Keywords botulinum toxins, type A - dermatology - facial muscles - rosacea - skin aging
Introduction
German physician Justinus Kerner wrote the first report in history of botulinum toxin
(BoNT) in the 18th century following his discovery of botulism from observing deaths
in Germany after ingesting contaminated blood sausages, a traditional preserved food
from the region.[1 ]
[2 ] In 1897, Van Ermengem, using histological sections, isolated and described Clostridium botulinum , the anaerobic bacterium causing botulism. From then on, investigations attempted
to understand the relationship between the disease and the toxin and to describe the
toxin's structure and mechanism of action.[3 ]
[4 ]
Botulinum toxin has a light chain (50 kDa) and a heavy chain (100 kDa) joined by disulfide
bonds and surrounded by hemagglutinins.[5 ]
[6 ] It causes muscle paralysis when the hemagglutinin contacts the terminal axon, causing
the heavy chain to connect with the axonal receptor to facilitate the passage and
entry of the molecule into the nerve cell. Next, the chains disconnect, and the light
chain cleaves the soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor
(SNARE) complex to remove part of its structure, soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive
factor attachment protein-25 (SNAP-25). Therefore, the SNARE complex, which would
be responsible for acetylcholine entry into the synaptic cleft, cannot function, preventing
cell membrane depolarization, calcium influx, and sodium efflux, stopping muscle contraction
of actin and myosin fibers.[5 ]
[6 ]
[7 ]
Ophthalmologist Alan B. Scott, from the Eye Research Institute, in San Francisco,
California (1920), described the medicinal use of BoNT in patients with ocular misalignment
resulting from strabismus.[3 ]
[4 ] Botulinum toxin injection reduced the muscle activity through chemical denervation.[8 ] Since then, other indications have included treating dynamic wrinkles, axillary
hyperhidrosis, and blepharospasm.[9 ]
[10 ] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only approved BoNT in 1989, to treat muscle
disorders, and, in 2002, for aesthetic purposes.[5 ]
[7 ]
Glabellar region expression lines result from the synergistic contraction of the corrugator
muscle, depressor muscle of the superciliary muscle, procerus muscle, or both, leading
to “frontal furrows,” particularly between the eyebrows, evidencing aging. The constant
contraction of the glabellar muscle complex forms dynamic wrinkles which evolve into
static wrinkles, more pronounced and noticeable at rest. Their presence can often
be perceived as a sign of aging and mistakenly give the impression of emotions such
as anger or sadness.[11 ]
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a widely accepted treatment for improving the appearance
of glabellar lines.[12 ] In addition, it generates great patient satisfaction since the aesthetics of glabellar
lines impact psychological wellbeing, self-confidence, and quality of life.[13 ]
[14 ] However, BoNT-A has some contraindications, such as keloids, neuromuscular diseases,
body dysmorphic disorders, and allergies to some of its components.[14 ]
[15 ]
Objective
The current study aimed to establish the relationship between muscle strength, facial
wrinkle classification, and the number of BoNT-A units to obtain satisfactory outcomes
in treating glabellar expression lines.
Materials and Methods
The Research Ethics Committee of the Institute for the Health and Wellbeing of Women
(Instituto de Saúde e Bem-estar da Mulher – ISBEM, in Portuguese) (CEP 6.849.192)
approved the protocol, materials, and all the procedures of the present study. We
randomly invited 58 patients to participate in the study, which occurred at Clínica
de Estética Pithon Napoli, in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from December 2023 to April 2024.
All patients received information about the procedures and guidance regarding this
study from the team's physicians, who also answered any questions from the subjects.
Next, participants signed an informed consent form. We excluded all patients who did
not agree to participate in the study, refused to sign the informed consent form,
received tetanus shots or any chemical peel in the 6 months prior to the invitation,
had undergone procedures potentially affecting the forehead and glabellar regions
within 12 months, with autoimmune diseases or under current use of medications acting
on neuromuscular junctions. The study included male and female patients who sought
the clinic to undergo a glabellar line-filling procedure using BoNT-A. The participants
were divided into 2 groups according to their age range: from 20 to 39 (36 participants)
and from 40 to 60 years old (21 participants). We assessed the following parameters:
glabellar force pattern, facial wrinkle classification, and number of BoNT-A units
used in the corrugator and procerus muscles (study design – [Fig. 1 ]).
