversible nature of these changes,
many patients still have swallowing difficulties for years after the end of treatment.[8]
It is also commonly observed, among other clinical signs and symptoms, hyposalivation
and/or increased salivary viscosity[9] that lead to the accumulation of pharyngeal residues (due to the difficulty of cleaning)
and silent aspiration (during or after swallowing).[5]
[6]
[7]
[8] Hyposalivation also requires attention as it impairs the preparation of the food
bolus and a tendency to food residue in the pharynx, which, in addition to discomfort,
impairs the QOL of patients.
Hyposalivation and radioinduced fibrosis are two major challenges in daily practice.
This requires a multiple approach, with adaptation of food consistency and utensils
used, rhythm and volume of each portion, airway protection maneuvers and posture change.
In addition, muscle training guided by the speech therapist is indicated to reduce
fibrosis, improving laryngopharyngeal strength and mobility during swallowing.[10]
[11]
There is a large number of publications available in the literature that address interventions
to prevent or rehabilitate muscle dysfunctions related to dysphagia.[12]
[13]
[14] Some studies evaluate therapeutic interventions that start before cancer treatment,
others during, and some in the late phase after the end of antineoplastic treatment.[15]
[16] Apparently, there is no consensus on which intervention should be used as a care
routine, not even on the ideal start time.
More recently, some instruments, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES),
have emerged to streamline the swallowing rehabilitation process.[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] One of the hypotheses that tries to explain the beneficial effects of electrical
stimulation on muscle preservation involves reducing the production of TGF-β1, considered
an important marker of the degree of severity of muscle fibrosis.[20]
[21]
There is evidence that NMES may promote improvement in muscle homeostasis, including
changes in the type of muscle fiber.[21] After RT, the skeletal musculature of the head and neck region tends to change its
muscular configuration, with a predominance of type 1 muscle fibers.[22] Type 1 muscle fibers are responsible for slow contractions and are more resistant
to fatigue; however, when it comes to swallowing, it is necessary to have a muscular
balance so that, in addition to resistance, there is adequate strength and hyolaryngeal
mobility.[23] In this scenario, possibly, electrostimulation would enhance muscle regeneration
if associated with exercises.
Some studies show potential in the technique for recovery of salivary flow,[24]
[25] and for dysphagia several methodologies and protocols are suggesting a lack of consensus.[21] In addition, there is still a hesitation to apply electrical stimulation on areas
where cancer treatment has been carried out. This hesitancy may be related to the
hypothesis that this technique could stimulate the growth or proliferation of cancer
cells after treatment. Despite that, there is no published research that validates
this apprehension as a scientific fact. On the other hand, it has already been demonstrated
in some studies that electrical stimulation shows no positive correlation to tumorigenesis.[26] This uncertain paradigm is delaying the rehabilitation process by not having NMES
being used earlier on patients' treatment, which could possibly prevent chronic effects
on swallowing.[26]
This fact makes it difficult for the therapist to define whether to use (or not) this
resource. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate, through a meta-analysis,
the effect of electrical stimulation on the rehabilitation of dysphagia generated
after HNC treatment.
The present review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines[27] and, subsequently, it was registered in the International Prospective Register of
Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), with the following identification: CRD42020200248.
Methods
Clinical trials using NMES for rehabilitation of dysphagia in all languages were included
when according to the characteristics of the participants (a): adults (≥ 18 years
old) who underwent RT for the treatment of head and neck tumors, with or without surgery,
with any stage or severity of dysphagia objectively diagnosed by tests such as videofluoroscopy
of swallowing or endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with fiber optics, the result
of these tests being concluded with reliable validated measures, such as the Penetration-Aspiration
Scale (PAS).[28]
Proposed interventions (b): electrical stimulation alone or electrical stimulation
with concomitant exercises. There was no restriction for the electrical stimulation
protocol. Intervention effectiveness assessment and outcome measures (c): intervention
effectiveness was classified according to swallowing function (degree of dysphagia
based on objective examinations and validated scales). All validated quantitative
scores measuring swallowing function in patients with dysphagia were accepted. Study
types (d): Clinical trials and quasi-clinical trials examining the effect of electrical
stimulation alone or electrical stimulation performed during exercise treatment for
dysphagia were included. Case reports and systematic reviews were excluded.
Search Strategy
A comprehensive electronic search strategy of MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Scielo, and PEDro was performed from
their earliest record to September, 2021. The search strategies can be seen in the
[Supplementary Material Appendix 1].
