Keywords
lymphedema - breast cancer–related lymphedema - indocyanine green - lympho-venous
anastomosis - Indian limb lymphedema scoring system
Introduction
Lymphedema is characterized by excessive accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the
interstitium.[1] Mastectomy/breast-conserving surgery with axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)
is offered as treatment for certain breast cancer patients for improving the survival
rate. But removal of the axillary lymph nodes may also disrupt the lymphatic circulation
of the upper limb, increasing the risk of developing lymphedema.[2]
Symptoms of lymphedema include swelling, heaviness, and tightness of extremities,
along with pain and paresthesia, with increased circumference being a prominent sign.[2]
[3] Lymphedema is debilitating and negatively impacts the quality of life in the physical,
psychological, and social domains.[4]
[5]
[6]
The surgical treatment of limb lymphedema includes radical resections for advanced
stages and newer microsurgical techniques like lympho-venous anastomoses (LVAs), lymph
node to venous anastomoses, vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT), and vascularized
lymph vessel transfer.[7] Experimental and clinical anatomical studies suggested that lymphatics with preserved
contractility should be utilized for LVA to enhance the long-term effect of surgery.[8] Furthermore, lymph pressure and flow measurements showed that lympho-venous shunts
are successful if performed in patients with segmental obstruction of proximal lymphatics,
given good quality of distal lymphatics.[9]
Microsurgical techniques like LVA have shown long-term patency, volume reduction,
and mitigate lymphedema symptoms.
Objectives
The aim of the study is to evaluate following parameters following secondary LVA of
the upper limb post ALND in an Indian setup in a tertiary hospital:
Materials and Methods
We conducted a prospective, nonrandomized, feasibility study at a single institute
(Manipal Hospitals, Old Airport Road, Bangalore). All patients between the ages of
30 and 65 years who met the eligibility criteria and consulted the Department of Plastic
and Reconstructive Surgery between May 2020 and December 2021 were included in the
study. All the patients had prior ALND with radiation therapy. The minimum follow-up
period was about 18 months. Patients were assessed with volumetric analysis at 6,
12, and 18 months following surgery and quality-of-life survey done preoperatively
and at 12 months postoperatively. The results were analyzed by deductive thematic
analysis and paired t-test was used to compare the pre- and postoperative data, satisfaction scoring was
done at 12 months postoperatively, and the qualitative data were analyzed by mean.
The eligibility criteria were the following:
-
Patients aged between 30 and 65 years with breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL)
consenting for LVA.
-
More than 10% difference in volume by volumetry.
-
Stage 2 and early stage 3 lymphedema on Indocyanine green (ICG) study with linear
channels and splash/stardust pattern.
The exclusion criteria were the following:
-
Infective cause of lymphedema.
-
Late stage 3 and 4 lymphedema.
-
Patients undergoing additional VLNT or debulking procedure.
-
Presence of comorbidities that can cause limb edema.
-
Inability to answer the questionnaire.
Diagnosis and Grading
After thorough history-taking and examination of all the patients, volumetry was done
by measuring the limb circumference using a measuring tape, and the volume of the
limb was calculated using a computer-based formula considering the limb as a frustum.
All patients having more than 10% difference in the volume between the two limbs underwent
ICG lymphography by injecting 1 mL of the ICG dye intradermally on three points (second,
fourth web spaces, and medial to palmaris longus tendon) in the upper limb. The dye
is visualized using an infrared camera (750–800 nm) to look for dermal backflow patterns
right after injection and 5, 20, and 60 minutes postinjection, that helped in staging
of lymphedema and the line of management.
In ICG stage 2 (linear channels with splash) and early stage 3 (stardusting) lymphedema,[10] patients were offered class 2 compression garments for 3 months to check for their
compliance, and patients who did not improve were subjected to LVA ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Various patterns of limb lymphedema on indocyanine green (ICG) scan.
Surgical Technique
After a preoperative workup, assessment of anesthesia fitness, and obtaining the patient's
consent, surgery was carried out under local anesthesia (LA)/general anesthesia (GA).
