Aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie Colitis ulcerosa

Wichtige Neuerungen durch die Aktualisierung der Leitlinie

Die letzte Aktualisierung der Leitlinie wurde Mai 2018 publiziert. Es ergaben sich wichtige Neuerungen in der Diagnostik und Therapie der Colitis ulcerosa, die eine kurzfristige Aktualisierung notwendig machten. Die überarbeiteten Empfehlungen sind unten aufgeführt. Aufgrund der neuen Studienlage wurde u. a. die Evidenzstärke hoch- bzw. abgestuft und die Empfehlungen und Hintergründe wurden ergänzt. Alle Änderungen sind im ergänzenden Material online in der Tab. 10 detailliert zusammengefasst. Alle anderen Empfehlungen, die nicht verändert wurden, wurden 2019 geprüft.

[Empfehlung 2.32] (Diagnosestellung – Überwachungskoloskopie)
[Empfehlung 3.26] (Komplizierte Verlaufsformen der Colitis ulcerosa/Schwere Colitis ulcerosa – Colitis ulcerosa refraktär auf systemische Steroidtherapie)
[Empfehlung 3.29] (Komplizierte Verlaufsformen der Colitis ulcerosa/Schwere Colitis ulcerosa – Sondersituation refraktäre Proktitis)
[Empfehlung 3.30] (Komplizierte Verlaufsformen der Colitis ulcerosa/Schwere Colitis ulcerosa – Colitis ulcerosa mit steroidabhängigem Verlauf)
[Empfehlung 3.31] (Komplizierte Verlaufsformen der Colitis ulcerosa/Schwere Colitis ulcerosa – Colitis ulcerosa mit nicht ausreichendem Ansprechen auf eine Therapie mit Thiopurinen)
[Empfehlung 3.32] (Komplizierte Verlaufsformen der Colitis ulcerosa/Schwere Colitis ulcerosa – Colitis ulcerosa mit primärem oder sekundärem Therapieversagen unter einer Therapie mit TNF-Antikörpern)
[Empfehlung 3.34] (Komplizierte Verlaufsformen der Colitis ulcerosa/Schwere Colitis ulcerosa – Remissionserhaltung bei kompliziertem Verlauf einer Colitis ulcerosa)
[Empfehlung 3.36] (Komplizierte Verlaufsformen der Colitis ulcerosa/Schwere Colitis ulcerosa – Remissionserhaltung bei kompliziertem Verlauf einer Colitis ulcerosa)
[Empfehlung 4.8] (infektiologische Probleme)
[Empfehlung 4.19] (infektiologische Probleme)

^* Beide Autoren haben in gleicher Weise zur Erstellung des Manuskripts beigetragen.

