Keywords Atherosclerotic plaque - B-flow - coronary artery disease - myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
- superficial femoral artery
Introduction
Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), carotid
artery disease, and peripheral arterial disease including superficial femoral artery
(SFA) disease.[1 ] Because atherosclerosis is considered a generalized disease, mainly manifested in
the entire vasculature, an association between coronary and peripheral vascular disease
has been well-established.[2 ] In the evaluation of patients with suspected CAD, carotid artery intima–media wall
thickness has been reported to be a useful marker for the presence of CAD,[3 ],[4 ] but the presence of the SFA plaque is more informative than a carotid plaque and
at least as informative as coronary plaque in the identification of coronary death
individuals. The SFA atherosclerosis is caused by its slower development and later
occurrence of plaque compared with coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. That means
that the presence of atherosclerotic plaque in the SFA is highly suggestive as a generalized
susceptibility to atherosclerosis with even more advanced disease elsewhere.[5 ] The hazard ratio (HR) risk of SFA plaque is more predictable than HR risk of carotid
plaques.[6 ]
Advances in cardiovascular imaging have resulted in the development of multiple noninvasive
techniques to evaluate myocardial perfusion and coronary anatomy. Computed tomography
angiography (CTA) can directly visualize the presence of atherosclerosis but not the
hemodynamic effect of lesions. Alternatively, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS)
enables a physiological assessment, but it may underestimate the extent of atherosclerosis
in patients with multivessel disease.[7 ] Coronary angiography is the standard technique for assessing epicardial coronary
anatomy and MPS is the standard technique for assessing myocardial perfusion. Although
the anatomical extent of disease is best demonstrated by coronary angiography, MPS
provides a complimentary assessment of its physiological significance and hence information
on important features such as endothelial function, small vessel function, and collateralization,
in addition to the hemodynamic significance of epicardial stenosis.[8 ] At the patients with suspected CAD, including those with equivocal chest pain or
episodes of acute chest pain, detection of CAD is a fundamental step in the assessment
of prognosis and the associated therapeutic decision-making process. A test that enables
simultaneous evaluation of myocardial perfusion and function, such as MPS, is particularly
appropriate.[9 ]
B-flow imaging (BFI) as a newly discovered method is able to characterize the arterial
wall and the local hemodynamic environmental factors likely responsible for the progression
of carotid and femoral artery disease in humans.[10 ] This method can visualize real-time hemodynamic flow in relation to stationary tissue
by high frame rate without blooming artifacts, with his higher spatial, transverse,
and temporal resolution is superior to Doppler imaging. All of these results with
a clearer definition of the vessel lumen and atherosclerotic plaque.[11 ],[12 ] The superior method for the plaque scoring than maximum plaque height (MPH) scoring
and total plaque area (TPA) scoring is total plaque score (TPS) defined as the sum
of all plaque heights in bilateral SFA. In addition, their analysis supports the superiority
of total PS to MPH and TPA in cardiovascular risk prediction.[13 ],[14 ]
Knowing the fact that there is a mutual association between atherosclerosis of the
peripheral arteries and coronary atherosclerosis, we come up with idea to research
atherosclerosis of SFA and CAD with two different techniques (B-flow and MPS, respectively),
and to explore their mutual correlation. That way (after we have been previously established
their mutual relation) in a simple, noninvasive way with B-flow on the SFA, we could
establish the presence and the spread of the CAD in patients with chest pain in an
indirect way.
Methods
Study populations
A total of 60 emergency room consecutive patients aged 59.2 ± 8.1 years that have
been referred to our ambulatory of internal medicine for chest pain evaluation suggestive
of ischemic heart disease with a normal or nondiagnostic electrocardiogram were included
in the study. They signed an informed consent, and the ethics committee of our institution
approved the study, after a detailed description of the procedure was given. In this
6-month prospective study conducted on 29 males and 31 females, B-flow ultrasound
estimation of SFA plaque and radionuclide MPS estimation for CAD was performed.
The patients with previous history of percutaneous coronary intervention or myocardial
infarction (MI), cerebrovascular disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac surgery, multiple
myeloma, organ transplantation, atrial fibrillation, aortic stenosis, renal insufficiency,
New York Heart Association Class III or IV heart failure, and body mass index (BMI)
over 40 were not eligible. Demographic and clinical data were collected from the patient's
chart and included age, height, weight, history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
smoking habit, lipid profile, and the diseases mentioned above, which might affect
the progression of atherosclerosis.