Fig. 1 Flow chart of search and study selection.
Study Selection
Two authors independently scanned the titles and abstracts, excluding obviously irrelevant
studies. The full text of relevant articles was evaluated according to prespecified
eligibility criteria. Disagreements were resolved through discussion with the corresponding
author.
Data Extraction
Two reviewers independently extracted data using a predefined data recording form
and discussed disagreements by consensus. The following data were extracted: details
of the study design, patient characteristics (etiology, number of patients, age, sex),
intervention protocol (frequency, intensity, duration, and stimulation setting) and
control group (swallowing management, exercises, sham), as well as swallowing function
outcomes and assessment timing. The means and standard deviations (SDs) of change
scores (change from baseline) were extracted. When data were not reported, the posttreatment
mean and SD were extracted. When articles only provided the median and quartiles,
the mean and SD were estimated. If important data were not available, attempts were
made to contact the author by e-mail. When the authors did not respond to requests,
the study was excluded.
Statistical Analysis
The results of four studies were statistically compiled in meta-analyzes for four
outcomes of interest: laryngeal elevation, laryngeal anteriorization, QOL and Penetration-Aspiration
Scale (PAS).[27] Since the studies measured the same outcomes using different methods, a data compilation
performed on standardized mean difference (SMD) calculates in Hedges g (M1-M2/s),
where is the grouped SD; M1 is the mean of the intervention group and M2 is the mean
of the control group),[29] a measure of the size of the effect in which each addition of the unit to the final
result indicates that the groups differ by 1 SD. The interpretation of the findings
in SMD in the present study concluded the traditional cutoff points: 0.2 represents
a small effect size; 0.5 represents a medium effect size; and 0.8 represents a large
effect size.[30]
All analyzes were conducted using the method of inverse of variances and the DerSimonian
and Laird estimator for τ2 in a random effects model, which allows to statistically
incorporate the variability between studies in the final effect estimate. For continuous
outcomes, data from change in relation to the baseline were preferred to deal with
a more efficient analysis that confers greater statistical power when compared to
the analysis of post-treatment values only. The data for each group were computed
to calculate the effect size in Hedges g, presented in SMD and 95% confidence interval
(CI). To include results from studies that did not report data on mean and SD in meta-analyzes,
conversion of data from median to mean and interquartile range to SD was performed.
In some circumstances, primary studies reported results without a measure of dispersion
for values of change from baseline, such as SD or standard error. In these cases,
the standard deviation was imputed from the calculation of a correlation coefficient
using the SDs known from the other primary studies included in the systematic review,
strictly according to Cochrane's guidance (Chapter 16.1.3.2). All analyzes were conducted
using RStudio software version 1.3.1093 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) with the 'meta'
package in R language (version 4.0.3).
Risk of Bias
Two authors (Sugueno L. A. and Macagnan F. E.) assessed the risk of bias in individual
studies, independently, using the recent modified Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of
Bias assessment tool (RoB 2.0) for randomized clinical trials (RCTs).[31] ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions
(NRSIs) was used for only included NRSI [32]
Each study was evaluated in relation to the following five domains: 1) bias due to
the randomization process; 2) bias due to deviations from the intended interventions;
3) bias due to the lack of outcome data; 4) bias in measuring the result; 5) bias
in the selection of the reported result. The risk of bias judgments were: a) low risk
of bias; b) some concerns; and c) high risk of bias. If an individual domain was considered
at a certain level of risk of bias, the overall risk of bias for that study was considered
to be at least as severe.
Any disagreements were resolved by discussion with other three authors (Sugueno L.
A., Macagnan F. E. and Zanella V. G.). An online web app robin was used to visualizing
the risk of bias assessments as “traffic light” plots of the domain-level judgment
for each individual result; and “weighted bar” plots of the distribution of risk-of-bias
judgment within each bias domain.
Evaluation of Heterogeneity
Evaluation of Heterogeneity
Statistical heterogeneity was assessed quantitatively using the I2 statistic, in addition to the χ2 significance test. The interpretation of statistical
heterogeneity followed Cochrane's guidelines. An I2 up to 40% represents negligible heterogeneity; 30 to 60% represents moderate heterogeneity;
50 to 90% represents substantial heterogeneity; and 75 to 100% represents built-in
heterogeneity.
