Impact of preventive care orientation on caries status among preschool children

Key words:

Early childhood caries - health education - preschool

INTRODUCTION

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious health problem and one of the most common types of dental caries affecting infants and toddlers with a prevalence ranging from 34% to 56% in children aged 2–3 years.[1] [2] ECC is defined as the presence of one or more decayed lesions (cavitated or not), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 36 months of age or younger. When a 3‑year‑old child has a decayed, missing, filled teeth index (dmft) score of 4 or more, then the case is defined as severe ECC. The consequences of ECC are not only confined to damaging primary teeth, but they also may lead to more widespread health issues where affected children with ECC may grow at a lower rate than caries‑free infants. Furthermore, it was reported that ECC is associated with underweight and disinclination to eating.[3]

Like other types of dental caries, ECC has a multifactorial nature of etiology. The etiological factors include the use of baby bottles and/or breasts as pacifiers, frequent and prolonged exposure of primary teeth to fermentable sugars and beverages, the physiologic behavior of ECC microflora, age of the child, environmental factors, and awareness of the child’s caregivers.[4]

Oral health surveys are important tools to obtain information about the prevalence, extent, and the forementioned causative factors of ECC. This is very essential to develop successful policies and programs in preventing and managing ECC. The most commonly used criteria for surveying dental caries are the criteria set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The advantage of WHO criterion includes ease of mastering, its practicality, the high level of agreement among examiners, and the possibility of comparing the results of different populations worldwide.[5] For effective strategic planning of caries prevention programs, it is important to understand the social value that caregivers and communities ascribe to primary teeth.[6] This understanding may help in identifying at‑risk children who deserve to be targeted by preventive oral health programs.

The aim of this work is to study the impact of preventive care orientation given to caregivers of child daycare centers on their knowledge and on the prevalence of ECC among preschool children using WHO criteria for assessment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of twenty child daycare centers in Emirate of Sharjah were surveyed through University of Sharjah Outreach Program. Ten centers were public, i.e., government sponsored, and ten were private. All public daycares in the Emirates of Sharjah are registered and run by the Ministry of Education, United Arab Emirates (UAE) while all private daycares are registered and licensed by the Ministry of Education, Government of Sharjah, UAE, and they are authorized to function under private administration following Sharjah government supervision. The twenty centers provided a pool f 449 children who were invited to participate. The study was conducted on 435 children after excluding children who did not return consent forms and those who lacked cooperative behavior, accordingly, 216 children belonged to public daycare centers while 219 were attending private centers participated in the study.

The data were collected during routine outreach program of the University of Sharjah. Information sheets were sent before these visits to the daycare facilities (public and private daycares). Consent for screening was obtained from the parents of every participating child. Reference UoSId‑10725.

The staff (caregivers) attending the centers were interviewed where a thorough explanation of the aim and nature of the work was provided. That was followed by questionnaires targeting detailed information about each child’s dietary habits, oral hygiene habits, frequency of dental visits, and socioeconomic status. The preventive care awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of the caregivers were also assessed.

One investigator carried out the intraoral examination on all children using the WHO criteria mentioned in oral health surveys: Basic methods 2013.[7] The tools for examination were limited to disposable mirrors and torches of light on ordinary chairs. No radiographic examination was carried out due to lack of radiation safety setup in the centers.

Intrainvestigator calibration was attempted using Cohen’s Kappa coefficients where 10% of the sample was selected for reexamination. The sample data were analyzed using t‑tests and one‑way ANOVA to assess the statistical significance of the differences in dmft score found between groups. The child’s dmft score as dependent and all independent variables were entered into model. Variables with no statistical significance were removed using backward stepwise procedure. The final model contains only those variables with statistical significance. The statistical significance was set at 0.05 for all tests.

RESULTS

A total of 449 children were invited to participate for dental screening; in three cases (one from public and 2 from private daycare), the consent forms were not returned, and eleven uncooperative children (3 from public and 8 from private daycare) were excluded from the study. Of n = 435 children screened from 10 public and 10 private daycare centers, n = 216, children were attending public daycare centers located in urban and rural areas and n = 219 were attending private daycare centers in urban areas of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. For diagnosis of dental status, the value of Kappa statistic was 0.94. The mean age of the screened children was 1.2 ± 3.6 years. Approximately, over half (n = 238, 55%) of them were boys. They found no statistically significant difference between the mean dmft score of the boys and of girls enrolled either in private or public daycare centers.