Assessment of B-flow superficial femoral artery ultrasonography
The BFI of both SFA was performed with ultrasound scanner (General Electric Logiq
7) equipped with a linear array transducer with central frequency of 10 MHz.
To evaluate the SFA, the patient lies supine with the leg in slight external rotation.
We performer longitudinal scan at groin and we continued distally. In front of the
hip joint, we have detected the part of the femoral artery located proximally to the
arising of the deep femoral artery (DFA), which is called the common femoral artery
(CFA). In continuation of the CFA, distally from the DFA bifurcation, the proximal
part of SFA was appeared. A 90° imaging angle was used to identify and assess atherosclerotic
plaque composition.[6 ]
The simplest way of scoring plaques is to make the sum of all plaque height for SFA
on the right and the left side. We imaged and scored the SFA only, because it is the
most common site of lower extremity atherosclerosis and because it supplies calf muscle,
which is typically symptomatic in peripheral artery disease.[15 ] The basic principle of scoring SFA plaques is shown in [Figure 1 ], based on a previously validated system of plaque scoring.[16 ]
Figure 1 Measurement of the superficial femoral artery plaque score
The sum of all plaque height for SFA, we calculated, for example, TPS1 of left SFA
(h1+ h2+ h3+... hn or 2.8 mm + 3.0 mm + 2.1 mm) summed with the TPS2 of right SFA
(h1+ h2+ h3+ h4+... hn or 1.2 mm + 2.3 mm + 2.7 mm + 1.4 mm) gives a TPS = TPS1+ TPS2
=7.9 + 7.6 = 15.5. The TPS is not expressed in millimeters (like measured plaque height)
but in no name unit. A focal intima-media thickening ≥1.1 mm was designated as plaque.
Assessment of radionuclide myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
Myocardial perfusion imaging utilizes an intravenously administered radiopharmaceutical
to depict the distribution of nutritional blood flow in the myocardium.[16 ] The MPS has a key role in a clinical decision-making algorithm for determining the
most appropriate management of patients presenting with acute chest pain.[9 ] Investigation of the patients was done on Gamma spect MEDISO (MEDISO GmbH Schiewenhügel
7 Laer 48366 Germany, [software package InterView™ XP]) with a radiotracer of sestamibil
labiliased Tc-99m-sestamibi. Perfusion imaging is useful to identify areas of relatively
or reduced myocardial blood flow associated with ischemia or scar. The distribution
of perfusion following radiopharmaceutical injection can be assessed at rest, cardiovascular
stress, or both. The study was done as one stress-rest study. The stress was done
using pharmaceutical stressor dipyridamole to perform an examination of patients with
chest pains episode.[17 ] Authentic MPS scan with Tc-99m-sestamibi in a 56 years old male patient with chest
pain, is presented in [Figure 2 ].
Figure 2 Myocardial perfusion scan (stress and rest) with Tc-99m-sestamibi
Patients were been fasting before rest myocardial perfusion imaging for at least 4
h. We used a dipyridamole as pharmacologic stress to create coronary hyperemia. We
used 1 day, rest and dipyridamole stress imaging protocol with the consecutive administration
of 555 and 925 MBq derived unit of radioactivity, respectively.
The MEDISO software provides to us results for ejection fraction (EF%), end diastolic
volume (EDV mL), end systolic volume (ESV mL) in rest and stress, and transient ischemic
dilatation (TID) determined from stress and rest ventricular volumes. TID ratio is
calculated dividing stress by rest LV volumes. TID is present when the ratio falls
above a “normal” limit that has ranged from 1.22 to 1.36 in various studies. It is
a more sensitive and specific marker for multivessel CAD than other common markers
during stress testing.[18 ] Heston and Sigg found that TID is a sensitive and specific marker for multivessel
CAD.[19 ],[20 ]
Statistical analysis
Statistical data were analyzed using MedCalc for Windows, version 13.0.6.0. (MedCalc
Software, Ostend, Belgium). We expressed the results as mean ± standard deviation
(SD).