The prerecorded ICG scan was checked, or it was repeated after induction to map the
linear lymphatic channels on the limb followed by injection of 1 mL of methylene blue
on the same points, which helped us to identify the blue stained lymphatics visually
under magnification much easily. At the same time, any visible superficial veins were
also marked. Linear incisions of 3 to 4 cm were made to expose the marked lymphatics
under an operating microscope, which took up the blue dye, and an adjacent superficial
vein was also explored ([Fig. 2]). Depending on the quality of the lymphatic, caliber, and size discrepancy with
the neighbouring vein, anastomosis was carried out in an end-to-end, end-to-side,
or invagination manner using 10–0/11–0 Ethilon sutures ([Fig. 3]). In the cases with multiple small lymphatics, the octopus technique was used for
LVA. We performed an on-table ICG scan after anastomosis to confirm the patency of
the same. Incisions were closed using 5–0 Prolene sutures followed by the application
of a compression dressing and limb elevation in the postoperative period.
Fig. 2 Surgical technique. (A) Injecting indocyanine green (ICG) dye and methylene blue. (B) Marking of linear channels by ICG lymphography and superficial visible veins. (C) Stained lymphatic (methylene blue), explored adjacent vein.
Fig. 3 Types of lympho-venous anastomoses (LVAs). (A) Octopus technique. (B) Two end-to-end anastomosis. (C) Multiple end-to-side anastomosis.
The first dressing was changed on the second/third postoperative day and a short stretch
bandage was used thereafter till suture removal at 10 days. Class 2 compression garment
was given for 6 to 12 months postprocedure.
The patients were followed up with volumetry scans at 6, 12, and 18 months, and patient
satisfaction and quality of life survey was done at 12 months postsurgery.
Data Collection
Data were collected during patients' clinical visits at the outpatient department.
When potential participants met the inclusion criteria, they were given verbal information
about the study and asked to provide written informed consent before participation.
The participants completed the questionnaire given in a private clinical room, and
their limb circumferences were measured. After that, the participants' medical records
were reviewed to obtain their health and medical information.
Statistical Analysis
All continuous variables are represented by an average percentage. The paired t-test was used to evaluate the pre- and postoperative changes.
Questionnaire
We used a questionnaire to assess the quality of life of Indian patients after secondary
LVA after mastectomy/ALND. Lymphedema-related disabilities were identified in two
ways. First, through a review of literature through PubMed, wherein a bibliography
was looked at to search for other relevant articles. Furthermore, 16 patients included
in our study were evaluated in one-on-one interviews regarding their functional and
social status, their disability, and problems they are facing, which they attributed
to limb lymphedema. They were also interviewed regarding their cultural norms and
beliefs. All participants were subjected to the following open-ended questions to
understand their problems and disability better:
-
Which complaints do you have related to lymphedema?
-
Which adverse feelings do you have related to lymphedema?
-
Which activities are difficult or not possible to perform because of your lymphedema?
-
Do you have any other remarks?
-
What are your cultural norms and beliefs?
The data collected included causes of secondary lymphedema (treatment of breast carcinoma,
malignant phyllodes), side of limb affected, duration of lymphedema (in months), and
current medical treatment of lymphedema (manual lymph drainage, layered bandage or
compression garment, exercises, or skin care). Patients' characteristic and demographic
data were collected by reviewing their medical records. Lymphedema was quantified
by volumetry.
Based on the information derived through a review of the literature and interviewing
the study subjects, the Indian limb lymphedema scoring (ILLS) system was devised,
which was specifically developed for the Indian population while keeping their cultural
practices in mind. The questionnaire was proposed in four domains, namely, physical
well-being, mental well-being, social well-being, and activities of daily living with
a total of 10 parameters. Each parameter was scored between 0 and 5 (0 = not at all;
1 = minimal; 2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4 = severe; 5 = very severe), and a total score
was given from 0 to 50.
The questionnaire describes disability, activity restrictions, and social limitations
in the Indian population of upper lymphedema in detail.
All the patients (16/16) completed the follow-up and survey questionnaire, giving
a response rate of 100%.
Results
Between May 2020 and December 2021, 16 consecutive patients with secondary lymphedema
post-ALND were recruited from our department. The patients are followed up for a minimum
period of 18 months postoperatively.
The total number of patients included in the study was 16 ([Table 1]), with an average age of 56.3 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 30.05 kg/m2. The majority of the sample population were married (87.5%) and more than half of
them were employed. In all, 81.25% patients had a primary diagnosis of breast cancer
and 18.75% had malignant phyllodes. The average duration for the presence of lymphedema
was 19.66 ± 4.67 months. The average duration of surgery was 264.37 ± 19.51 minutes.