Evaluation of the Quality of Evidence by the Grade System
Evaluation of the Quality of Evidence by the Grade System
The overall quality of the evidence was assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations
Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.[33] For each outcome, the quality of the evidence was formed as 'high' and subsequently
graded down to the 'moderate', 'low', or 'very low' quality levels, depending on the
assessment of five criteria: risk of bias from individual studies, indirect indemnity,
heterogeneity, imprecision, and risk of publication bias.
Results
A total of 65 studies were yielded. Using the EndNote7 exact duplicate finder, 56
studies remained after the duplication. Forty-five studies were excluded after analyzing
the title and summary. After further revision of the full text of the 11 articles,
3 involved other rehabilitation techniques (not electrical stimulation) and 5 were
case series. No additional articles were included by manually searching for reference
lists and citation tracking. Finally, 4 studies involving 146 patients were considered
eligible for qualitative analysis.[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] For the meta-analysis, two studies were included for oral transit time (OTT),[16]
[17] two for penetration and aspiration scale (PAS),[17]
[18] two for hyoid anteriorization (HA),[17]
[18] two for hyoid elevation (HE),[17]
[18] and three for quality of life (QL)[17]
[19] as shown in [Figure 1].
Study Data
The information extracted from the included studies is summarized in [Table 1]. The articles were published between 2009 and 2016. The study included 146 participants
aged 58.37 ± 1.8 years old and there was a male predominance (70%). The time to start
the intervention ranged from 50.96 ± 40.12 months after cancer treatment. With the
exception of one study,[21] the entire sample involved exclusive or associated radiotherapy as a treatment modality.
Only one study described the RT method by intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).[18]
Table 1
Characteristics of included studies
|
Author,
Year
|
n (total)
|
n
(GI / GC)
|
Age
(mean ± SD, years)
|
Male
(%)
|
RT
(%)
|
IMRT
(%)
|
TPT
(mean ± SD, %)
|
GI
|
GC
|
Analyzed Parameters
|
|
Langmore et al., 2016[18]
|
40
|
20/20
|
61.9 ± 6.9
|
85,7
|
100
|
51.5
|
53.7 ± 60.9
|
FES + exercises
|
exercises+ SHAM*
|
PAS, OPSE, LE, AL, RP, QOL
|
|
Lin et al., 2011[17]
|
20
|
10/10
|
54.2 ± 2.6
|
60
|
100
|
NR
|
9.1 ± 4.0
|
FES+ exercises
|
exercises
|
PAS, OTT, PTT, PDT; LE, AL, PR, QOL
|
|
Long et al., 2013[16]
|
60
|
31/29
|
56.1 ± 0.5
|
48.3
|
100
|
NR
|
63.1 ± 6.5
|
FES+ exercises
|
exercises
|
WST , OTT, SRT , PTT, LCD
|
|
Ryu et al., 2009[19]
|
26
|
14/12
|
61.4 ± 10.6
|
86.1
|
50
|
NR
|
NR
|
FES+ exercises
|
exercises+ SHAM**
|
FDS;CDS ASHA NOMS, MDADI
|
Abbreviations: AL, anteriorization laryngeal; ASHA NOMS, American speech-language-hearing
association national outcome measurement system; FDS, functional dysphagia scale;
GC, Control group; GI, intervention group; LCD, laryngeal closure duration; LE, laryngeal
elevation; MDADI, M.D. Anderson dysphagia inventory; NR, not reported; OPSE, oropharyngeal
swallow efficiency; OTT, oral transit time; PAS, penetration and aspiration scale;
PDT, pharyngeal delay time ; PTT, pharyngeal transit time; QOL, quality of life; RP,
residue pharyngeal; RT, radiotherapy; SD, standard deviation; SHAM, stimulation electrical*
off or TENS**; SRT, swallow reaction; TPT, time post treatment; WST, water swallow
test.
Regarding the region of cancer treatment, two studies involved only the nasopharynx,[16]
[17] and the others included in addition to the nasopharynx the oral cavity, the oropharynx,
the larynx, and the hypopharynx.[18]
[19]
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Data
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Data
The application of NMES showed high heterogeneity as to the position of the electrodes,
parameters and protocols, duration of the stimulus, number of sessions, and intensity.
