Keywords
PENG - total hip - analgesia PENG infiltration
Introduction
The complexity of postoperative analgesic management in total hip arthroplasty (THA)
has been widely described in the literature.[1] The ineffective control of pain is one of the main concerns of the health team,
since it is associated with a significant increase in immobility, the risk of DVT,
myocardial infarctions, pneumonia, sleep disturbances, cognitive alterations and inability
to perform adequate immediate postoperative rehabilitation.[1]
[2] All of the above leads to an increase in hospital days, recovery time and costs
for the health system, but more importantly, it leads to a significant deterioration
of patient satisfaction.[1]
Since the year 2000, various protocols have been described in the literature, such
as ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) or "Fast Track" that have sought to improve
the postoperative period of patients, allowing optimization of hospital stay, without
increasing morbidity or readmissions. The management of postoperative pain is one
of the most relevant points to achieve these objectives.[3]
In 2018, a group of regional anesthesiologists from the University of Toronto described
a block called PENG (Pericapsular Nerve Group) to provide analgesia in elderly patients
with proximal femur fractures.[4] The block showed good analgesic quality without motor block, which would allow early
motor rehabilitation.[4] Since then, some literature has been published regarding PENG block, describing
good results with the application of this block in THA for fracture and coxarthrosis.[5]
[6]
[7] Currently, there is no gold standard in peripheral analgesic blockade for THA which
allows for complete pain relief and, in turn, facilitates early ambulation in the
postoperative period. These are the key milestones for a patient to be discharged
early.
In our interest in finding a solution to this problem, we realized that through the
direct lateral surgical approach, the surgeon is able to directly visualize the area
where the local anesthetic is deposited in the PENG block. So we proposed this new
way of applying it, where the surgeon performs it during surgery, under a modality
of local analgesic infiltration.
The objective of this work is to describe a new form of application of the PENG analgesic
infiltration performed by the surgeon in the intraoperative period and to present
the results obtained in a series of cases.
Materials and Methods
Retrospective study, case series. Approved by the ethics committee of our institution.
The inclusion criteria were patients operated on for THA due to primary coxarthrosis
at the Hospital del Trabajador, who have received PENG analgesic infiltration by a
surgeon between September and December 2020, ASA I or II patients,[8] undergoing spinal anesthesia and who do not require postoperative stay in an intermediate
unit at the hospital.
Patients operated using an approach other than the direct lateral one, subjected to
general anesthesia, those in which the performance of PENG analgesic infiltration
was not recorded in the operating protocol, and cases of bilateral THA during hospitalization
were excluded.
The original technique of the PENG block, described by Girón-Arango et al, consists
of depositing 20 ml of local anesthetic under ultrasound vision in a space limited
by the psoas muscle on the anterior side, the pubic ramus on the posterior side, the
iliopectineal eminence on the medial side, and the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
from the side[4] with the patient positioned supine, as schematized in [Figure 1].
Fig. 1 Three-dimensional reconstruction of the left hemipelvis of a patient in the supine
position. The circle represents the place where, using ultrasound support, an anesthetist
places the local anesthetic in the PENG block.
The surgical technique used in this study is performed through a direct lateral approach
to the hip,[9] with the patient in lateral decubitus, 3 retractors are positioned to allow visualization
of the acetabulum; the first of them on or slightly distal to the iliopectineal eminence,
the second lateral to the AIIS, and the third on the posterior wall nailed to the
ischium. Therefore, between retractors 1 and 2, the area where the local anesthetic
is deposited in the PENG block is directly visualized ([Figure 2]). In this place, midpoint between the iliopectineal eminence and AIIS, using a No.
21G needle to perforate 1.5 cm of the joint capsule attached to the anterior wall,
we infiltrate 20 ml of 0.375% bupivacaine. Then a block is performed for anatomical
repairs of the lateral femoral nerve placing 10 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine 1 cm medial
and 1 cm distal to the AIIS.[10]
Fig. 2 Three-dimensional reconstruction of the left hemipelvis of a patient in lateral decubitus.
Arrows represent retractors 1 and 2 used in the direct lateral approach. The circle
represents the place where, through direct vision, the surgeon places the analgesic
injection at the site of the PENG block.
From the clinical records of the patients, we obtained demographic data, commonly
used medications, duration of surgery, complexity of surgery (simple primary THA,
complex primary THA, revision THA), intraoperative complications, maximum VAS in the
Anesthetic Recovery Unit (ARU), rescue with morphine administered in ARU, motor block
with Bromage scale[11] at discharge from ARU. We also obtained maximum VAS during the first 24 hours, maximum
VAS in the following 24 hours, analgesic rescues administered, time of first analgesic
rescue, motor block at the time of performing kinesiology, ability to ambulate during
kinesiology within the first 24 hours and hours of hospitalization. In the outpatient
follow-up, the presence of early postoperative complications and the need for hospital
readmission due to pain were recorded.