• Literatur

• 1 Marteau P, Probert CS, Lindgren S. et al. Combined oral and enema treatment with Pentasa (mesalazine) is superior to oral therapy alone in patients with extensive mild/moderate active ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Gut 2005; 54: 960-965
• 2 Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T. et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: Report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 5-36
• 3 Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M. et al. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1228-1233
• 4 Soetikno RM, Lin OS, Heidenreich PA. et al. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 48-54
• 5 Forrest K, Symmons D, Foster P. Systematic review: is ingestion of paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs associated with exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20: 1035-1043
• 6 Takeuchi K, Smale S, Premchand P. et al. Prevalence and mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced clinical relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 196-202
• 7 Sandborn WJ, Stenson WF, Brynskov J. et al. Safety of celecoxib in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 203-211
• 8 Korzenik JR, Podolsky DK. Selective use of selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 157-159
• 9 Ho GT, Chiam P, Drummond H. et al. The efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: analysis of a 5-year UK inception cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 319-330
• 10 Faubion Jr WA, Loftus Jr EV, Harmsen WS. et al. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 255-260
• 11 Toruner M, Loftus Jr EV, Harmsen WS. et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 929-936
• 12 Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE. et al. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81: 1462-1471
• 13 Hoie O, Wolters F, Riis L. et al. Ulcerative colitis: patient characteristics may predict 10-yr disease recurrence in a European-wide population-based cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1692-1701
• 14 Beaugerie L, Massot N, Carbonnel F. et al. Impact of cessation of smoking on the course of ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 2113-2116
• 15 Birrenbach T, Bocker U. Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10: 848-859
• 16 Florin TH, Pandeya N, Radford-Smith GL. Epidemiology of appendicectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: its influence on the clinical behaviour of these diseases. Gut 2004; 53: 973-979
• 17 Vermeire S. Review article: genetic susceptibility and application of genetic testing in clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24 (Suppl. 03) 2-10
• 18 Merrett MN, Mortensen N, Kettlewell M. et al. Smoking may prevent pouchitis in patients with restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996; 38: 362-364
• 19 Joelsson M, Benoni C, Oresland T. Does smoking influence the risk of pouchitis following ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis?. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 929-933
• 20 Loftus Jr EV. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1504-1517
• 21 Rutgeerts P, D’Haens G, Hiele M. et al. Appendectomy protects against ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1251-1253
• 22 Frisch M, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L. et al. Appendectomy and subsequent risk of inflammatory bowel diseases. Surgery 2001; 130: 36-43
• 23 Koutroubakis IE, Vlachonikolis IG, Kouroumalis EA. Role of appendicitis and appendectomy in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis: a critical review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002; 8: 277-286
• 24 Cosnes J, Carbonnel F, Beaugerie L. et al. Effects of appendicectomy on the course of ulcerative colitis. Gut 2002; 51: 803-807
• 25 Radford-Smith GL, Edwards JE, Purdie DM. et al. Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gut 2002; 51: 808-813
• 26 Childers RE, Eluri S, Vazquez C. et al. Family history of inflammatory bowel disease among patients with ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 1480-1497
• 27 Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I. et al. Are there any differences in phenotype or disease course between familial and sporadic cases of inflammatory bowel disease? Results of a population-based follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1955-1963
• 28 Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis – the Porto criteria. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41: 1-7
• 29 Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M. et al. Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of changes in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 3-11
• 30 Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I. et al. Change of diagnosis during the first five years after onset of inflammatory bowel disease: results of a prospective follow-up study (the IBSEN Study). Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 1037-1043
• 31 Price AB. Overlap in the spectrum of non-specific inflammatory bowel disease--’colitis indeterminate’. J Clin Pathol 1978; 31: 567-577
• 32 Rodgers AD, Cummins AG. CRP correlates with clinical score in ulcerative colitis but not in Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 2063-2068
• 33 Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. C-reactive protein as a marker for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10: 661-665
• 34 Prantera C, Davoli M, Lorenzetti R. et al. Clinical and laboratory indicators of extent of ulcerative colitis. Serum C-reactive protein helps the most. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10: 41-45
• 35 Roseth AG, Aadland E, Grzyb K. Normalization of faecal calprotectin: a predictor of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 1017-1020
• 36 Schoepfer AM, Beglinger C, Straumann A. et al. Ulcerative colitis: Correlation of the Rachmilewitz endoscopic activity index with fecal calprotectin, clinical activity, C-reactive protein, and blood leukocytes. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 1851-1858
• 37 Mao R, Xiao YL, Gao X. et al. Fecal calprotectin in predicting relapse of inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 1894-1899
• 38 Lin JF, Chen JM, Zuo JH. et al. Meta-analysis: fecal calprotectin for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20: 1407-1415
• 39 Korczowski B, Szybist W. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in children with diarrhoea of various aetiologies. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93: 169-173
• 40 Herrlinger KR, Dittmann R, Weitz G. et al. Serum procalcitonin differentiates inflammatory bowel disease and self-limited colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10: 229-233
• 41 Mylonaki M, Langmead L, Pantes A. et al. Enteric infection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease: importance of microbiological examination of stool. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16: 775-778