All studies used a functional electrical stimulation (FES) current and the frequencies
varied from 70 to 80 Hz, the pulse width from 300 to 700 uS, and the other parameters
such as up and down ramp, time on and time off were described by only one article,[18] the others used equipment with closed programming, which did not allow changes.[16]
[17]
[18] The duration of the electrical stimulus varied from 30[19] to 60[16]
[17]
[18] minutes and the maximum intensity was reported in only one study,[16] the others reported as the maximum level of tolerance.[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] Adverse effects were not mentioned by any study, the other information on the application
of electrical stimulation can be found in [Table 2].
Table 2
Characteristics of electrical stimulation
|
Author
Year
|
Parameters
|
Position of electrodes
|
Duration (minutes)
|
FR
(per week)
|
Equipment
|
Intensity
(mA)
|
|
Langmore et al., 2016[18]
|
FR 70Hz; 300Us (130-300); TON (2-4); TOFF (12-16); RO (2-4); RD 0
|
1 channel
in the submandibular region
|
5 warm up + 60 with exercises
|
6x
|
BMR Neuro Tech (NT)2000
|
NR
|
|
Lin et al., 2011[17]
|
80Hz , 700Us
|
3A/3B
|
60
|
1-3x
|
Vital Stim
|
MTI
|
|
Long et al., 2013[16]
|
80 Hz, 700 Us
|
3A/3B
|
60
|
5x
|
Vital Stim
|
0-25 increasing 5 until MTI
|
|
Ryu et al., 2009[19]
|
80 Hz, 700 Us
|
3A/3B
|
30
|
5x
|
Vital Stim
|
MTI
|
Abbreviations: FR, Frequency; MTI, maximum tolerated intensity; NR, not reported;
RD, ramp down; RO, ramp On; TOFF, OFF time; TON, On Time; Us, pulse width.
Swallowing Data
Different scales were found to assess the biomechanics of swallowing and oral intake,
showing high heterogeneity. None of the selected outcomes were homogeneously assessed
in all included studies.
All included studies associated exercises with the main intervention through NMES.[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] In the control groups, in addition to general guidelines for food, exercises traditionally
used for swallowing rehabilitation were also invented. One study,[19] in addition to the exercises and NMES, used a dilation balloon.
Among the analyzed outcomes, studies included oral transit time (OTT) (DMP = - 1.19;
95%CI: - 3.47–1.10),[18]
[19] pharyngeal transit time (PTT),[18]
[19] pharyngeal residue (PF),[19] hyoid anteriorization (HA) (DMP = 0.15; 95%CI: - 0.30–0.60),[19]
[20] hyoid elevation (HE) (DMP = - 0.26; 95%CI: - 0.64–0.11),[19]
[20] penetration and/or aspiration (PAS) (DMP = -0.21; 95%CI: - 1.66–1.24).[19]
[20] The meta-analysis information for OTT, HE, HA, PAS and QOL is shown in [Figure 2].
Fig. 2 Forest plot: effects of e on Hyoid Elevation (HE) (A), Hyoid Anteriorization (HA)
(B), Quality of Life (C), and Penetration Aspiration Scale (D).
Despite the great interest in evaluating the effect of electrical stimulation on the
pharyngeal residue, it was not possible due to the variability in measurement, and
it is not possible to unify it. To assess the degree of penetration and/or aspiration,
the most used scale was the PAS.[27]
Three studies evaluated QOL, of which one[20] used the Head and Neck Cancer Inventory (HNCI), which includes aspects related to
swallowing, and two[19]
[20] used the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), which is specifically validated
to assess the impact of dysphagia on QOL.
Risk of Bias
The risk of bias for the included studies was assessed with ROB 2.0, and the results
are presented in [Figure 3]. Three studies[16]
[17]
[19] were assessed as high risk of bias due to measurement of the outcome and randomization
process, deviation from intended intervention, measurement of the outcome, and one
had some concerns in the selection of reported results.[18]
Fig. 3 Assessment of the risk of bias (A) and risk of bias summary (B).
Assessment of the Quality of Evidence
Assessment of the Quality of Evidence
The Summary of Findings ([Table 3]) presents an assessment of the quality of the evidence by the GRADE system, with
judgments for each outcome. The quality of the evidence ranged from very low to moderate.
The justifications for each judgment are assessed in greater detail in [Table 3].