The proportion of children with mean dmft = 0 was only 23% in private daycare versus 78% observed in public daycares of urban and rural areas. Untreated dental decay contributed over 55% of the mean dmft score of children in private daycare. The mean number of filled (ft) deciduous teeth contributes 3.6 ± 4.2 in children attending private daycares in urban areas. Children of different nationalities (residents) enrolled in private daycares had a higher mean dmft score than that of nationals (citizens) enrolled in government‑run daycares (8.1 vs. 0.8, P = 0.001), [Table 1.]

Table 1: Children enrolled in public and private daycare facilities in urban and rural areas with caries experience

	n	dmft >0 (%)	dmft±SD
dmft: Decayed missing filled teeth, SD: Standard deviation
Public day care - urban area	117
Gender
Boys	45	3.2	0.4±1.1
Girls	72	5	0.6±1.5
Nationality
Emirati (citizens)	117	8.2
Other nationalities (residents)	0	0
Public day care - rural area	99
Gender
Boys	48	5.3	1.3±2.2
Girls	51	8.2	0.9±2.8
Nationality
Emirati (citizens)	99	13.5
Other nationalities (residents)	0	0
Private day care - urban area	219
Gender
Boys	145	36.2	8.6±10.2
Girls	74	31.9	7.3±9.7
Nationality
Emirati (citizens)	8	9.1
Other nationalities (residents)	211	68.1

All government run public daycare centers serve traditional foods to their children. The foods were prepared in the facilities own kitchen. In addition, all public daycares in urban and rural areas have structured health care services for their registered children, [Figure 1.]

Figure 1: Oral health services, sociocultural and environmental risk factors in dental caries at public and private daycare facilities

Children attending government‑run public daycares showed significantly (P = 0.001) less caries prevalence, where there is availability of preventive oral health orientations for caregivers by the Ministry of Health, [Table 2.] Moreover, children from private daycares whose mothers are mostly homemakers showed significantly higher dmft (P < 0.05) compared to children with working moms.

Table 2: Mean dmft of children attending public and private daycare facilities according to preventive orientation and socioeconomic status

Risk factors	n(%)	dmft±SD	P
**P<0.05. dmft: Decayed missing filled teeth, SD: Standard deviation, AED: Arab Emirati Dirham, NS: Not significant
Oral health services
Public day care - urban/rural area
Availability of preventive orientation	216 (100)	0.5±1.3	0.001**
Private day care - urban area
Availability of preventive orientation	0 (0)	8.0±9.2
Sociocultural risk factors
Public day care - urban/rural area			NS
Family income
AED ≤100,000	23 (10.6)	1.4±2.1
AED ˃100,000	193 (89.4)	0.9±1.5
Private day care - urban area			NS
Family income
AED ≤100,000	39 (17.8)	6.4±8.1
AED ˃100,000	180 (82.2)	7.2±8.7
Public day care - urban/rural area			NS
Mother’s highest level of education
High school	117 (54.1)	1.3±1.33
College/university 99	(45.8)	0.8±1.07
Private day care - urban area			NS
Mother’s highest level of education
High school	47 (21.5)	6.7±1.23
College/university	172 (78.5)	5.8±1.77
Public day care - urban/rural area			NS
Mother’s employment status
Working mothers	85 (39.4)	0.8±2.3
Homemakers	131 (60.6)	2.7±3.6
Private day care - urban area
Mother’s employment status
Working mothers	96 (43.8)	4.1±5.7	≤0.05
Homemakers	123 (56.1)	8.5±9.3

Concerning dietary habits (frequency of fruit juices and flavored milk and snacks) of children attending private daycares showed significantly higher mean dmft score compared to that of children from public daycares who follow controlled and structured diet plan. Furthermore, in the bivariate analysis, dental visit was found to have no statistically significant association with child’s dental health status, [Table 3.]

Table 3: Mean dmft of children attending public and private daycare facilities according to their dietary habits and dental visits

Risk factors	n(%)	dmft±SD	P
dmft: Decayed missing filled teeth, SD: Standard deviation, NS: Not significant
Dietary habits
Frequency of flavored milk/juices			<0.05
served (in between meals)
Public daycare facility	216 (100)	0.7±1.2
Private daycare facility	219 (100)	7.9±8.4
Meals and snacks			<0.02
Public daycare facility
Meals/snacks prepared at the daycare facility	216 (100)	0.4±1.5
Private daycare facility
Meals/snacks from home (private daycare facility)	219 (100)	6.8±7.3
Use of dental services
Public day care - urban/rural area
Visited a dentist
Yes	8 (3.7)	1.2±2.3	NS
No	208 (96.3)	0.4±0.9
Private day care ‑ urban area
Visited a dentist
Yes	24 (10.9)	5.6±7.2	NS
No	195 (89.1)	6.9±8.2

[Table 4] illustrates lack of preventive care awareness of the caregivers and lack of structured meals and snacks plan at the daycare facilities were associated with high dmft scores in children attending private daycare centers. No correlation was found between high socioeconomic status and dmft scores.