Fig. 1 Study design.
Muscle strength classification
For muscle strength classification (corrugator and procerus muscles), the authors
asked the participant to make an “angry face” ([Fig. 2 ]), which was classified into three strength levels: strong pattern, in which the
corrugator and procerus muscles were well defined and presented a medial formation
of very evident dermal fractures; moderate pattern, in which the muscles were well
defined, with less central force and, as a result, with less evident dermal fractures;
and weak pattern, in which the limits of the glabellar muscles, mainly the corrugators,
were not observed, with less formation of intense dermal fractures and expression
lines.
Fig. 2 Classification of muscle strength – “angry face”. (A ) In the weak pattern, there is no observation of the limits of the glabellar muscles,
especially the corrugators, with less formation of intense dermal fractures and expression
lines; (B ) The moderate pattern presents well-defined muscles reproducing less central force
during the “angry face” and, as a result, less evident dermal fractures; (C ) The strong pattern features well-defined corrugator and procerus muscles with the
medial formation of very evident dermal fractures.
Facial wrinkle classification
Wrinkle determination occurred according to Lemperle,[11 ] using a six-point photonumeric classification scale in which the wrinkle degree
in the reference photographs was compared with the wrinkles on the participant's face.
All participants were photographed (iPhone 12 Pro [Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA]
and QuantifiCare camera [QUANTIFICARE S.A., Biot, France]) for photographic documentation
and evaluation. [Table 1 ] shows the Lemperle classification.
Table 1
Score
Description
0
No wrinkles
1
Perceptible wrinkles
2
Shallow wrinkles
3
Moderately deep wrinkles
4
Deep wrinkles
5
Very deep wrinkles
BoNT-A application
The procedure used 50 or 30 intertnational units (IU) of BoNT-A - Botulift (Bergamo
Farmacêutica - Medytox Inc, Cheongwongu, South Korea), applied intramuscularly with
a BD pediatric syringe (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) in
the glabellar line region. [Table 2 ] shows the maximum number of BoNT-A units for safe application in each muscle. [Fig. 3 ] is the visual representation of each muscle. The number of units applied followed
the assessment of the strength classification and facial wrinkles. Botulift application
occurred on day 0, with reassessment 15 to 30 days post-application. The procedure
did not require anesthesia. The physician instructed the participant to use analgesic
medication, either dipyrone, 1 g, or paracetamol, 725 mg, every 6 hours, in case of
pain. We did not recommend antiinflammatories or corticosteroids for discomfort/pain
in the application region. The effect of Botulift begins approximately 48 to 72 hours
after application, and its maximum effect occurs around 1 to 4 weeks after application.
The application effect (muscle relaxation and reduction of excessive contraction)
often lasts 3 to 4 months.
Table 2
Glabellar lines
Angle, needle plane, and Botulift units
Corrugator head
Application at 90°, deep plane, 1–5 units
Corrugator body
Application at 45°, medium plane, 0–5 units
Corrugator tail
Application at 45°, medium plane, 0–5 units
Procerus
Application at 90°, deep plane, 1–5 units
Depressor supercilii
Application at 90° towards the medial glabellar region (supraperiosteal), deep plane,
1–3 units
Fig. 3 Location of the glabellar muscles: (A ) procerus muscle; (B ) corrugator muscle (head); (C ) corrugator muscle (body); (D ) corrugator muscle (tail); and (E ) depressor supercilii muscle.
