Keywords:
Medication-overuse - headache - migraine - treatment
Palavras-chave:
Cefaleia por uso excessivo de medicamentos - enxaqueca - migrânea - tratamento
Medication-overuse headache is a prevalent, disabling disorder among headache sufferers
seeking treatment in neurological clinics[1],[2]. Although it occurs in less than 3% of the population, medication-overuse headache
may represent most of the headache patients from tertiary centers[1],[2]. It is a subset of daily or near-daily headache occurring from or during the overuse
of symptomatic medications, especially in patients with migraine or chronic migraine
as their primary headache[2],[3],[4]. Despite the troublesome burden to the sufferers and the recent knowledge about
possible mechanisms of its pathophysiology, very little evidence is available regarding
treatment strategies, the real need for initiating preventive medications and whether
combining drugs is better than approaches with monotherapy for the prevention of headache[5],[6],[7],[8]. However, there are few facts where there is consensus among specialists. The use
of drugs other than barbiturates, opioids and benzodiazepines, as well as the absence
of psychiatric comorbidities, are considered favorable treatment outcomes when combined
with the withdrawal of overused medications and a multidisciplinary treatment approach[5],[7],[8].
Although medication-overuse headaches still have unknown underlying mechanisms, there
is recent evidence of functional and structural abnormalities in specific brain areas
that could identify and even predict those who will or will not respond to the treatment[9],[10],[11],[12]. In addition, some studies have identified patients who are more prone to respond
to withdrawal of offending medications[9],[12]. With regard to strategies of treatment, recent available evidence emphasizes that
outpatient detoxification may be sufficient for a successful withdrawal and for a
resulting pattern of decreased consumption of overused medications[7],[8],[13]. Despite that, it is unwise to count on advice only to achieve a sustained response
without initiating prevention with one or more pharmacological agents[8],[13].
In this study, we aimed to compare and discuss the use of one or two, three, or four
pharmacological agents for migraine prevention and medication-overuse headache in
previous episodic or chronic migraineurs. It was not our intention to establish which
specific combinations were better, but to evaluate the possibility that three or four
drugs were more effective than one or two medications.
METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis comparing the preventive treatment strategies carried
out in 149 consecutive patients, from a tertiary center, with medication-overuse headache
according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3 beta)[14], who were evaluated between January and December 2014. The participants were consecutive
patients seeking help at the premises and were not recruited to take part in a specific
study. The complete study has already been published[13], but no comparisons regarding prevention schemes or medications were performed until
now.
The inclusion criteria were: 15 or more headache days per month for at least six months;
18-60 years of age; and a primary headache diagnosis of migraine or chronic migraine.
The exclusion criteria were: inability to report clearly the baseline headache frequency;
psychiatric comorbidities other than anxiety or depression; refusal to take part and
sign the informed consent; and having used any preventive drug during the previous
two months. Overuse of symptomatic medications was defined according to the ICHD-3
beta criteria[14].
All patients were evaluated in long, initial consultations (mean time 1:10 hours),
received extensive explanations regarding the diagnosis of migraine/chronic migraine
and medication-overuse, were asked to fill out a detailed headache diary handed to
them during the first consultation, and received in-depth written material regarding
treatment strategies to be carried out from that day on. Returning consultations were
scheduled for two, four and eight months later.
The sudden withdrawal of overused medications, the use of prednisone as a bridge medication
during the first five or seven days for some patients, and the initiation of pharmacological
headache prevention with one or more drugs were carried out with all patients. Adherence
to the regimen and a decrease in headache frequency of more than 50% were compared
at the second return visit (after four months), between the patients who received
a prescription of one or two drugs, three drugs, or four drugs for prevention of headache.
The medications were initiated immediately after withdrawal and were chosen based
on the expertise of the treating physician, who prescribed the medication regimen
based on the patient's characteristics, such as previous use of preventive agents,
tolerability profile with drugs used in the past, physical features of patients (e.g.,
body weight) and even personal experience with drug combinations. As the patients
were real-world patients and not subjects recruited to participate in the study, evidence-based
strategies were not the primary driver for choosing the treatments. Therefore, the
reasons why the treating physician chose a specific medication or group of medications
was based on personal experience, degree of symptomatic medication overuse, history
of previous use of medications and the patient's characteristics.
