Keywords root canal treatment - extraction - rural health centers
Introduction
Oral health is an integral component of overall well-being, yet the accessibility
and utilization of dental care services remain disparate, especially in rural settings
where unique challenges impede comprehensive healthcare delivery.[1 ] One noteworthy aspect of oral health decision-making that has garnered attention
is the distinct preference exhibited by patients in rural health centers when faced
with the choice between treatment modalities. Rural–urban disparities in healthcare
access have been well-documented, with rural populations often facing hurdles in receiving
timely and appropriate dental care.[2 ]
In the context of this disparity, the prevalence of a particular preference for tooth
extraction over root canal treatment (RCT) among patients in rural health centers
raises intriguing questions. The inclination toward extraction might be influenced
by various factors, such as economic considerations, cultural beliefs, and limited
awareness about alternative treatment options.[3 ] Socioeconomic factors significantly influence healthcare choices, and oral health
is no exception. The economic considerations of patients in rural areas may lead them
to favor tooth extraction as a seemingly more immediate and cost-effective solution
compared with RCT.[4 ] Additionally, the limited availability of dental care facilities in rural regions
amplifies the impact of economic considerations, influencing patients to prioritize
short-term solutions over the preservation of natural dentition. Cultural beliefs
and perceptions surrounding dental procedures further contribute to the observed preferences
in rural health centers. Deep-seated cultural norms and misconceptions may steer patients
toward choices that align with their cultural expectations rather than evidence-based
dental practices.[5 ]
Moreover, the inadequate awareness and education regarding the long-term benefits
of RCT in rural areas exacerbate the preference for tooth extraction. The lack of
information about alternative treatment options may lead patients to make decisions
based on immediate relief and perceived affordability, without a comprehensive understanding
of the potential consequences of choosing extraction over preservation.[6 ] Examining the dynamics of patient choices in rural areas is pivotal to developing
targeted interventions that not only bridge the existing gaps in oral healthcare but
also cater to the specific needs and considerations of individuals residing in underserved
rural communities. There is a limited amount of data available regarding the patient
preference for teeth extraction over RCT among the Indian population. Therefore, this
study aims to evaluate the patient's preference for tooth extraction over RCT.
Methodology
The study was performed at a rural satellite center affiliated with a tertiary dental
school in South India. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Institutional
Ethics Committee (Ref. No. ETHICS/ABSMIDS/293/2022). A self-administered questionnaire
comprising 15 questions was formulated for the purpose of data collection for this
cross-sectional survey. A total enumeration sampling method was followed. A proportion
of 0.8, a precision of 5%, a desired confidence level of 95%, and a sample size of
384 were estimated. The study was performed on individuals over the age of 18 years
and persons who are willing to participate in the study. Uncooperative patients as
well as patients with functional disabilities were excluded.
Following an extensive literature review, an English draft of the questionnaire underwent
evaluation for content and face validity by a panel of experts, using a 9-point criterion
recommended by Oluwatayo.[7 ] The questionnaire received a face validity score of 1.7 out of 3, indicating above-average
validity. Subject matter experts assessed clarity, comprehensiveness, and appropriateness
of the questionnaire's constructs, and an Aiken's V index score of 1.0 signified unanimous
agreement among raters, confirming the instrument's reliability with a Cronbach's
α value of 0.8. Considering the rural satellite center's location where Kannada was
predominantly spoken, the questionnaire underwent transliteration into Kannada. This
translation process involved forward translation by the primary investigator and a
Kannada professor, followed by a bilingual expert panel addressing inadequacies and
discrepancies. The translated instrument was then back-translated into English by
an independent translator, resulting in a refined Kannada version. The Kannada questionnaire
underwent face and content validity assessment, following a similar process as the
English version. Face validity scored 1.8 out of 3, and an Aiken's V index of 1.0
reiterated reliability with a Cronbach's α value of 0.8. The questionnaire was made
available to all the individuals visiting the rural dental satellite center. The questionnaire
was divided into two parts. The first part comprised of demographic data and the second
part explored about preference of tooth extraction over RCT among the individuals.
No names were taken, hence ensuring anonymity of the responses.
The data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 23. The descriptive
statistics are expressed in terms of number and percentage for ordinal and nominal
variables, and continuous variables such as age are expressed as mean and standard
deviation. Multinominal logistic regression was conducted to analyze the influence
of various independent variables on the preference of treatment choice of individuals.
A p -value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
A total number of 384 subjects responded to the questionnaire with a mean age of 41.47 ± 13.86.
About 36.2% of the subjects belonged to the age group between 31 and 45 years, 27.3%
belonged to the age group of 15 to 30 years, 24.5% belonged to the age group of 46
to 60 years, and 12% belonged to the age group of 61 to 75 years. Females accounted
for 54.4% of the participants, while the males accounted for approximately 45.6%.
Just over 78.9% of the participants were married, while remaining 21.1% of the participants
were single. The greatest representation belonged to the upper lower (50.3), the lower
(20.3), and the lower middle (15.9) socioeconomic status group, while the lowest representation
came from the upper middle (13.5) socioeconomic status group.
