Background: Endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) is complex, requiring methodical and unremitting
surgical training. Herein, we describe the development and evaluation of a novel three-dimensional
(3D) printed simulation model for ESBS. We further validate the efficacy of this model
as educational support in neurosurgical training.
Methods: A patient-specific 3D-printed simulation model using living human imaging data was
established and evaluated in a task-based hands-on dissection program. Endoscopic
endonasal and transorbital procedures were simulated on the model by neurosurgeons
and otorhinolaryngology surgeons of varying experience. All procedures were recorded
using a high-definition camera coupled with a digital video recorder system. The participants
were asked to complete a postprocedure questionnaire to validate the efficacy of the
model.
Results: Fourteen experts and 22 trainees participated in simulations, and 32 participants
completed the postprocedure survey. The anatomical realism was scored as 4.0/5.0.
The participants rated the model as helpful in hand-eye coordination training (4.7/5.0)
and improving surgical skills (4.6/5.0) for ESBS. All participants believed that the
model was useful as educational support for trainees (4.7 [ ± 0.5]). However, the
color (3.6/5.0) and soft tissue feedback parameters (2.8/5) scored low.
Conclusion: This study shows that high-resolution 3D-printed skull base models for ESBS can be
generated with high anatomical accuracy and acceptable haptic feedback. The simulation
program of ESBS using this model may be supplemental or provide an alternative training
platform to cadaveric dissection.