Data analysis
Categorical variables were expressed as absolute counts and proportions, and these
were compared using the Chi-squared (χ2 ) test. Continuous variables were presented as medians and interquartile ranges, and
group comparison used the Mann-Whitney test. Pearson's correlation investigated the
relationships between the frontalis (corrugator and procerus) muscles and the administered
BoNT-A doses. The analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows,
version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) statistical software. Values were considered
statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05 and were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Results
On average, the age at first injection was 35 years for both men and women. Twenty-eight
percent of the participants were male and 72% were female, with an average age of
38. In men, the average age was 36 (27–54), and approximately 80% of patients were
under 40. In women, the average age was 38 (23–68), and 70% were under 40.
The average number of BoNT-A units used was 7.2 in the corrugator and 3.9 in the procerus
muscles. When separated by gender, the average number applied in the corrugator was
7.1 for females and 7.4 for males. In the procerus, the average number was 3.9 for
females and 4.1 for males. Linear regressions revealed a positive association between
the number of units and the age of the patients both in the corrugator (r2 = 0.30; p < 0.05; [Fig. 4A ]) and in the procerus (r2 = 0.30; p < 0.05; [Fig. 4B ]) muscles. This suggests that the higher the degree of facial wrinkle classification,
the more units are required for greater paralysis and, consequently, better outcomes.
Fig. 4 Relationships between botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) units, age, and gender of the
patients. (A ) Linear regression between units applied to the corrugator and patient age. (B ) Linear regression between units applied to the procerus and patient age. (C ) Comparison of the number of BoNT-A units applied to the corrugator per patient gender.
(D ) Comparison of the number of BoNTA units applied to the procerus per patient gender.
The gray areas represent the standard error of the regression analysis. In the boxplots,
each small gray circle represents one patient analyzed. The thicker central line represents
the median and the box limits are the 25% and 75% quartiles. The vertical lines are
the minimum and maximum values.
When analyzing the number of BoNT-A units applied regarding gender, there was no difference
between men and women in the corrugator (p = 0.42; [Fig. 4C ]) or procerus muscle (p = 0.51; [Fig. 4D ]).
Weak corrugator strength, with facial wrinkle classification ranging from 1 to 2,
required, on average, 6 IU. An average of 3.5 IU was applied in the head, 0.5 IU in
the body, and 2 IU in the tail of the corrugator. Moderate corrugator strength, with
facial wrinkle classification ranging from 0 to 2, required an average of 7 IU, including
3.75 IU in the head, 0.9 IU in the body, and 2.3 IU in the tail of the corrugator.
Moderate strength patterns with facial wrinkle classification ranging from 3 to 4
required an average of 8 IU, with 4.7 IU applied in the head, 1 IU in the body, and
2.33 IU in the tail of the corrugator. Strong corrugator strength pattern with facial
wrinkle classification ranging from 1 to 2, required an average of 7.2 IU, with 4 IU
applied in the head, 1.1 IU in the body, and 2.1 IU in the tail of the corrugator.
The same strong strength pattern with facial wrinkle classification ranging from 3
to 4 required an average of 8.5 IU, with 4.5 IU applied in the head, 0.75 IU in the
body, and 3.25 IU in the tail of the corrugator. Weak procerus strength pattern with
facial wrinkle classification ranging from 0 to 2 required an average of 3.37 IU.
The same pattern with a facial wrinkle classification of 3 required 4 IU. Moderate
strength patterns with facial wrinkle classification ranging from 0 to 2 required,
on average, 3.5 IU. A moderate pattern with facial wrinkle classification ranging
from 3 to 4 required the application of, on average, 4.25 IU. Strong procerus strength
pattern with facial wrinkle classification ranging from 1 to 2 required an average
of 4.9 IU and with facial wrinkle classification ranging from 3 to 5, 5 IU.
When comparing the number of BoNT-A units required in the corrugator and procerus
muscles, we found a significant difference, with more units required in the corrugator
than in the procerus (p < 0.01; [Fig. 5 ]).
Fig. 5 Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) units used in the corrugator and procerus muscles.
Each small gray circle represents one patient analyzed. The thicker central line represents
the median and the box limits are the 25% and 75% quartiles. The vertical lines are
the minimum and maximum values. Note: *Statistically significant difference, p < 0.05.