The comparison between different medications or group of medications prescribed as
prevention strategies was not the objective of the original prospective study, which
aimed at treating the patients as an entire population of medication-overuse headache
sufferers and analyzing their evolution after specific time points (two, four and
eight months). In this subsequent study, we retrospectively analyzed what was used
for prevention and compared the subgroups of patients who simultaneously took one
or two medications, three medications, and four pharmacological agents for prevention.
Due to operational reasons, the patients’ evolution at two months or at eight months
after withdrawing and initiating the different preventive schemes were not compared
with regard to headache frequency reduction and adherence between the different groups.
However, analyzing outcomes after eight months would have been interesting to demonstrate
the possible advantages in efficacy or the disadvantages in tolerability that one
could expect when using more pharmacological agents.
The study was approved by an ethics committee and all patients signed a written informed
consent (CAAE 0209.0.172.000-09). The patients were regular patients from a 30-year-old
private headache center with more than 26,000 evaluated patients.
The statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson's chi-squared test. The level
of significance was estimated when p ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS
The main characteristics of the study population are described in [Table 1]. Of the 168 consecutive patients (31 men and 137 women) who met the inclusion criteria
at the Headache Center of Rio de Janeiro, 19 were excluded. Eight (4.8%) patients
were found to have personality disorders, seven (4.2%) patients declined to sign the
informed consent and four (2.4%) patients had used preventive medications during the
previous 60 days. There were 149 patients (20 men and 129 women), aged between 18-60
years (mean 37.5 years) included in the study. All had migraine (with aura, without
aura, both forms of migraine or chronic migraine) with medication overuse. The diagnosis
of the primary headache was made based on a thorough history prior to the overuse
of acute medications and not on the features presented during the initial visit when
the patients were included in the study and educated about the headache.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the 149 patients included in the study.
|
N
|
168
|
|
Patients included
|
149
|
|
Age in years (mean ± SD)
|
37.5 ± 9
|
|
Sex (male / female)
|
20 (13%) / 129 (87%)
|
|
Duration of headache in years (mean ± SD)
|
20.8 ± 11.7
|
|
Duration of headache > 15 days/month in years (mean)
|
0.5-32 (mean 4.8)
|
|
Days of headache/month
|
24.8 ± 5.9
|
|
Days of symptomatic medication overuse/month
|
22.6 ± 6.4
|
|
Mean years of symptomatic medication overuse
|
4.5 ± 5.3
|
|
Diagnosis of primary headache
|
|
Migraine without aura
|
131
|
|
Migraine with and without aura
|
15
|
|
Chronic migraine
|
3
|
The mean baseline frequency described by the patients was 24.8 headache days/month,
the average headache history was 20.6 years (1-37 years) and the mean duration of
having a headache on ≥ 15 days/month was 4.8 years (0.5-32 years). All patients were
overusing symptomatic medications, but 59 (39.6%) were overusing more than one pharmacological
class simultaneously. No patients were overusing barbiturates or opioids. Twelve (8%)
patients were using benzodiazepines less than eight days per month, while three patients
were overusing these. The pharmacological classes of medications overused by the patients
are presented in [Table 2].
Table 2
Pharmacological classes overused by the study patients.
|
Variable
|
N (%)
|
Days/month overuse
|
|
Combination analgesics + caffeine
|
65 (43.6)
|
22.5
|
|
Simple analgesics
|
20 (13.4)
|
26
|
|
Triptans
|
65 (43.6)
|
24
|
|
Combination analgesics + triptans
|
19 (12.7)
|
17.5
|
|
Combination analgesics + ergots
|
17 (11.4)
|
23.2
|
|
Combination analgesics + triptans + ergots
|
8 (5.4)
|
18.7
|
|
Benzodiazepines
|
3 (2)
|
9.5
|
|
More than one pharmacological class of medication
|
59 (39.5)
|
|
An outpatient, abrupt withdrawal from overused medications was successfully carried
out with all patients. The patients received different preventive treatment regimens
starting on the sixth or eighth day. Additionally, they received the combination of
a triptan plus an NSAID for the acute attacks, to be used in a maximum intake frequency
of two days/week, which was clearly explained ([Tables 3] and [4]).