Among the participants, 127 (33.1%) had undergone RCT in the past and 240 (62.5%)
had not undergone RCT in the past. Decays (50.4%) followed by infection (35.4%) were
the most common reasons for undergoing RCT ([Fig. 1A ]). Among the individuals who had undergone RCT in the past, 63.8% had experienced
pain during the RCT or interappointment phase and 15.7% individuals had experienced
pain in root canal–treated teeth after the RCT was completed ([Table 1 ]). Majority of the participants (51.2%) reported that the RCT procedure had scheduled
two to three visits. Post-RCT, 60.6% participants had undergone postendodontic RCT
restoration and crown placement ([Table 1 ]). A total of 244 (63.5%) individuals had undergone extraction in the past, whereas
32.8% individuals had not undergone extraction ([Table 1 ]). Decays (46.3%) followed by loose teeth (15.2%) were the most common reasons for
undergoing extraction ([Fig. 1B ]). On assessing the individual preferences of treatment choices between RCT and extraction,
60.2% individuals preferred extraction and only 39.8% individuals preferred RCT ([Table 1 ]). The most common reason given by individuals for preferring RCT was to conserve
natural teeth (56.8%) followed by intention to follow dentist's advice (42.4%) and
having awareness of RCT (27.4%) ([Fig. 2 ]). The most common reason given by individuals for preferring extraction was that
they needed immediate relief from pain (78.7%), followed by the cost of RCT and crown
(55.8%), the inconvenient appointment schedule for RCT (25.1%) and RCT being time-consuming
in nature (24.2%) ([Fig. 3 ]).
Fig. 1 (A) Reasons of patients for undergoing RCT. (B) Reasons of patients for undergoing
extraction.
Fig. 2 Reasons of patients for choosing RCT.
Fig. 3 Reasons of patients for choosing extraction.
Table 1
Responses of the participants
Questions
Frequency
Percent
Undergone RCT in the past?
Yes
127
33.1
No
240
62.5
Do not know
17
4.4
Experienced pain during the RCT or interappointment phase?
Yes
81
63.8
No
46
36.2
Experienced pain in root canal–treated after the RCT got completed?
Yes
20
15.7
No
100
78.7
Do not know
7
5.6
The number of visits required for RCT?
1 visit
8
6.3
2–3 visits
65
51.2
>4 visits
54
42.5
Got a postendodontic RCT restoration and crown placement done?
Yes
77
60.6
No
43
33.8
Do not Know
7
5.6
Undergone extraction of tooth in the past?
Yes
244
63.5
No
126
32.8
Do not Know
14
3.7
Preference: RCT or extraction?
Extraction
231
60.2
RCT
153
39.8
Abbreviation: RCT, root canal treatment.
The results from the final multivariate model are shown in [Table 2 ]. The effect of the independent variables such as age, gender, marital status, and
place of residence on preference of individuals for RCT or extraction was analyzed.
A 1 unit increase in age was associated with a 0.038 decrease in the relative log
odds of choosing RCT over extraction. The relative log odds of choosing RCT over extraction
would decrease by 0.496 in males as compared with females. In relation to the place
of residence, individuals from the rural areas (odds ratio [OR] = 0.404, confidence
interval [CI] = 0.204, 0.803) compared with individuals from urban and semi-urban
areas were more likely to choose extraction over RCT. Socioeconomic status was not
significant predictor of treatment choices.
Table 2
Effect of various variables on preference of patients for RCT or extraction
Variables[a ]
B
Std error
Sig
Exp(B)
95% confidence interval for exp (B)
Lower bound
Upper bound
Preference of RCT over extraction
Age
−0.038
0.009
0.000[a ]
0.963
0.945
0.980
Male
−0.496
0.246
0.044[a ]
0.609
0.376
0.986
Married
−0.545
0.340
0.109
0.580
0.298
1.129
Urban
−0.769
0.481
0.109
0.463
0.181
1.189
Rural
−0.906
0.350
0.010[a ]
0.404
0.204
0.803
Upper middle
0.685
0.446
0.125
1.984
0.828
4.753
Lower middle
0.405
0.381
0.288
1.500
0.710
3.166
Upper lower
0.564
0.302
0.062
1.758
0.972
3.177
Abbreviation: RCT, root canal treatment.
a The reference category is 2.
