Keywords
inverted papilloma - paranasal sinuses - paranasal sinus diseases
Palavras-chave
papiloma invertido - seios paranasais - doenças dos seios paranasais
Introduction
Sinonasal papilloma is a benign tumor originating from the epithelium schneiderian
lateral nasal wall. Its incidence is rare and according to literature a4 accounts
for 0.5% of all nasal tumors. Em1991, the World Health Organization published a classification
of nasal papillomas that fall into three pathological types: inverted papilloma, exophytic
papilloma (or waffle) and columnar cell papilloma or cylindrical[1]. Inverted papilloma is the most common of these, about 70% of cases.
The pathogenesis remains unclear despite the suspicions of factors such as allergies,
chronic infections, environmental factors and exposure to tobacco. The possibility
viral caused by HPV (Human Papillomavirus) has been reported by some authors, but
the results remain inconclusive[2].
Despite its benign histological factors, this tumor is known to be aggressive with
local bone erosion and paranasal extension. Has a high risk of recurrence and malignant
transformation of its index ranges from 0% a 9[3]
[4].
The conduct for sinonasal papilloma remains controversial. The external access via
lateral rhinotomy, described by Moure in 1902, is considered the gold standard for treatment. With the recent improvements
in endoscopic techniques, endonasal resection has been cited by several authors as
a surgical alternative, due to its equivalent success rate and less morbidity than
external access[5]
[6].
The aim of this study was to report our institution's experience in the treatment
of sinonasal inverted papilloma using endoscopic approach and compare the results
with the literature.
Method
Was carried out a review of records of all patients diagnosed with sinonasal papilloma
treated at the Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Bahia
(UFBA), from January 2004 to May 2010. The follow up ranged from 12 months to 5 years.
To increase the reliability of this study, all data were collected by the same author.
Patients with endoscopic evidence of unilateral nasal tumor, histological diagnosis
of sinonasal papilloma (surgical) resection of the tumor by endoscopic sinus surgery
and outpatient minimum of 12 months postoperative.
Being excluded patients aged less than 18 years, history of prior sinus surgery, CT
scan with signs suggestive of associated malignancy (bone destruction with invasion
of adjacent structures such as the CNS and the orbit).
Was evaluated in this study, the patient's sex, origin of the lesion, side of tumor,
presence of recurrence, an association of malignancy and treatment.
All patients were classified according to the criteria proposed by Krouse
[7] for sinonasal papilloma ([Table 1]).
Table 1.
Krouse classification.
|
T1 Tumor limited only to the nasal cavity
|
|
T2 Tumor limited to the ethmoid sinus and medial and superior maxillary sinus
|
|
T3 Tumor involving the lateral or inferior portions of the jaw or frontal or sphenoid
|
|
T4 Tumor beyond the confines of the nose and paranasal sinuses or malignant disease
|
The treatment was always surgical, aiming at complete removal of the mass and the
periosteum in the region of insertion of the tumor. All patients were advised of the
possibility of using an external access Deputy depending on the severity and location
of injury.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Bahia
(UFBA).
Results
This study included 12 patients with histological diagnosis of inverted papilloma.
The prevalence of male ratio of 2:1 ([Figure 1]) and the mean age of patients was 51.25 years (range A73 de29 years). The incidence
on the left side was 66.6% of cases (8 patients) and right side, 33.3% (4 cases).
The postoperative follow-up ranged shape12 A60-month average of 23 months.The most
common site of origin of the injury was the maxillary sinus in 6 cases representing
50% of the total ([Table 2]).
Table 2.
Site of origin of nasal injury.
|
Source of injury
|
Patient Number
|
%
|
|
Maxillary sinus
|
6
|
50%
|
|
Lateral nasal wall
|
2
|
16.4%
|
|
Ethmoid sinus
|
1
|
8.4%
|
|
Higher ladle
|
1
|
8.4%
|
|
Inferior ladle
|
1
|
8.4%
|
|
Roof of the nasal cavity
|
1
|
8.4%
|
Figure 1. Patient gender.
Considering the preoperative computed tomography, and based on the classification
proposed by Krouse, the T1 group contained four patients (33.4%), group T2, five patients
(41.6%) and T3 group, 3 patients (25%). There was no patient be in group T4 ([Figure 2]).