Pearson's correlations were calculated to explore the relationship between left ventricular
EF and SFA plaques (to estimate the strength and direction of their relationship),
and between SFA PS and other variables, as appropriate. Simple linear regression analysis
was performed to assess the association between dependent and independent variables,
to create the equation of linear regression, and to draw the scatter diagram. We conducted
a multiple backward regression analysis to determine the effect on the dependent variable
(myocardial ischemia in rest) of variations in one of the independent variables (SFA
PS, TID, EF in rest, ESV, and EDV), while the other independent variables were fixed.
Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis assessed distinction between
patients with or without TID to find an appropriate sensitivity/specificity pair in
dependent of SFA PS.
Results
Demographics and bivariate analysis
Patients' demographics, clinical, and Bivariate Pearson's characteristics determined
of the study, presented as mean ± SD or number (%) are shown in [Table 1 ]. The range column of continuous variables and column of Pearson's r and P value
are presented too.
Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and bivariate characteristics of the patients studied
Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r) indicated significant positive
correlations between age and SFA PS (r = 0.337, P = 0.0084), myocardial ischemia in
rest and SFA PS (r = 0.830 P < 0.0001) and between TID and SFA PS (r = 0.345, P =
0.0069), too. Significant positive correlation between age and SFA PS, we found even
in the relatively young participants (age ≤50 years, r = 0.513, P = 0.029). Pearson's
r revealed significantinverse correlations between SFA PS and EDV (in rest and stress,
r = −0.429, P = 0.0006 and r = −0.402, P = 0.0014, respectively), SFA PS and ESV (in
rest and stress, r = −0.523, P < 0.0001 and r = −0.537, P < 0.0001, respectively),
and between SFA PS and myocardial EF (MEF) (in rest and stress, r = −0.399, P < 0.0016
and r = −0.597, P < 0.0001, respectively). Another demographic and clinical biomarkers
(gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and myocardial ischemia in rest) do
not indicated significant correlation with SFA PS (P > 0.05).
There were no statistically significant differences between EDV in rest and EDV in
stress (P = 0.9139, test statistics t = −0.108); ESV in rest and ESV in stress (P = 0.7756, test statistics t = 0.286). There was statistically significant difference
between myocardial ischemia in rest and myocardial ischemia in stress (P = 0.0069, test statistics t = −2.748). There was statistically significant difference
between MEF in rest (MEFR) and MEF in stress (P = 0.0065, test statistics t = −2.823). We found a strong inverse correlation between
SFA PS and MEF in stress (P < 0.0001, r = −0.5967).
There were 22 patients with TID. TID values >1.18 in men and >1.22 in women were considered
abnormal. The TID correlate only with myocardial ischemia in rest (r = 0.387, P =
0.0022) and SFA PS (r = 0.345, P = 0.0069), calculated by Pearson product-moment correlation
coefficient (two-tailed probability).
Descriptive and linear regression analysis
The strength and direction of the linear relationship between pairs of continuous
variables (MEFR and SFA PS) we measured by bivariate Pearson correlation. There is
inverse correlation between MEFR and SFA PS (r = −0.398, P = 0.0016). The mean value
and SD of the MEFR(63.85 ± 14.13%) and SFA PS (2.82 ± 2.10) are presented by box and
whisker plots in [Figure 3 ].
Figure 3 Box and whisker plots of the mean, range, median, 25th and 75th percentiles, range
and 95% confidence interval for myocardial ejection fraction and superficial femoral
artery plaque
[Figure 4 ] shows a scatter plot of MEFR and SFA PS. There was an inverse association between
these variables. This scatter plot displayed the data from each of 60 patients, presented
as a collection of small blue colored circle, determining the SFA PS. Each point had
the value of one variable (SFA PS) determining the position on the horizontal axis
(X) and the value of the other variable (MEFR) determining the position on the vertical
axis (Y). The linear regression line calculated by the equation (y = 71.4116–2.6798
x) and plotted with the red solid line, shows an inverse (negative) correlation between
SFA PS and MEFR. The 95% confidence interval (CI) curve and prediction interval curve
are presented by blue dashed line and green dash-dot line, respectively.
Figure 4 Scatter plot of superficial femoral artery plaques score and myocardial ejection
fraction in rest
Receiver operating characteristics curve
We used receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve as a graphical plot that illustrates
the performance of binary classifier system (TID is presented, equal to 1; TID is
no presented, equal to 0). In a ROC curve, the true positive rate (sensitivity) is
plotted in function of the false positive rate (100 - specificity) for different cutoff
points of a parameter. The accuracy of the test depends on how well the test separates
the group being tested into those with and without the disease (TID) in question.