Table 3
Bridge medications and acute treatments.
|
Treatments prescribed
|
N
|
%
|
|
Detoxification bridge
|
|
Prednisone 7 days (60mg 3 days, 40mg 3 days, 20mg 1 day)
|
44
|
29.0
|
|
Prednisone 5 days (60mg 3 days, 40mg 2 days)
|
57
|
38.7
|
|
No Prednisone
|
48
|
32.3
|
|
Acute treatment
|
|
Rizatriptan 10mg + sodium naproxen 550mg
|
32
|
23.0
|
|
Rizatriptan 10mg + sodium diclofenac 50mg
|
42
|
28.0
|
|
Rizatriptan 10mg + nimesulide 200mg
|
19
|
13.0
|
|
Rizatriptan 10mg + lysine clonixinate 250mg
|
9
|
6.0
|
|
Zolmitriptan 2.5mg + sodium naproxen 550mg
|
29
|
17.0
|
|
Zolmitriptan 2.5mg + sodium diclofenac 50mg
|
18
|
13.0
|
Table 4
Preventive medications prescribed to the patients.
|
Preventive treatment choices
|
n = 149
|
Dose range
|
|
Sodium divalproate
|
12
|
500-750 mg
|
|
Nortriptyline + topiramate
|
14
|
20-30 mg + 100-150 mg
|
|
Topiramate + sodium divalproate
|
8
|
100-150 mg + 500 mg
|
|
Nortriptyline + tizanidine*
|
10
|
20 mg + 8-12 mg
|
|
Nortriptyline + tizanidine + flunarizine*
|
46
|
20 mg + 8-12 mg + 2-3 mg
|
|
Sodium divalproate + (nortriptyline + tizanidine)*
|
16
|
500 mg + 20 mg + 8-12 mg
|
|
Sodium divalproate + nortriptyline
|
4
|
500 mg + 20 mg
|
|
Sodium divalproate + candesartan
|
4
|
500 mg + 8-16 mg
|
|
(Nortriptyline + tizanidine + flunarizine + pizotifen)*
|
14
|
20 mg + 8-12 mg + 2 mg + 0.8-1.2 mg
|
|
Topiramate + (nortriptyline + tizanidine + flunarizine)*
|
18
|
100-150 mg + 20 mg + 8-12 mg + 2 mg
|
|
Topiramate + (nortriptyline + tizanidine)*
|
2
|
100-150 mg + 20 mg + 8-12 mg
|
|
Topiramate + candesartan
|
1
|
100-150 mg + 8-16 mg
|
|
Prescription strategy
|
n
|
Headache frequency reduction > 50% p-value
|
|
One or two drugs
|
23
|
54.8% 0.09 (2-d vs 3 and 4-d)
|
|
Three drugs
|
33
|
70% 0.13 (2-d vs 3-d)
|
|
Four drugs
|
11
|
55% 0.98 (2-d vs 4-d)
|
*compounded in the same capsule (posology = once a day)
One hundred one patients (67.8%) received prednisone during the first five or seven
days as a bridge medication. No outcome differences were found regarding adherence
between those who received the steroids and those who did not, as well as between
the patients who received prednisone on five or seven days (p = 0.3032, five days vs no prednisone; p = 0.639, seven days vs no prednisone).
Regarding adherence among those who received one or two, three, or four preventive
medications, no differences were encountered (p > 0.6). After four months, 40 patients
were lost to follow up (30 at two months and 10 more after four months). The average
headache frequency was, respectively, 7.6 (among those patients who returned after
4 months) and 11.2 (considering all patients who were initially included) headache
days per month.
At four months, among the 109 patients remaining under treatment, 42 patients (38.5%
of all patients still under treatment and 66.7% of those who received up to two medications)
were taking one or two medications for prevention, 47 (43% of all patients still under
treatment and 73% of those who received three medications) were taking three pharmacological
agents for prevention and 20 (18.3% of all patients still under treatment and 62%
of those who received four medications) were using four agents for preventing headache
attacks.