Table 4: Logistic regression analysis of risk factors on odds of dental decay among children enrolled in public and private daycare facilities

Risk factors	Odds ratio (95% CI)
*P<0.05, **P<0.001. OR: Odds Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval.
Availability of preventive orientation
Public daycare facility	0.4 (0.02-0.07)*
Private daycare facility	2.9 (1.17.3.26)**
Early childcare education diploma
Public daycare facility	0.3 (0.01.0.04)
Private daycare facility	1.9 (1.60.2.12)*
Dental education of caregivers
Public daycare facility	0.2 (0.02.1.01)
Private daycare facility	3.8 (1.15.4.07)**
Frequency of flavored milk/juices served (in between meals)
Public daycare facility	1.2 (0.85.1.29)
Private daycare facility	2.5 (1.09.2.86)
Meals and snacks
Meals/snacks prepared at the daycare facility (public day care)	0.8 (0.02.1.03)
Meals/snacks from home (private daycare facility)	3.2 (2.83.4.65)*

DISCUSSION

It is generally more tedious to assess the benefits of health education than of direct therapies,[8] and the current study is no exception. The results of our study are in agreement with Jose and King, 2003[9] that the noninvasive nature of the investigation resulted in high participation rate (96.88%). The same study in addition to a study by Chan et al. in 2002[10] reported inverse relationship between socioeconomic status of parents and dmft scores; however, our results did not show such relation. This could be related to unique socioeconomic factors related to the gulf countries (Gulf Cooperation Council [GCC] countries) where income alone does not accurately indicate socioeconomic level.

The significant difference in number of treated teeth between expatriates versus nationals with expatriates having more untreated carious teeth reflects a difference in access of dental care and possibly insurance coverage between the two groups. The finding that high numbers of untreated teeth increases with low economic capability is in agreement with Casamassimo et al., 2009.[11]

In our study, there was a significant difference in the overall dmft scores between expatriate children versus Emirati children in favor of the latter. This finding may be attributed to nutritional habits as it was verified by our investigation that Emirati children especially in rural areas have a tendency to consume traditional foods whereas expatriate children tend to consume more fast food and sweetened snacks.

The impact of nutritional habits on caries incidence was furtherly proved by our results which showed lower mean dmft scores among children attending public daycare centers which served controlled and structured meals prepared at in‑house kitchen facility. On the other hand, higher dmft mean was observed among children attending private centers who used to bring sweetened snacks from home.

Many studies agree on the assumption that low maternal level of education is associated with high dmft scores in preschool children.[9] [12] [13] This might be attributed to the lack of enough knowledge about oral health among uneducated mothers.[14] However, our results did not show such correlation which is in agreemesant with Schroth et al., in 2005.[15] This could be an expression of the multifactorial nature of caries etiology where no single etiological factor can be blamed for the disease.

In the current study, there was a significant difference in dmft scores between children whose mothers are working versus children of homemakers with the latter having higher caries scores. This finding is in agreement with Kim Seow in 2012.[16] These results support other studies that found predictable relationships between locus of control belief and oral health status. According to this theory, individuals (working mothers in our case) who believe they have control over their own oral health are more likely to adopt good oral health practices compared to those who believe their dental health is controlled by external factors.[17]

The argument relating mothers’ level of education, work, and socioeconomic status to their children’s oral health may suggest that parents may not be the ideal target for oral health education programs compared to daycare staff and school teachers. This is confirmed by our results which correlated high dmft scores with lack of provision of preventive care orientation to caregivers in private centers. On the contrary, it was demonstrated in public daycare centers that the regular provision of preventive care orientation to caregivers was associated with low dmft mean score which highlights the importance of periodic reinforcement of health education messages to counteract the effect of fading over time and to transform knowledge into actual reduction in caries incidence. These results are in agreement with the work done by Petersen et al. in 1990[18] and Wyne et al., in 2002.[19]

Some of the limitations of the current study include obtaining information related to parents and home dietary habits from center caregivers and not directly from mothers. In the Gulf States (GCC), it is common that the home caregiver is not the mother but a domestic helper who is recruited from abroad. This may create a cultural gap which may affect the reliability of data.

CONCLUSIONS

Children are more likely to develop ECC if their caregivers are lacking knowledge or regular provision of preventive care orientation. This makes caregivers and school teachers better candidates for oral health education programs than parents.

Organized community effort to control the availability of sweetened snacks and to adjust dietary habits may have a positive impact on dmft mean scores on preschool children

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

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