Accuracy is measured by the area under the ROC curve [Figure 5 ].
Figure 5 Receiver operating characteristics for superficial femoral artery plaque score as
a marker for transient ischemic dilation
The 95% CI curve, ROC curve, and diagonal line are presented by green dashed line,
blue line with red points, and thin red line, respectively. The area under the ROC
curve (area under curve [AUC]) is a measure of how well a parameter can distinguish
between the two diagnostic groups (with TID/without TID). Each point on the ROC curve
represented a sensitivity/specificity pair corresponding to a particular threshold
(SFA PS in the detection of TID). The results we got by the ROC curve analysis were
as follows: AUC (0.704), Z statistic (2.891), significance level (P = 0.0038), sensitivity (73.9%), and specificity (59.5%). The SFA PS cutoff point
where the parts of sensitivity/specificity points were the highest was 2.5. Due to
the small number of participants, CI of sensitivity and specificity was too wide (51.6
–89.8/42.1–75.2).
Linear and nonlinear regression analysis
Linear and nonlinear regression line with nonlinear scatter plot of Myocardial Ischemia
in Rest (MIA) and SFA PS are shown in [Figure 6 ]. This figure shows a strong significant correlation between two variables presented
as scatter plot, a graph of plotted points (blue and yellow) that shows the relationship
between two sets of data. Linear regression line plotted with red dashed line and
nonlinear regression curve plotted by blue solid line, both show a positive correlation
between MIR and SFA PS. The blue and yellow circles are distributed in accommodation
of mutual dependence of the variables and thus are displayed above and below the blue
ascending curve of the nonlinear dependence.
Figure 6 Scatter plot of superficial femoral artery plaques score and myocardial infarction
in rest
Multiple regression analysis
Assessments (standardized coefficient β [βst]), standard error of βst, t, P value
(P), and variance inflation factor (VIF) of the independent predictor SFA PS or determinant
TID for increasing of myocardial ischemia in rest after backward multiple regression
analysis are shown in [Table 2 ].
Table 2 Multiple backward regression analysis of determinants of myocardial ischemia in rest
The VIF measures how much the variance of the estimated regression coefficient is
inflated as compared to when the predictor variables (SFA PS) are not linearly related.
In our case of the regression model (VIF <2), there was no problem of multicollinearity.
The P followed the order of statistical significance: SFA PS (<0.0001) and TID (0.0021).
There was a positive correlation (positive value of βst coefficient) between the MI
in rest and SFA PS. This means that any increase in the SFA PS results in an increased
MI in rest. There was no statistical significance of βst coefficients expressed by
P for EF in rest, ESV in rest, EDV in rest and diabetes. These variables were not
included in the model because their high value of P > 0.3. The coefficient of determination
R2( 0.7062) showed that 70.62% of the total variability was explained with the linear
relation between MI in rest and SFA PS accompanied by other determinants, or that
70.62% from MI in rest was dependent on SFA PS as the predictor and other determinants
(TID, EF in rest, ESV in rest, EDV in rest, and diabetes).
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective longitudinal study that
investigates the relationship between SFA plaques and the spread of CAD in sixty patients
with chest pain using two noninvasive methods: B-flow ultrasonography and radionuclide
MPS, respectively. Several studies estimated B-flow femoral atherosclerotic plaques
and MPS imaging for detection of CAD, both like each study itself. We did not found
a study that brings together B-flow and MPS imaging in one integrated study. Selective
search on “Google scholar” with the abbreviated term “b-flow myocardial perfusion
imaging” or “b-flow femoral artery” yielded zero reference. The most of the references
independently studied femoral or CAD, but there are no studies, which make a comparison
between them.
The aim of our study was to determine the correlation between CAD and SFA PS and to
estimate the extent of coronary disease based on the atherosclerotic plaques widespread
of the SFA. We found a significant positive correlation between SFA PS and age in
the elderly, but even in the relatively young participants (≤50 years), too. The morphostructural
atherosclerotic changes in arterial wall are present before the clinical manifestation
of cardiovascular disease, especially in diseases states such as hypertension, diabetes,
and end-stage renal disease.[21 ] The relatively small number of the participants with these diseases in our study
does not give statistically significant results of a correlation between SFA PS and
hypertension, diabetes, and another demographic data such as BMI, gender, and smoking.