With regard to headache frequency reduction, respectively, 23 (54.8%) of the one-to-two-drug
takers, 33 (70%) of the three-drug takers and 11 (55%) of the four-drug takers had
a greater than 50% headache frequency reduction. The comparisons between the one-to-two-drug
takers with the three-drug takers and with the four-drug takers were not significant
(respectively, p = 0.13 and p = 0.98). However, there was a tendency toward significance
when a comparison was made between the group of one-to-two-drug takers versus the
three-drug takers and the four-drug takers together (p = 0.09). It is possible that
a greater number of patients taking one to two drugs compared with more patients taking
three drugs, or four drugs may have revealed the superiority of using more than two
drugs for the treatment of medication-overuse headache ([Table 4]).
DISCUSSION
This was a retrospective comparison between three different strategies of prevention
for medication-overuse headache patients who started treatment after interrupting
their overuse of symptomatic medications. The study has many methodological flaws,
but it was performed with real-world patients attending a tertiary referral center,
which may have powered the results. However, relying on a patient's information to
record baseline headache frequency and the choice for specific treatment regimens
based on the treating physician expertise limits the conclusions from the observed
results. In addition, as well known, open retrospective studies with medications are
definitively not sufficient for a treatment paradigm change[15],[16].
Moreover, there is not yet consensus on the need for initiating prevention after withdrawal.
Grande et al.[17] presented a series of patients who were simply given information on the role of
medication-overuse in the development of headache on more than 15 days per month.
In a specific population of patients from a Norwegian University hospital, 92% of
the sufferers had chronic tension-type headache and 53% had migraine co-occurrence.
Most reduced the pattern to episodic headache after 1.5 years with decreasing consumption
of symptomatic headache medication from 22 to six days per month[17]. Tassorelli et al.[8] also studied medication-overuse headache patients and carried out a similar strategy
of treatment to ours. However, in their sample of 376 medication-overuse headache
patients, 17.1% did not take preventive agents[8].
On the other hand, Munksgaard et al.[18] reported that combining detoxification, advice and prevention is an effective strategy
to obtain treatment adherence and reduction of headache frequency to episodic headache
but, as with our patients from the present study, there was not a preponderance of
opioid and barbiturates overusers[18].
However, one might argue why two, three, or even four drugs were used when monotherapy
is suggested in the text books[19],[20]. This may be a correct protocol but, among specialists practicing in tertiary centers,
combination is the rule[21]. Additionally, migraine is a complex disease involving different neurotransmitter
systems and a rational combination of medications acting on different receptors and
sites seems to be a plausible approach[22].
The few available studies on combination therapies for migraine have not proven the
advantage of using two or more pharmacological agents[23]. However, performing such studies depends on pharmaceutical company financial support
and reduction of drugs is not the usual desired outcome in the industry.
In addition, data on the experiences of numerous headache specialists just corroborate
the common approach of combining drugs in clinical practice[24],[25],[26]. It is true that using more drugs may impair adherence or tolerability, despite
recent evidence to the contrary[27]. This was not the case with our results, which did not show differences in adherence
or in the occurrence of side effects among groups, although tolerability was not compared
between the patients taking more or less medications.
It is worthwhile to mention that this study does not suggest the use of combinations
in all patients. In fact, as suggested by the available literature, monotherapy should
be the recommended approach, especially in primary care, or in patients who have not
used preventive medications in the past[7],[19],[20]. In addition, combining drugs requires a deeper knowledge of the usual medications,
which may not be the case in all treating professionals, especially those from other
medical specialties.
We were not able to demonstrate the clear superiority of a specific number of drugs
compared to one or two medications, but this raises the discussion that medications
acting in different sites simultaneously may result in a broader modulation and, therefore,
better outcome parameters. Moreover, migraine preventive agents can be used effectively
even in lower doses than their primary use for other pathological conditions, which
counteracts higher toxicity[19],[20],[24],[26]. Prospective controlled studies comparing monotherapy with a rational combination
of drugs in real-world settings and bigger patient populations are warranted.