Table 1
demographics and patient characteristics
|
Characteristics
|
N
|
Percentage/mean
|
|
Age
|
16
|
56.3 ± 5.6 y
|
|
Marital status: married
|
14
|
87.5
|
|
Employment
|
9
|
56
|
|
BMI
|
–
|
30.05 ± 4.89 kg/m2
|
|
Primary diagnosis: breast cancer
|
13
|
81.25
|
|
Malignant phyllodes
|
3
|
18.75
|
|
Duration of lymphedema
|
–
|
19.66 ± 4.67 mo
|
|
Average duration of surgery
|
|
264.37 ± 19.51 min
|
|
No. of anastomosis
|
1–8
|
4.68 ± 2.65
|
The average number of anastomoses was 4.68 ± 2.65. There were nine patients with less
than four anastomosis and seven patients had more than four anastomoses. The mean
volume difference at 12 months post-LVA was 515.3144 ± 284.2007 and 362.7957 ± 201.9709 mL
(t = 1.9972) in each group with a percentage volume reduction of 15.89 and 15.37%. We
did not find any statistically significant difference in volume reductions ([Table 2]) from baseline at 12 months of follow-up between the two groups (p = 0.1250 and 0.4522 for volume and percentage).
Table 2
Relation between the number of anastomosis and volume reductions at 12 months after
lympho-venous anastomosis (LVA)
|
No. of anastomosis
|
Volume difference at 12 mo (mL)
|
Volume difference at 12 mo (%)
|
|
≤4
|
515.3144 ± 284.2007
|
15.89556 ± 7.7262
|
|
5–8
|
362.7957 ± 201.9709
|
15.37143 ± 9.4688
|
|
t = 1.9972
p = 0.1250
|
t = 0.1221
p = 0.4522
|
The average BMI was 30.05 ± 4.89 kg/m2, with nine patients having a BMI of less than 30 kg/m2 and 7 of them had a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2. The mean volume difference at 12 months post-LVA was 485.65 ± 41.108 and 400.88 ± 31.487 mL
(t = 0.6443) with a percentage difference of 8.41 and 15.57%, respectively. We did not
find any statistically significant difference in volume reductions from baseline ([Table 3]) at the 12-month follow-up period between the two groups (p = 0.2648 and 0.2954 for volume and percentage).
Table 3
Relation between BMI and volume reductions at 12 months post-LVA
|
BMI
|
N
|
Volume difference at 12 mo (mL)
|
Volume difference at 12 mo (%)
|
|
< 30 kg/m2
|
9
|
485.65 ± 41.108
|
8.41 ± 5.3438
|
|
> 30 kg/m2
|
7
|
400.88 ± 31.487
|
15.57 ± 1.6263
|
|
|
t = 0.6443
p = 0.2648
|
t = 0.5500
p = 0.2954
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LVA, lympho-venous anastomosis.
The average time duration for the presence of lymphedema was 19.66 ± 4.67 months.
The duration of lymphedema was less than 18 months in 5 patients and more than 18
months in 11 patients. The mean volume difference at 12 months post-LVA was 374.84 ± 150.3
and 482.106 ± 291.994 mL (t = 0.7662), with a percentage volume reduction of 12.47 and 16.42%, respectively.
We did not find any statistically significant difference in volume reductions ([Table 4]) from baseline at the 12-month follow-up period between the two groups (p = 0.2281 and 0.1943 for volume and percentage).
Table 4
Relation between lymphedema duration and volume reductions at 12 months post lympho-venous
anastomosis (LVA)
|
Duration of lymphedema
|
N
|
Volume difference at 12 mo (mL)
|
Volume difference at 12 mo (%)
|
|
< 18 mo
|
5
|
374.84 ± 150.3
|
12.47 ± 5.2327
|
|
> 18 mo
|
11
|
482.106 ± 291.994
|
16.42 ± 9.1555
|
|
|
t = –0.7662
p = 0.2281
|
t = –0.8896
p = 0.1943
|
The efficacy of the procedure was assessed from the results of the volumetric analysis
in volume difference between two limbs and percentage difference.
Efficacy
The preoperative mean relative difference in limb circumference volume([Table 5]) was 804.41 ± 472.01 mL. This was reduced to 471.81 ± 292.216 mL at 6 months of
follow-up (t = –6.6323; p ≤ 0.00001) and 448.58 ± 255.93 mL (t = –5.5295; p = 0.00006) at 12 months of follow-up. At 18 months of follow-up, the mean difference
in limb circumference was 445.25 ± 345.78 mL (t = –6.8957; p ≤ 0.00001). The percentage volume reductions at 6, 12, and 18 months of follow-ups
were 51.29, 54.83, and 55.23%, respectively. The absolute volume reduction of the
affected limb was 2,144.1 ± 244, 1,864.1 ± 209.97, and 1,786.4 ± 208.92 mL at 6, 12,
and 18 months of follow-ups, respectively, from 2,641 ± 422.56 mL preoperatively ([Figs. 4]
[5]
[6]).