Even studies with a larger number of participants (n = 1007) showed that hypertensive disease itself had only a minimal effect on atherosclerotic
changes in femoral arteries.[22 ] They investigated and concluded that hypertensive disease has a greater impact on
changes in the aorta than the changes in the femoral arteries.[22 ],[23 ]
We found a strong significant inverse correlation (P < 0.0001) between SFA PS and MEF (in rest and stress) and SFA PS and ESV (in rest
and stress) and a weaker significant inverse correlation between SFA PS and EDV (in
rest and stress). We found a strong significant positive correlation between SFA PS
and myocardial ischemia in rest, and between SFA PS and TID, but not in ischemia in
stress. After backward multiple regression, the analysis only MIR (as the dependent
variable) remains with strong correlation with independent variables SFA PS and TID.
The TID index is significantly greater in patients with a greater number of occluded
coronary vessels.[24 ] Many studies reported that TID is present in 8%–37% of patients, depending on the
patient population, stress modality, radioisotope, test protocol, and TID threshold
criteria.[25 ] The results from our study correlate with those results, we found 22/60 (36.66%)
patients with TID according to standard threshold criteria (TID >1.18 for male and
1.22 for female). The main reason for this relatively large percentage of TID presence
is the nature of our study population, patients with clinically expressed symptoms
of impaired coronary circulation, chest pain.
Because TID is more sensitive and specific marker for multivessel CAD than other common
markers during stress testing; in our study, we gave importance due to TID as the
main biomarker for prediction of cardiac event. The patients with TID are more likely
to have a cardiac event (nonfatal MI or cardiac death) then those without TID. TID
is a parameter that is useful to detect extensive and balanced CAD in patients with
normal myocardial perfusion.[20 ],[25 ] Both MEF (in rest and stress) and MIR are mutually correlates, each with himself
and with SFA PS. We did not find a study that examines the correlation of the MEF
and SFA atherosclerotic plaque. We found an inverse correlation; the SFA plaque spread
as peripheral vascular disease has 15.9% impact on MEF reducing (the residual impact
on the reduction of MEF attributed to other factors).
All of the above-mentioned myocardial hemodynamic markers obtained by MPS (EDV, ESV,
MEF, myocardial ischemia, and TID) determine myocardial ischemia, and they are in
a significant correlation with SFA regarding the extent of PS. Watching this mutual
correlation, we got an idea for the assessment of CAD and consecutive myocardial ischemia
through the extent of femoral plaques estimated by B-flow. We estimate a spread of
atherosclerosis in the SFA because the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries
are the vessels most commonly affected by the atherosclerotic process.[26 ] Peripheral arterial disease often coexists with other manifestations of the systemic
atherosclerotic process, including CAD (myocardial ischemia) and cerebrovascular disease.[25 ],[26 ] A number of studies have established the importance of SFA plaque assessment to
prognosis the myocardial ischemia and risk of cardiovascular event. Their study suggests
that evaluation of SFA plaque echogenicity by B-mode ultrasound may help to identify
patients exposed to higher cardiovascular risk who may benefit from additional diagnostic
and therapeutic strategies.[27 ] We found by multiple regression analysis a strong positive correlation between MIR
and SFA PS, and between MIR and TID.
The results of our study suggest that TID is useful to separate patients with extensive
myocardial ischemia from those without ischemia. Therefore, we correlated the results
of ischemic patients with the SFA PS results. We found by linear regression analysis
that 68.81% of the myocardial ischemia changes were the result of SFA PS value changes,
and the remaining from the total variability between MIR and SFA PS were not explained
(31.19% of myocardial ischemia were dependent of other factors, which not covered
with regression model).
Starting from the fact that the process of atherosclerosis, the peripheral blood vessel
changes (SFA PS) and the coronary circulation (MIR) that goes with it, are nonlinear
processes during the aging, to present the mutual dependence of both variables, We
decided to use a nonlinear process for the first time. We presented both regression
curves on one scatter plot for a bigger perspicuity when comparing them. The ascending
angle of the blue nonlinear curve is significantly more expressed then the ascending
angle of the red dashed linear regression line. Anyway, to prove their mutual correlation,
it is irrelevant if we used the linear or nonlinear model of regression, it is evident
and statistically significant that the femoral arteries (expressed through SFA PS)
is instep followed by CAD (expressed through myocardial ischemia and TID). The advantage
of the nonlinear regression analysis is in the upward sloping of the curve which is
more expressed, so it includes in counting the patients with early atherosclerotic
changes also. This way, the detection of early, silent myocardial ischemia met in
younger patients is improved.