Figure 2. Staging of the tumor.
Only one case of recurrence (8.3%), which is 12 months after surgery. There was no
malignant transformation in multiple sclerosis patients.
Discussion
The incidence of sinonasal papilloma is higher in males and usually occurs between
the 5th and 6th decades of life[8], a fact confirmed in our study. The literature states that the tumor is usually
unilateral, as in this study, and no preponderance for left or right side.
The staging system proposed by Krouse
[7] is commonly used because it correlates the prognosis of sinonasal papilloma with
its difficulty of treatment. This rating in turn is limited to the fact that overrides
the presence of malignant transformation of tumor extension. The preoperative evaluation
of the extent and location of tumor is extremely important for proper planning of
surgical access to be chosen. This evaluation usually consists of endoscopic examinations
and imaging. The endoscopy allows the examiner to show the location of the lesion
and the presence of other pathologies such as polyps and sinusitis. A CT scan should
always be investigated, because it assesses well the anatomy and adjacent bone erosion[10]. However, it may overestimate the extent of disease due to lack of differentiation
between tumor and inflammatory areas or retained secretions. MRI can make this differentiation,
but has high cost and does not differentiate papilloma malignant tumor. In this series
of 12 patients were combined endoscopy and computed tomography.
The main goal of treatment is complete surgical removal of the lesion on direct visual
control with minimal morbidity. The endoscopic surgery through was initially used
for treatment of minor injuries, however, with advancing technology, the criteria
for its use are expanding. Several authors have advocated treatment by endoscopic
approach in recent literature and have reached recurrence rates comparable to treatment
via external access. Busquets and Hwang
[11] performed a meta-analysis to compare recurrence rates in patients treated via endoscopic
or external access. The cohort group consisted of 1060 patients, of whom 714 were
treated endoscopically and 346 via non-endoscopy. The authors found a lower recurrence
rate (12%) in the first group compared to the second group (19%).
Lawson et al in an analysis of 40 cases, found a recurrence of 5.8% in 17 patients treated
with pure endoscopic access and 17% in 23 patients treated with combined access[14].
Mortuaire et al found a recurrence of 15.8% in patients who underwent external access, 17.6%
for the purely endoscopic and 8.3% with combined access.
In our study, the recurrence rate in patients treated via a purely endoscopic access
was equivalent to current publications. In our experience this success rate is due
to the care team to achieve visualization and complete resection of the tumor and
insertion of the periosteum. In our series only one patient had a relapse, which occurred
after twelve months, and in this location than the original. The same was submitted
to a new endoscopic surgical procedure and is more than two years without any warning
signs of relapse. In literature we can find cases of recurrence with up to 56 months[12] which demonstrates the importance of a prolonged endoscopic follow up after surgery
for a diagnosis and early intervention of relapses.
A great debate is still on the choice of adequate access to treatment for each type
of sinonasal papilloma. There is no consensus among the authors who set exact values
for choice of surgical approach. What is observed in the studies is a tendency for
endoscopic early stages of Krouse and access combined in more advanced stages or in recurrences. Should be taken into
account the clinical and radiographic pre-operative and surgeon experience. As an
example, lesions confined to the nasal cavity are predominantly treated by endoscopic
approach, however, stretches the sinus sometimes need combined procedures such as
Caldwell Luc, rhinotomy lateral mid-facial degloving, osteoplastic flap and others.
Several advantages have been reported when comparing the technique with purely endoscopic
techniques for external access. Among these advantages we can mention: less surgical
time, less bleeding, shorter hospital stay, no scarring, preservation of anatomical
structures, etc.[13].
The rate of malignant transformation in the literature varies from 0% a9 and is consistent
with our results.
Conclusion
The treatment of inverted papilloma has been largely benefited from the advances in
endoscopic techniques, with recurrence rates equivalent to those reported for external
access. Imaging exams are essential in preoperative planning and decision-making technique.
The key to the success of this treatment is the meticulous identification and removal
of the lesion on his site from external access inserção. Um combined, however, is
necessary depending on the extent of lesion, its insertion site and in cases of malignant
transformation. A regular follow-up and long term is essential for a good monitoring
developments.