Table 3
Summary of results: effects of electrical stimulation on different aspects of swallowing
|
Population: head and neck cancer patients
Context: outpatient and/or hospitalized
Intervention: electrical stimulation
Comparison: usual care or placebo
|
|
Outcomes[a]
|
Participants, n
(Studies, n)
|
Compiled Studies
|
Statistical heterogeneity
(I2
, %)
|
Effect Size
(DMP, 95% CI)
|
Quality of evidence (GRADE)
|
|
Hyoid Elevation
|
128 (2)
|
[17]
[18]
|
0.0%
|
DMP, -0.26 (-0.64 a 0.11)
|
⊕⊕⊕◯
MODERATE [b]
|
|
Hyoid Anteriorization
|
128 (2)
|
[17]
[18]
|
15.0%
|
DMP, 0.15 (-0.30 a 0.60)
|
⊕◯◯◯
VERY LOW [b]
[c]
[d]
|
|
Quality of life
|
166 (3)
|
[17]
[18]
[19]
|
33.0%
|
DMP, 0.22 (-0.24 a 0.68)
|
⊕⊕⊕◯
MODERATE [b]
|
|
Oral transit time
|
80 (2)
|
[16]
[17]
|
94.0%
|
DMP, -1.19 (-3.47 a 1.10)
|
⊕⊕⊕◯
MODERATE [b]
|
|
Penetration-aspiration scale
|
145 (2)
|
[17]
[18]
|
88.0%
|
DMP, -0.21 (-1.66 a 1.24)
|
⊕◯◯◯
VERY LOW [b]
[c]
[d]
|
Abbreviations: DMP, standardized mean difference; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
a Means represent the post-treatment value of each group and DMP represents the standardized
difference in Hedges g between groups in the post-treatment means GRADE approach to
assess the quality of evidence.
b Graduated down to a level due to risk of bias in primary studies, assessed by the
RoB 2 instrument.
c Graduated down to one level due to important statistical heterogeneity in the final
result, not explained by subgroup analyzes or meta-regression.
d Graduated down to a level due to high inaccuracy, with a low number of participants
included (< 200) and wide confidence intervals that simultaneously encompass clinically
relevant benefits and harms.
Discussion
After analyzing the data produced in the present systematic review, we found no beneficial
effects of NMES treatment on swallowing rehabilitation of patients with NHC treated
with RT. The results showed that, after treatment with NMES, the performance in the
different swallowing tests was similar to that of the volunteers in the control group.
The studies showed important discrepancies in relation to the time of completion of
the cancer treatment and the beginning of the intervention and involved patients with
acute and chronic effects on swallowing, making the findings variable, heterogeneous,
and, sometimes, inaccurate. Among all the analyzes performed, only the laryngeal excursion
demonstrated a certain benefit with electrical stimulation. However, the risk of bias
was high, and the quality of evidence measured using the GRADE scale ranged from very
low to moderate.
Although NMES has shown a positive effect on swallowing[16]
[17]
[19] and on QOL,[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] these results cannot be generalized due to the losses related to the randomization
and blinding process that sometimes was not clearly described, showing heterogeneity
in the design and instruments used, data analysis, reduced sample size, high number
of losses and analysis without intention to treat, nonassessment of adherence and
divergence in intervention protocols despite using the same NMES technique. These
aspects are reflected on the grade going downwards in the analysis of the quality
of the evidence through GRADE, in which there was important statistical heterogeneity
in the final result and high imprecision, with a low number of participants included
(< 200) and wide confidence intervals that encompass simultaneously clinically relevant
benefits and harms. The previous reported difficulties were found in the study that
did not identify a benefit with NMES on swallowing.[18]
The parameters of the electrical stimulus used in each therapeutic program vary significantly
between studies. The frequency of the electric pulse ranged from 70[18] to 80 Hz,[16]
[17]
[19] the pulse width range from 300[18] to 700 ms,[16]
[17]
[19] the total time per electrical treatment session varied from 30 to 60 minutes, and
the intensity of the electric current was reported in only 1 study (maximum of 25 mA);
in the other clinical trials, the intensity was progressively increased up to the
maximum tolerance level. The muscular contraction produced by NMES can be controlled
by the manipulation of the parameters of frequency, intensity, and duration of the
impulse. There is a tendency for frequencies < 40 to 50 Hz to recruit a greater number
of slow contraction fibers (type I), which are more resistant to fatigue, while higher
frequencies recruit faster contraction fibers (type II) that are less resistant to
fatigue.[34]
[35]
[36]
[37] The possibility to vary the configurations according to the desired objective is
important and favors rehabilitation since the therapeutic targets change along the
way according to the performance of the patient; however, only one study used open
programming equipment that allows the configuration of the therapy adapting to the
particularities of each individual.[18]
If we analyze the composition of the suprahyoid musculature, which is the main musculature
responsible for the hyolaryngeal excursion, it is possible to notice that 45.7% is
constituted by type 2 fibers, 34.7% by type 1 fibers, and 19.5% by type 2X or hybrid
fibers. In this concept, using programming during electrostimulation that mainly recruits
type II fibers (70 Hz) as observed in the included studies[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] may, in fact, not promote gains in hyolaryngeal excursion or produce a limited effect
size. Individualizing the protocols, reflecting on muscle composition, and varying
the parameters considering the recovery of muscle homeostasis prior to radiotherapy
(low, medium, and high frequencies) may be the way to recruit the musculature as a
whole and promote a functional change in swallowing.