However, it is obvious that above-mentioned three clinical biomarkers: MIR, TID, and
SFA PS are the main carriers of mutual influences in the process of atherosclerosis
that determines how the process of peripheral atherosclerosis on coronary disease
does. TID serves as an accurate marker for extensive multivessel CAD; it is clinically
useful diagnostic tool. It is easy to assess and is most useful when integrated with
other clinical information (MIR, SFA PS, and MEF) and interpretation of MPS and B-flow
for detection of CAD.
We found by ROC curve analysis that SFA PS is strong prognostic tool for detecting
of TID because his AUC value of 0.704 which is a measure of how well SFA PS can distinguish
the patients with chest pain (whether or not have CAD expressed by TID/without TID
state).
Considering the relatively high sensitivity (95%) and specificity (60%) of TID method
in the detection of CAD, we reaffirm the importance of SFA PS to establish the TID
and hence the importance of SFA PS in detecting of CAD.[18 ],[28 ] Thus, the high diagnostic value of SFA PS and TID and their high mutual correlation
allow us to estimate the CAD by determining the extent of plaque in the SFA. The carotid
and femoral plaques are early signs of silent coronary disease even in the absence
of systemic atherosclerosis, demonstrated by another studies that a significant correlation
with the left main coronary atheroma, as assessed by intravascular ultrasound.[29 ],[30 ] It is evident that coronary vascular bed and all of the listed vascular sites (femoral,
carotid, and aortic) are under the influence of the process of systemic atherosclerosis.
None of the vascular territories is spared from the unstoppable incremental progress
generalized atherosclerosis.[6 ] Early detection of femoral plaque by B-flow, much before than a flow-limiting stenosis
develops, has the potential to improve the sensitivity of predictable value of atherosclerotic
plaque in cardiovascular event. Some clinical observations suggest that ultrasound
screening for plaque presence or aggregate ultrasound based PSs may be more sensitive
than the ankle-brachial index in the detection of high-risk individuals.[30 ]
Study limitations
The basic disadvantages of this study originate from imaging techniques for the detection
and estimation of CAD and atherosclerosis of SFA. We learned from comparative studies
that CTA is a superior imaging technique (gold standard) for detection and volume
assessment of atherosclerotic plaques in the peripheral arteries. Therefore, due to
the good match of B-flow and 64-row multidetector CTA (excellent correlation, r =
0.88, CI = 0.77–0.93) and in the absence of CTA, we do not consider the use of B-flow
instead CTA as a certain limitation. Another limitation is the use of MPS instead
of CT coronary angiography, which qualifies as an excellent initial test to exclude
the presence of CAD. On the other hand, the quantification of inducible ischemia by
MPI enhances our ability to identify the optimal therapeutic approach: Medical therapy
versus possible revascularization.[30 ] The last limitation of our study stems from several artifacts and interpretation
pitfalls that can potentially compromise MPI, related to the patient, the equipment,
or the technologist and the interpreting physician.
Our suggestions for the procedural development of the future studies of this type
are
Use magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or CTA for providing qualitative diagnostic
information of the lower-extremity arteriesUse coronary MRA with high temporal resolution
visualization of the entire coronary arterial tree.
Conclusion
The current study's finding suggests that detection of SFA plaques assessed by B-flow
ultrasound as a simple, reproducible and noninvasive method for evaluation of regional
arteries provides us with a reasonable prediction on the spread of CAD in patients
with chest pain, detected by radionuclide MPS. Proven correlative relationship of
SFA atherosclerotic plaques and CAD using these two noninvasive methods gives us the
ability to use B-flow as a screening method for triage of patients with chest pain
before being sent to the assessment of coronary circulation with radionuclide MPS.
The associative connection between these two vascular beds (femoral and coronary)
is applicable in the inverse direction, too: referral of patients with proven CAD
to B-flow assessment for potential atherosclerosis of SFA.