All the VAS and Bromage scale records are obtained from the nursing records, while
the ability to walk and motor block is obtained from the physical therapy record of
the patient's electronic record.
Statistical analysis was performed using Stata Statistical Software (release 13. College
Station, TX: StataCorp LP). Results are presented in medians, means, standard deviation,
ranges, and percentages as appropriate.
Results
In the study period, 74 patients were included. The average age was 60.1 years (range
32-87). In 57 patients they presented comorbidities and in 60 we observed the chronic
use of medications for pain.
During the study period, 63 simple THA and 11 complex THA were performed. The average
surgical time was 104 minutes (Range 70 - 170 minutes). In 1 patient an intraoperative
calcar fracture was observed, which was managed with a wire, not observing other intraoperative
complications.
During the stay in the ARU, the median maximum VAS was 0 (SD 0.45). In 4 (5.4%) patients
it was necessary to use analgesic rescue with morphine. The median number of motor
block with the Bromage scale at discharge from the ARU was 3 (Mean 2.96; SD 0.19;
range 2-3).
While on the ward, the median maximum VAS in the first 24 hours was 2 (SD 1.9) and
in the following 24 postoperative hours, the 52 patients who remained hospitalized
presented a median maximum VAS of 1 (SD 1 ,3). In 9 (11.7%) patients it was necessary
to use an analgesic rescue, which was administered an average of 12.1 postoperative
hours.
Regarding postoperative rehabilitation, 71 (95.9%) patients walked in the first 24 hours
and 3 (4.1%) in the following 24 hours. Transient femoral motor block was recorded
in 4 (5.4%) patients.
In our series, 22 (29.7%) patients were discharged in the first 24 hours, 51 (68.9%)
in the second 24 hours, and only 1 (1.3%) was discharged after 96 hours.
We did not observe cases of immediate early complications or hospital readmissions
due to pain.
Discussion
Proper pain management is an essential point in the postoperative period of THA, since
this allows early ambulation and adequate rehabilitation. However, despite multiple
efforts, a gold standard has not yet been established to achieve these milestones
in a reproducible manner in all patients.
This may be explained by the diversity of surgical techniques and by the complex sensory
innervation of the hip. Several regional anesthesia strategies have been proposed,
among which the femoral block and the fascia iliaca block stand out;[12] however, the group of authors notes three major problems with these techniques.
First of all, both can cause motor block. Secondly, the Obturator Nerve is not blocked
as the main target, in the fascia iliaca block this is achieved by using a large volume
of local anesthetic. Thirdly, many times the block is not performed with a sterile
technique, so it could conceptually drag skin bacterial flora towards the anesthetic
deposit site.
In this sense, the PENG block provides a solution to the first 2 problems previously
raised, since it does not cause motor block and the target nerves are the obturator
nerve, the accessory obturator and the articular branches of the femoral nerve,[4] all in charge of the innervation of the anterior capsule of the hip joint, which
is the most richly innervated area of the joint.[13] With this new technique proposed by our study group, analgesic infiltration is applied
directly to the same site as the PENG block during the surgical procedure, solving
the third point since everything is done with a sterile technique.
In our study we present 4 cases of femoral motor block recorded by the kinesiologist,
who was evaluated by asking the patient to extend the knee in a sitting position on
the edge of the bed. We believe that the possible explanations for this are: 1) That
the volume administered is excessive for the physical characteristics of the patient
and when it diffuses through the tissues, it produces a blockage of the femoral nerve.
2) The existence of anatomical variants of the path of the femoral nerve. 3) Mismanagement
by the surgeon. 4) That the patient still has a residual effect of spinal anesthesia
at the time of receiving the first kinesiology session.
In addition, we see a fourth important point: time. To the authors' knowledge there
are no published studies describing the duration of the execution time of the entire
procedure, where an experienced anesthesiologist performs a PENG block. However, in
our center, the intraoperative administration of the analgesic infiltration takes
less than 120 seconds, which we see as a relevant benefit, since it is clearly less
than the time it takes for a conventional anesthetic block.
We are aware that the greatest weakness of the work is that it is a series of retrospective
cases, without a control group. However, it corresponds to an initial description
of a line of research that will have future prospective studies with a control group.
Conclusion
In our series of cases where the novel way of implementing PENG analgesic infiltration
was applied in a THA, we observed a median maximum VAS of 2, ambulation in the first
24 postoperative hours in 95% of the patients and a hospital stay of less than 48 hours
in 98% of the patients, with no cases of readmission due to pain.