Discussion
Root canal therapy and tooth extraction are among the most commonly administered treatments
for pain relief. RCT aids in the retention of infected teeth that otherwise might
have been extracted. Although RCT is highly prevalent, it is perceived by many patients
as procedure to be feared. In the current study, 33.1% participants had undergone
RCT with decay being the main reason to undergo RCT. A similar study by Bansal and
Jain also reported a lower experience of RCT among individuals.[5 ] On the contrary, a study by Pratheebha et al reported that 80% patients had undergone
RCT.[6 ] These variations may be owed to various factors like oral health awareness and education
levels within communities which significantly influence the demand for dental procedures
such as RCTs. Regions with high dental health literacy may exhibit greater awareness
of the importance of timely interventions, leading to higher rates of RCTs.[8 ]
[9 ] About 63.8% patients experienced pain during RCT or interappointment phase. Similar
results were found in a study by Iyer et al, wherein 66.67% patients with previous
RCT reported having experienced pain at some point of RCT.[10 ] RCT, in comparison to other dental procedures, tends to induce more frequent and
severe postoperative pain, with reported frequencies ranging from 1.5 to 53%. Notably,
over 50% of patients undergoing RCT experience intense postoperative pain. The origins
of this pain are diverse, potentially stemming from mechanical, chemical, and/or microbial
injuries to dental tissues during or aggravated by RCT. Additionally, psychological
factors such as the fear of dental treatment and anxiety have been recognized for
their influence on pain perception.[10 ]
[11 ]
The present study showed that majority of the patients had completed their RCT in
two to three visits, while 42.5% patients had more than four visits for their treatment.
The advent of advanced automated tools in the field of endodontics has made it feasible
to perform RCT in a single visit. A growing number of dentists are adopting single-visit
endodontics as a central element of contemporary practice. Conversely, some practitioners
adhere to the traditional multiple-visit protocol, emphasizing its extensive history
and high clinical success rate. Literature indicates that a majority of practitioners
(52.4%) complete RCTs in three visits, with 26.8% opting for a single-sitting approach,
while a minimal percentage of dentists choose to complete RCT in more than three visits.[12 ]
On assessing the individual preferences of treatment choices between RCT and extraction,
60.2% individuals preferred extraction and only 39.8% individuals preferred RCT in
the present study. The intention to conserve natural teeth was the major factor for
patients preferring RCT. On the contrary, immediate relief from pain was the driving
factor for patients opting for extraction. These results were similar to a study by
Sadasiva et al, wherein early 13.19% of the patients who participated in the survey
were not worried about tooth loss and required immediate pain relief. About 3.03%
of the patients opted out of RCT, as they feel that they cannot come for multiple
visits and prolonged treatment periods since they are old.[4 ] The present study determined that age, gender, and place of residence were associated
with individual's choices of treatment preferences. A study by Gbadebo and Adebayo
showed that affordability of treatment, fear of drilling, and fear of injection were
associated with the choice of patient's not to opt for RCT.[13 ]
However, the study has certain limitations. First, the cross-sectional design restricts
our ability to establish causality between patient preferences and various factors,
as it only provides a snapshot of preferences at a specific point in time. Longitudinal
studies could offer a more comprehensive understanding of how preferences evolve over
time and the factors influencing these changes. Second, the reliance on self-reported
data introduces the possibility of recall bias, as patients may not accurately recall
or disclose their preferences due to social desirability or other cognitive biases.
Additionally, the study's focus on rural health centers may limit the generalizability
of findings to urban or suburban populations, warranting caution in extrapolating
these results to different healthcare settings.
Despite its limitations, this study opens avenues for future research in the realm
of patient preferences for dental procedures in rural health settings. Future studies
could employ qualitative research methods, such as interviews or focus group discussions,
to delve deeper into the underlying reasons behind patient preferences. Understanding
the cultural, socioeconomic, and educational factors that influence these preferences
could provide valuable insights for healthcare practitioners and policymakers aiming
to improve oral health outcomes in rural areas. Furthermore, longitudinal studies
tracking changes in preferences over time and in response to interventions could offer
a more dynamic perspective on patient decision-making. Exploring the impact of oral
health education programs on patient awareness and preferences may also be a fruitful
avenue for future research, contributing to the development of targeted interventions
aimed at promoting evidence-based decision-making in dental care.[14 ]
[15 ] Qualitative studies involving healthcare providers may offer insights into the challenges
faced in communicating the benefits of RCT versus tooth extraction, informing the
development of effective patient education strategies. Furthermore, interdisciplinary
research could explore the role of cultural perceptions, social norms, and economic
factors in shaping patient preferences, paving the way for holistic interventions
that address the root causes of these preferences rather than merely their symptoms.
The findings of this study, while limited in scope, carry important implications for
oral health policy in rural areas. Future research should explore how policy interventions,
such as incentivizing rural dentists to provide RCTs or enhancing the accessibility
of endodontic services, may impact patient preferences. Policymakers can benefit from
a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing patient choices to develop targeted
strategies that align with the preferences and needs of rural populations. Moreover,
the study calls for a broader discourse on oral health policies that recognize the
unique challenges faced by rural communities and seek to address disparities in access
to comprehensive dental care.
Conclusion
This cross-sectional study on the preference of tooth extraction over RCT among patients
visiting rural health centers sheds light on a significant aspect of oral healthcare
decision-making in underserved communities. The findings underscore the prevalent
inclination toward tooth extraction among the rural patient population, emphasizing
the need for a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing such preferences.
By fostering a patient-centered approach and aligning healthcare services with the
preferences and needs of the population, it is possible to advance oral health outcomes
and contribute to the development of equitable and effective oral healthcare strategies
in rural health settings.