Table 5
Efficacy of secondary lympho-venous anastomosis (LVA) based on volumetric analysis
|
Time
|
Relative volume difference (mL)
|
Relative volume difference (%)
|
Absolute volume difference (mL)
|
|
Preoperative
|
804.41 ± 472.01
|
|
32.5 ± 14.2082
|
|
2,641 ± 422.56
|
|
|
Postoperative (6 mo)
|
471.81 ± 292.216
|
t = –6.6323
p ≤ 0.00001
|
15.83 ± 0.087
|
t = –7.2227
p ≤ 0.00001
|
2,144.1 ± 244
|
t = –25.1147
p ≤ 0.00001
|
|
Postoperative (12 mo)
|
448.58 ± 255.93
|
t = –5.5295
p = 0.00006
|
14.68 ± 9.09
|
t = –6.9821
p ≤ 0.00001
|
1,864.1 ± 209.97
|
t = –28.477
p ≤ 0.00001
|
|
Postoperative (18 mo)
|
445.25 ± 345.78
|
t = –6.8957
p ≤ 0.00001
|
14.55 ± 8.06
|
t = –7.5379
p ≤ 0.00001
|
1,786.4 ± 208.92
|
t = –28.8195
p ≤ 0.00001
|
Fig. 4 Preoperative and 12-month postoperative images with volumetric marking at 4 cm below
the cubital crease.
Fig. 5 Preoperative and 12- and 18-month postoperative images with volumetric marking at
4 cm below the cubital crease.
Fig. 6 Preoperative and 12- and 18-month postoperative images with volumetric marking at
4 cm below the cubital crease.
The ILLS system was devised in our institute for the Indian population with lymphedema
to know the quality of life. The scoring system included physical, mental, social
wellness, and activities of daily living modules, which were filled by patients both
pre- and postoperatively ([Table 6]). All patients were able to answer the questionnaire. The average of the scoring
system indicated moderate to very severe problems preoperatively in the pain and heaviness
subunit of the physical module, all subunits of the social module, and the activities
of daily living module. The highest scores of 4.37 and 4.75 were obtained in blouse
sleeve size and bangle size discrepancies, respectively, compared to other categories
preoperatively. Postoperatively, the average scores reported in each of the domains
ranged from minimal to mild problems in terms of severity. An analysis done using
deductive thematic analysis and paired t-test to analyze the preoperative and post operative outcomes showed a statistically
significant reduction in problems in each of the domains individually except patient-reported
sadness and anxiety. The mean total ILLS scores were 31.35 and 13.66 pre- and postoperatively,
respectively, showing statistically significant differences, with a p-value of 0.00023.
Table 6
Indian limb lymphedema scoring system (ILLS) disability, activity restrictions, and
social limitations in the Indian population of the upper and lower limb lymphedema
|
ILLS domains
|
Questions
|
Average pre-op score (0–5)
|
Average post-op score (0–5)
|
t-Value
|
p-Value
|
|
Physical well-being
|
Pain and heaviness
|
4.06
|
1.87
|
–16.0873
|
< 0.00001
|
|
Tightness/skin changes
|
1.62
|
1.13
|
–3.1622
|
0.0064
|
|
Incidence of lymphangitis
|
2.81
|
1.37
|
–7.0643
|
< 0.00001
|
|
Activities of daily living
|
Household activities
|
3.75
|
1.06
|
–13.5526
|
< 0.00001
|
|
Dependency on family
|
3.50
|
1.37
|
–6.7551
|
< 0.00001
|
|
Mental well-being
|
Lack of self-confidence
|
1.92
|
0.95
|
–4.8692
|
0.0002
|
|
Sad/anxious
|
1.25
|
1.18
|
–1
|
0.33
|
|
Social well-being
|
Do your job
|
3.37
|
1.31
|
–10.6878
|
< 0.00001
|
|
Blouse sleeve size discrepancy
|
4.37
|
1.81
|
–14.0905
|
< 0.00001
|
|
Bangles size discrepancy
|
4.75
|
2.37
|
–10.7337
|
< 0.00001
|
|
Total score
|
|
31.35
|
13.66
|
–5.8985
|
0.00023
|
Note: 0 = not at all; 1 = minimal; 2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4 = severe; 5 = very severe.
