Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Der Wunsch von Patienten nach Aufklärung wird von den Ärzten westlicher Länder weitgehend
anerkannt. Kurse zur Vorbereitung auf diese schwierige Aufgabe sind vor allem im angloamerikanischen
Raum Bestandteil der medizinischen Ausbildung. Die Übersichtsarbeit referiert und
diskutiert die bisherigen Evaluationsergebnisse. Methoden: Die Literatursuche erfolgte mit Hilfe der Datenbank PUBMED unter Verwendung der Stichworte
„breaking bad news” und „bad news”. Berücksichtigt wurden zwischen 1. 1. 1960 bis
31. 12. 2000 publizierte Artikel, die empirische Daten eigener Kursevaluationen enthalten.
Ergebnisse: Alle 16 analysierten Kurse verwenden praktische Unterrichtsmethoden zur Bearbeitung
des Themas. Die Evaluation der Kursmethoden und der Selbsteinschätzung kommunikativer
Fähigkeiten ist mehrheitlich positiv. Gespräche mit Simulationspatienten zeigen Veränderungen
der Gesprächsführung nach dem Kommunikationstraining. Schlussfolgerungen: Bei den Teilnehmern besteht eine hohe Akzeptanz bezüglich der Methoden und Inhalte
von Kursen zum Thema „schlechte Nachrichten mitteilen”. Die Erarbeitung theoretisch
und empirisch begründeter Empfehlungen für die Durchführung von Diagnosegesprächen
ist Aufgabe zukünftiger Studien. Forschungsbedarf besteht weiterhin bei der Auswirkung
von Kommunikationstraining auf die Krankheitsbewältigung von Patienten in der Praxis.
Abstract
Background: Patients rights regarding information about their illness are accepted by the vast
majority of doctors in the western world. Breaking bad news have become a part of
medical education. This review summarizes and discusses the finding of studies containing
empirical data of course evaluations. Methods: Sources were obtained through PUBMED using „breaking bad news” and „bad news” as
key words. Relevant to this paper are studies which were published between 1. 1. 1960
- 31. 12. 2000 and include empirical data of evaluations of breaking bad news courses.
Results: All 16 studies use practical methods as the main course methods. Positive results
regarding the evaluation of methods, content and self perception of own communication
skills are reported by the majority of the studies. Eight studies using simulated
patients report improved communication skills. Conclusions: Breaking bad news courses are rated very positive and do have an effect on the communication
skills of the participants. However, there is a need of empirical and theoretical
work regarding the most effective strategies. Further studies should be carried out
to evaluate the effects of communication skills training regarding the health and
adjustment of patients.
Schlüsselwörter
Diagnosegespräch - Kommunikation - schlechte Nachrichten - medizinische Ausbildung
Key words
Communication skills - Breaking bad news - Medical education
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Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Jochen Vollmann
Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin · Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Glückstraße 10
91054 Erlangen
Email: jochen.vollmann@gesch.med.uni-erlangen.de