Inkontinenz bei Leistungssportlerinnen

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Entgegen der Annahme, dass der Beckenboden bei Leistungssportlerinnen besonders stark ist und aufgrund eines überdurchschnittlich guten Körperbewusstseins auch bei extremer Belastung adäquat funktioniert, zeigt eine Vielzahl von Studien, dass Fehlfunktionen des Beckenbodens bei Leistungssportlerinnen ein häufiges Problem darstellt.

Ziel Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Darstellung des aktuellen Forschungsstandes, die Enttabuisierung der Thematik Inkontinenz sowie die Darlegung rehabilitativer und präventiver Therapiemethoden.

Methode Für eine Übersicht über den wissenschaftlichen Stand der Problematik wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse In den 28 zur Untersuchung herangezogenen Artikeln zeigten Kategorien diverser Sportarten unterschiedlich hohe Prävalenzen von Inkontinenz (abhängig von der jeweiligen Sportart: Y bis 70 %). Ursachen hierfür finden sich in Struktur, Trainingssteuerung und -beanspruchung, hormonellem Status sowie der psychischen Verfassung. Diese können nicht nur zeitgleich einwirken, sondern beeinflussen sich auch gegenseitig. Bei ca. 20 % der Athletinnen führt eine Verstärkung der Symptomatik zum Abbruch der sportlichen Karriere und erhöht zudem die Wahrscheinlichkeit, im späteren Leben erneut Inkontinenz zu entwickeln.

Schlussfolgerungen Vor allem bei jungen Sportlerinnen sollte das Tabu Inkontinenz thematisiert werden. Darüber hinaus sollten Trainingsprogramme die Inkontinenz mindernde und Präventivmaßnahmen einschließen. Neben Beckenbodentraining können Hilfsmittel (z. B. Pelvic Trainer) oder mentales Training hilfreich sein.

Abstract

Background Contrary to the wide-spread belief that pelvic floor muscles in female competitive athletes are exceptionally strong and that they function appropriately even under extreme stress due to an above-average body awareness, current evidence shows that pelvic floor disorders are considered to be a common problem in female competitive athletes.

Aim The aim of this study was to portray the current state of evidence, to remove the taboo of the issue incontinence as well as to outline the rehabilitative and preventive treatment modalities.

Method For an overview of the scientific state of the art a systematic literature review was performed.

Results In the 28 consulted articles categories of different sport disciplines showed varying incontinence prevalences (depending on the discipline: up to 70 %). Underlying causes are structure, training control, strain, hormone status and psychological condition. These factors may not have simultaneous but even interactive effects. In up to 20 % of the athletes reinforced symptoms lead to the break-off of their sports career and furthermore increase the probability of incontinence recurrence later in life.

Conclusions Predominantly in young female athletes the taboo incontinence should be picked out as a central issue. Moreover, training programmes should include incontinence-reducing exercises and preventive measures. Along with pelvic floor exercises, mechanical devices (e. g. Pelvic Trainer) may be helpful.

Schlüsselwörter

Harninkontinenz - Stuhlinkontinenz - Sport - Beckenboden - Beckenbodenstörungen - Becken - weiblich - Athleten

Key words

urinary incontinence - fecal incontinence - sports - pelvic floor - pelvic floor disorders - pelvis - female - athletes

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