Satisfaction Module
In general, among various subunits of the satisfaction module ([Table 7]), patients reported almost similar satisfaction in all modules analyzed by the mean
outcomes, which were included within two standard deviations. Their satisfaction with
information provided to them regarding the surgery and postoperative care was the
highest.
Table 7
Satisfaction scoring
|
Characteristic
|
Score (0–10)
|
Standard deviation
|
|
Satisfaction with limb (postoperative outcome)
|
7.18
|
1.17
|
|
Satisfaction with scar
|
7.12
|
1.54
|
|
Satisfaction with surgeon
|
8.13
|
1.02
|
|
Satisfaction with information
|
8.75
|
0.44
|
|
Satisfaction with medical staff
|
7.93
|
0.77
|
|
Satisfaction with other staff
|
7.43
|
1.03
|
Discussion
This study includes efficacy, patient satisfaction, and quality of life of patients
undergoing secondary LVA after oncological resection in 16 patients.
Microsurgery techniques allow us to create a shunt for lymphatic flow, which is obstructed
following lymph node dissection and radiation, into the venous circulation and help
in decompression of the limb.
The participants in this study (n = 16) had many features representative of the base population but underwent lymph
node clearance and radiotherapy, which is a predisposing factor for lymphedema.
The maximal percentage volume reduction noted in our study was at 12 months of follow-up
volumetry, which was 54.83% (p ≤ 0.00001). The results were comparable to those of Campisi et al who observed over
75% edema reduction in 73% (n = 616) patients and over 50% volume reductions in 24% (n = 202) of patients. In this study, secondary LVA has proven to be beneficial, especially
in early stages in which LVA (by reestablishing preferential lymphatic drainage pathways
in the affected limb) provides very good results, and even near complete healing.[11] Similarly, a study by van Cruchten and Nieuborg in 1995 (n = 1,400) showed percentage volume reductions in limbs as 81, 69, 57, and 31% in stages
1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.[12] The results in our study are superior when compared to the study conducted by Damstra
et al in 2008 on 10 patients with lymphedema, which showed only 16 and 9% volume difference
in the limbs at 3 and 12 months of follow-up after secondary LVA.[13]
The mean total ILLS scores were 31.35 and 13.66 pre- and postoperatively, respectively,
showing statistically significant differences (p = 0.00023). The average score for pain and heaviness preoperatively was the highest
in the physical domain with subsequent improvement in the postoperative period (p ≤ 0.00001). There was a substantial improvement in activities of daily living after
secondary LVA with p ≤ 0.00001. Improvement was noted in the confidence level of patients with limb lymphedema
(p = 0.0002), but the sad/anxious mood of the patients failed to improve after surgery
(p = 0.33), which may indicate cultural stigma and beliefs. The highest social well-being
scores were recorded in discrepancies of blouse sleeve size and bangle size, with
subsequent improvement in both parameters following surgery (p ≤ 0.00001). However, none of the parameters showed complete remission, which suggests
involvement of other factors like hypertrophied soft tissue and lack of adherence
to other supportive measures like compression and limb elevation.
The approach to evaluate the quality of life in our study focused on the serious impact
that lymphedema can have on the patient's life in India.
Treatment is usually aimed at reducing the size and volume of the limb and edema reduction
is measured to assess the outcome of treatment. The findings from this study suggest
that for most women, treatment should be aimed at decreasing pain, activity limitations,
and participation restrictions, and the success of treatment should be measured by
the women's ability to participate in various activities.[14]
There are several limitations of our study. First, the screening questionnaire we
employed for this study had not yet undergone validity testing, even though the items'
substance was derived from the questionnaires used in other studies. The study's statistics
provide early support for the reliability of this screening questionnaire. Second,
a larger sample size with a longer follow-up period and randomization would provide
further information about treatment outcome.
Conclusion
LVA significantly improves the quality of life of the patients and has been shown
to reduce limb circumference discrepancies to a great extent, stabilizing at 18 months
of follow-up. In addition, the number of anastomoses, the patient's BMI, and lymphedema
duration did not affect volume reduction or quality of life. The quality of life questionnaire
devised for the Indian population that gives the ILLS score has completed phase 1
of the trial and is currently undergoing phase 2 of development.