In the corrugator, there was a significant difference in the number of units per different
strength patterns (F2,42 = 4.11; p = 0.02). The Tukey test revealed a significant difference between the “strong” and
“weak” groups, with more units required in the “strong” group (p < 0.05; [Fig. 6A ]). In addition, there were significant differences in the procerus when the groups
were compared together (χ[2 ]= 20.04; degree of freedom [df] = 2; p < 0.05; [Fig. 6B ]). Separately, the “strong” group differed both from the “weak” and the “moderate”
strength pattern (p < 0.05).
Fig. 6 Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) units used in the corrugator and procerus muscles
according to the strength pattern presented by the patient. (A ) BoNT-A units and strength pattern in the corrugator. (B ) BoNT-A units and strength pattern in the procerus. Boxplots followed by the same
letters do not differ significantly from each other according to the a posteriori
tests applied. Each small gray circle represents a patient analyzed. The thicker central
line represents the median and the box limits are the 25% and 75% quartiles. The vertical
lines are the minimum and maximum values, and the outliers are represented by the
larger black circles.
We observed a significant difference between groups with facial wrinkle scores from
0 to 2 and 3 to 5 regarding the number of BoNT-A units used in the 2 muscles. In both
muscles, the group with facial wrinkle scores from 3 to 5 required more BoNT-A units
when compared with the group with facial wrinkle scores from 0 to 2 (corrugator: t = −2.72;
df = 42; p < 0.05; [Fig. 7A ]; procerus: p < 0.05; [Fig. 7B ]).
Fig. 7 Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) units used in the corrugator and procerus muscles
according to the face wrinkle classification presented in each muscle. (A ) BoNT-A units and facial wrinkle classification in the corrugator. (B ) BoNT-A units and facial wrinkle classification in the procerus. Boxplots followed
by the same letters do not differ significantly from each other according to a posteriori
tests. Each small gray circle represents a patient. The thick central line represents
the median and the box limits are the 25% and 75% quartiles. The vertical lines are
the minimum and maximum values, and the outliers are the larger black circles.
Discussion
Age at the first BoNT-A application was 35 years old both in men and women. Women
sought the procedure twice as often as men but usually required fewer BoNT-A units
than men. The number of units used in the corrugator muscle was higher than in the
procerus muscle. The amounts in both muscles increased proportionally to the age of
the participants. A “strong pattern” of corrugator and procerus strength was the most
common, requiring more BoNT-A units. The facial wrinkle classification requiring most
BoNT-A units in the corrugator and procerus muscles ranged from 3 to 5.
The glabella is the first area noted in facial expression. Its contraction is associated
with negative emotions, such as impatience, anger, and fatigue, which the subject
often expresses unawarely.[16 ] The main muscles forming the glabellar complex include the corrugator and orbicularis
oculi (eyebrows approximation and depression), the procerus and depressor muscles
(eyebrow depression), and the inferior fibers of the frontalis muscle (eyebrow elevation).
Muscle activity causes hyperkinetic lines perpendicular to the muscle contraction
direction, forming unwanted horizontal, vertical, and oblique wrinkles.[17 ]
Some studies report that glabellar lines act similarly in most subjects, with some
differences regarding gender[18 ]
[19 ]
[20 ] (since men present heavier muscles and thicker skin), age, ethnicity,[21 ]
[22 ] sun exposure, and physical activity-related differences.[23 ]
[24 ] In our study, we observed a greater demand for the procedure among women, with a
wide age range, from the young to those over 60. Younger participants are encouraged
to use BoNT-A preventively, while older participants use it to correct and maintain
features acquired over time. Due to the period of muscle paralysis and relaxation,
the skin (epidermis and dermis) regenerates, giving it a better appearance than before
the application, leading to progressive muscle reduction and re-education, improving
skin texture in the long term.
Botulinum toxin type A is administered in IU. The estimated median lethal dose ranges
from 2,500 to 3,000 IU for a 70-kg adult. Although the exact dose of the BoNT-A known
to cause toxicity is unknown, it is often accepted that single BoNT-A doses should
not exceed 500 IU.[25 ] The number of points and units varies according to each patient's requirements.