The anatomical location where the electrodes were placed was another factor that differed
between studies. The supra and infrahyoid segments were stimulated in three studies,[16]
[17]
[19] while only one stimulated the suprahyoid region,[18] specifically in submandibular and mylohyoid sections. A meta-analysis analyzed the
effect of NMES in different populations, in which studies involving supra- and infrahyoid
stimulation demonstrated greater potential for rehabilitation of the swallowing biomechanics.[38] This is a particularly important aspect to be considered in radioinduced fibrosis,
where the swallowing movement as a whole is compromised. Selective stimulation of
the suprahyoid region may limit the extent of the benefit of the rehabilitation of
hyolaryngeal mobility. If there is no contraindication for the placement of the electrodes
in the supra- and infrahyoid muscles, electrical stimulation of both regions must
be encouraged. Perhaps this is also a justification for the divergence in results
between studies.
Another aspect that can influence the depth of the electrical impulse and the ability
to overcome radiation-induced fibrosis is the pulse width. Most studies involving
electrical stimulation for dysphagia rehabilitation are directed to patients with
neurological disorders, especially after stroke. However, it is not possible to generalize
the findings in these studies to the cancer population, especially after head and
neck cancer and RT sequelae. This is because there are anatomical changes caused by
the surgery and in the muscle configuration, which makes it difficult to create and
apply a single protocol (parameters and electrode positions) for all patients.
In our clinical experience, the best results in relation to hyolaryngeal excursion
and sensory changes promoted by RT occur with the development of individualized programs
and with the modification of parameters and electrode positioning in the course of
rehabilitation in association with exercises. The difficulty of carrying out research
with patients with head and neck cancer is understood, and the need to standardize
information to reduce the risk of bias but to evaluate different parameters stratifying
the sample by groups after time after treatment, tumor region, age and staging seems
to favor the understanding of which parameters and in which patients the relationship
of the use of NMES may be more favorable. This reflection allows us to infer the reason
why there is so much divergence in the literature and the difficulty in deciding as
to whether or not to use NMES as an ally in the rehabilitation of dysphagia.
In all studies included in the present systematic review, electrical stimulation was
associated with exercises traditionally used for swallowing rehabilitation. Therefore,
one must consider the variations in the therapeutic electrical stimulation procedures,
as well as the different exercise protocols employed. In addition to electrostimulation,
a study used balloon dilation after all sessions of NMES.[16] There is evidence that balloon dilation promotes food transit benefits since it
expands the digestive tract, whether pharyngeal or esophageal, especially in cases
of stenosis.[39] The dilation balloon, in this case, is characterized as a concomitant intervention,
with confusion bias, as it is not possible to analyze separately what was the effect
of NMES and what was the effect of the dilation balloon on swallowing since there
is evidence that the latter directly interferes with function.[38]
[39]
In addition to the different aspects related to the electrical stimulation protocols
and exercise program, the adherence to swallowing exercises plays a central role in
the prognosis of dysphagia rehabilitation, but only one study clearly reported the
measures used to control the involvement of the patients in the program. In the study
by Lin et al.,[17] adherence control was carried out every 2 weeks by means of a telephone call. In
addition to checking adherence, telephone contact was also used to encourage participation
and reinforce the importance of home exercises for the rehabilitation program, this
monitoring possibly reflected in the large size of the effect obtained (0.91).
The time that elapses after the cancer treatment ends determines the type of side
effects observed. Treating the effects of the acute phase increases the chances of
obtaining better results in the rehabilitation of dysphagia. However, one of the studies
included in the review did not report this information.[19] In the other studies,[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] there was great variability, but a larger size of the intervention effect was observed
in a study[17] in which the time between the end of cancer treatment and the beginning of the intervention
was shorter. It is possible to assume that the prognosis of dysphagia rehabilitation
is more favorable when instituted early, because the longer the time, the greater
the difficulty of management due to chronicity, especially in the case of radioinduced
fibrosis. However, the limited number of articles included and the great variability
found in the post-RT time do not allow this inference (50,96 ± 40,12 months).
There is evidence to show that radiotherapy affects the muscle repair mechanism, significantly
reducing the number of satellite cells that are responsible in part for this regeneration.[40]
[41] The dose-response effect is well-established, because the greater the severity of
fibrosis, the greater the limitation of the muscle response to training,[42] although the skeletal muscle has the ability to modify its structure and function
in response to factors such as denervation, exercise, and electrical stimulation.[42]
Exercise is one of the most effective strategies for maintaining and recovering muscle
function; coupled with this, there is evidence that NMES is a method that improves
performance and muscle structure as a whole.[43] The mechanism of NMES on swallowing is still unclear, but there are some theories,
one of which is the possibility of the electric current promoting greater resistance
to swallowing when the infrahyoid muscle is stimulated, with which the individual
should make a greater effort to overcome the NMES barrier and thus improve its range
of motion during the hyolaryngeal excursion. In addition, there is evidence that NMES
can promote neural adaptations through afferent feedback to the spinal cord during
contractions triggered by stimulation, increased isometric strength and modification
of the type of muscle fiber.[43]
Another aspect that has not been tested in this population is the associated use of
NMES with resistance exercises. The literature has shown gains in hyolaryngeal excursion
and movement speed during swallowing[43], aspects that are altered in radio-induced dysphagia. The surveys included do not
specify the exercises used and generally approach the exercises or involved Supersupraglottic,
Mendelsohn, Swallows Effortful[18], but with null results or with a reduced effect size both in the NMES group and
in the group that performed only the exercises. It is believed that to overcome the
scenario of radioinduced fibrosis and the impact it causes on swallowing, higher intensity
training is necessary, with exercises that involve resistance and use resources as
allies of therapy; in this case, NMES.
Despite the limitations identified after careful analysis, the positive findings found
in the studies cannot be ruled out,[16]
[17]
[19] such as: increased speed of hyoid movement, reduced stasis in pyriform recesses,
less impairment in swallowing over 3 months. It was noticed that in studies in which
there was a gain in the hyolaryngeal excursion[16]
[17]
[19] (HE and HA) both in range of motion and speed, a reduction in the PAS scale was
also identified. This may be associated with the importance of this mechanism in swallowing
and airway protection, which impacted on the reduction of episodes of penetration
and/or laryngotracheal aspiration. These functional changes, even if slight, may be
related to NMES and changes in muscle structure and function that promote the reactivation
of genes that were inactivated and modify the skeletal muscle phenotype[44] and the configuration of muscle fibers. Predominance of type 2A fibers and increased
expression of the MyHC2A gene, which represents an increase in muscle strength and rapid contraction, are
interdependent factors for swallowing that demand a quick and precise response and
are potentiated through NMES.[38]
[40]
[41]
All included studies that evaluated QOL identified a positive change after NMES, mainly
in aspects related to swallowing function.[16]
[17]
[19] Only one of the studies did not identify an effect on swallowing; however, interestingly,
in the assessment of QOL, patients reported improvement mainly in aspects related
to the speed of eating and were already able to eat food in public without discomfort.[18] Perhaps the sensitivity of the instruments used to measure such outcomes was not
sufficient to detect changes in the swallowing function, since it is unlikely that,
if the individuals followed the exercise protocol (twice a day, 6 days a week), there
have not been changes over the course of 3 months.
However, new studies should be encouraged, because, with larger samples and with greater
methodological rigor, it is possible that the results lead to a favorable indication
of the use of NMES for the rehabilitation of dysphagia in this population. Finally,
it is essential that the assessment of dysphagia be more uniform, that the protocol
of the swallowing rehabilitation exercise program must be better described and also
more standardized. The anatomical location of the electrode attachment points should
consider the wider involvement of the swallowing muscles and the parameters of the
electric stimulation therapy need to be better described, especially in relation to
the intensity of the electric current.
Final Comments
In the present meta-analysis, we found weak evidence for small and moderate swallowing
benefits in patients after RT for HNC in short-term clinical trials. Due to the limited
quality of the evidence, our findings require further confirmation with robust randomized
controlled trials.