For longer duration and higher patient satisfaction with the outcomes of upper face
treatment, the suggested ideal standard plan for BoNT application uses a total of
64 IU, combining the standard glabella treatment in a “U” shape (ranging from 12–40 IU),
frontal muscle treatment – total pattern (ranging from 8–25 IU), and periorbital lines
(ranging from 6–15 IU on each side). Although this standard dosage remains commonly
used and can serve as a guide for new professionals, many clinicians have begun to
tailor injection sites and dosages to each patient. The selection of dose and injection
patterns must consider muscle strength, anatomy (rhytids pattern), basal asymmetries,
and the patient's desires.[26 ]
Some studies suggest the treatment of glabellar frown lines with multiple injections
of BoNT-A in high doses of low volumes, allowing its precise placement with little
spread to non-target areas. Two double-blind, multicenter, controlled studies used
4 IU of BoNT-A at 5 injection sites: one in the procerus and 2 in each corrugator,
bilaterally. These injections had good outcomes in most patients, with rare transient
adverse effects.[27 ]
[28 ]
[29 ] Our study, consistent with the literature, demonstrates that the muscle requiring
more units is the corrugator. Our methodology showed that these quantities depend
on the strength and facial wrinkle classification. Patients with greater strength
had larger and deeper frontal lines in response to regional muscle movement. Therefore,
it is necessary to address the regions with the largest number of units and distribution
points for total or partial paralysis to obtain a natural effect in the target region.
Our team suggests a wet BoNT-A dilution, that is, diluting 200 IU in 4 mL of saline
solution, allowing its distribution in more points and, as a result, better influencing
the force vectors at the orbital forehead.
Recent publications report individualized treatments. De Sanctis Pecora et al.[30 ] performed a blind study to evaluate 130 women with moderate or severe glabellar
wrinkles, using the standard therapy with 5 injection points (4 IU per point) and
the One21 technique with an individualized and customized approach regarding point
distribution and dosage. They observed that incobotulinumtoxinA effectively reduced
dynamic glabellar lines in all participants. Notably, individualized assessment and
treatment with the One21 technique improved the performance, achieving significantly
higher efficacy rates than the standard 5-point treatment in mild, moderate, and severe
glabellar wrinkles, especially for asymmetrical glabellar lines or involvement of
muscle groups other than the procerus and corrugator.[30 ] In our individualized experience, we have observed that a larger number of distribution
points and smaller amounts of BoNT-A per point can produce more natural results, sustaining
movement but preventing line appearance without losing the time of action of BoNT-A
in the regions. Our patients report satisfactory and long-lasting outcomes four months
after this technique.
Knowledge of the target regional anatomy, followed by a precise injection technique
with adequate dose and injection depth, is essential to improve outcomes and avoid
complications.[30 ] Botulinum toxin type A injection requires a proper understanding of the anatomical
shape and attachment of the facial muscles to guide objective muscle identification,
resulting in a more effective approach. Our team is constantly updated and dedicated
to scientific studies to bring the most modern and effective techniques to improve
our techniques and deliver the best outcomes to our patients.
Our findings reinforce the significance of an individualized assessment with efficient
methodologies to achieve the best outcomes during BoNT-A injection for glabellar wrinkle
treatment. A limitation of our study is the scarce use of technology. The market currently
offers cameras with three-dimensional technology software allowing better image evaluation,
potentially improving the assessment of the relationship and direction of the muscle
force vectors before and after BoNT-A applications. In our next studies, image evaluation
will be more objective.
Conclusion
The required number of BoNT-A units is directly proportional to the strength pattern
and facial wrinkle classification; more BoNT-A units are necessary for strong strength
patterns and deep wrinkles to ensure customer satisfaction with the methodology. Botulinum
toxin type A is an excellent ally in treating wrinkles. In addition, it plays a significant
role in preventing wrinkle evolution from shallow to deep and static and aging.
Bibliographical Record