• 42 Brown WJ, Hudson MJ, Patrick S. et al. Search for enteric microbial pathogens in patients with ulcerative colitis. Digestion 1992; 53: 121-128
• 43 Bou-Fakhredin R, Halawi R, Roumi J. et al. Insights into the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10: 801-808
• 44 Stein J, Dignaß AU. Management of iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease – a practical approach. Ann Gastroenterol 2013; 26: 104-113
• 45 Cappellini MD, Comin-Colet J, de Francisco A. et al. Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: International expert opinion on definition, diagnosis, and management. Am J Hematol 2017; 92: 1068-1078
• 46 Stein J, Hartmann F, Dignaß AU. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in patients with IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 7: 599-610
• 47 Plevy S. Do serological markers and cytokines determine the indeterminate?. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 38: S51-S56
• 48 Riis L, Vind I, Vermeire S. et al. The prevalence of genetic and serologic markers in an unselected European population-based cohort of IBD patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13: 24-32
• 49 Joossens S, Daperno M, Shums Z. et al. Interassay and interobserver variability in the detection of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 1422-1425
• 50 Reese GE, Constantinides VA, Simillis C. et al. Diagnostic precision of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 2410-2422
• 51 Weber P, Koch M, Heizmann WR. et al. Microbic superinfection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 14: 302-308
• 52 Issa M, Vijayapal A, Graham MB. et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 345-351
• 53 Rodemann JF, Dubberke ER, Reske KA. et al. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 339-344
• 54 Johal SS, Hammond J, Solomon K. et al. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients: onset in the community and hospital and role of flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut 2004; 53: 673-677
• 55 Minami M, Ohta M, Ohkura T. et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in severe ulcerative colitis patients undergoing continuous intravenous cyclosporine treatment in Japan. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 754-760
• 56 Matsuoka K, Iwao Y, Mori T. et al. Cytomegalovirus is frequently reactivated and disappears without antiviral agents in ulcerative colitis patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 331-337
• 57 Dimitroulia E, Spanakis N, Konstantinidou AE. et al. Frequent detection of cytomegalovirus in the intestine of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12: 879-884
• 58 Hommes DW, Sterringa G, van Deventer SJ. et al. The pathogenicity of cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and evidence-based recommendations for future research. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10: 245-250
• 59 Poullis A, Foster R, Northfield TC. et al. Review article: faecal markers in the assessment of activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 675-681
• 60 Langhorst J, Elsenbruch S, Mueller T. et al. Comparison of 4 neutrophil-derived proteins in feces as indicators of disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 1085-1091
• 61 Menees SB, Powell C, Kurlander J. et al. A meta-analysis of the utility of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fecal calprotectin, and fecal lactoferrin to exclude inflammatory bowel disease in adults with IBS. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 444-454
• 62 Mosli MH, Zou G, Garg SK. et al. C-Reactive Protein, Fecal Calprotectin, and Stool Lactoferrin for Detection of Endoscopic Activity in Symptomatic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 802-819 ; quiz 820
• 63 D’Inca R, Dal Pont E, Di Leo V. et al. Can calprotectin predict relapse risk in inflammatory bowel disease?. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2007-2014
• 64 Costa F, Mumolo MG, Bellini M. et al. Role of faecal calprotectin as non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35: 642-647
• 65 van Rheenen PF, Van de Vijver E, Fidler V. Faecal calprotectin for screening of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 341: c3369
• 66 Van de Vijver E, Schreuder AB, Cnossen WR. et al. Safely ruling out inflammatory bowel disease in children and teenagers without referral for endoscopy. Arch Dis Child 2012; 97: 1014-1018
• 67 Walker TR, Land ML, Kartashov A. et al. Fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specific marker of disease activity in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 414-422
• 68 Joishy M, Davies I, Ahmed M. et al. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin as noninvasive markers of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 48: 48-54
• 69 Costa F, Mumolo MG, Ceccarelli L. et al. Calprotectin is a stronger predictive marker of relapse in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn’s disease. Gut 2005; 54: 364-368
• 70 Walkiewicz D, Werlin SL, Fish D. et al. Fecal calprotectin is useful in predicting disease relapse in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 669-673
• 71 Carbonnel F, Lavergne A, Lemann M. et al. Colonoscopy of acute colitis. A safe and reliable tool for assessment of severity. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 1550-1557
• 72 Alemayehu G, Jarnerot G. Colonoscopy during an attack of severe ulcerative colitis is a safe procedure and of great value in clinical decision making. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 187-190
• 73 Fefferman DS, Farrell RJ. Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: indications, surveillance, and use in clinical practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 11-24
• 74 Deutsch DE, Olson AD. Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy as the initial evaluation of pediatric patients with colitis: a survey of physician behavior and a cost analysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 25: 26-31
• 75 Melmed GY, Elashoff R, Chen GC. et al. Predicting a change in diagnosis from ulcerative colitis to Crohn’s disease: a nested, case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 602-608 ; quiz 525
• 76 Bryant RV, Burger DC, Delo J. et al. Beyond endoscopic mucosal healing in UC: histological remission better predicts corticosteroid use and hospitalisation over 6 years of follow-up. Gut 2016; 65: 408-414
• 77 Neurath MF, Travis SP. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review. Gut 2012; 61: 1619-1635
• 78 Shah SC, Colombel JF, Sands BE. et al. Mucosal Healing Is Associated With Improved Long-term Outcomes of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 1245-1255 e8
• 79 Reinink AR, Lee TC, Higgins PD. Endoscopic Mucosal Healing Predicts Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 1859-1869
• 80 Gisbert JP, Marin AC, Chaparro M. The Risk of Relapse after Anti-TNF Discontinuation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 632-647
• 81 Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized study. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1625-1629
• 82 Travis SP, Schnell D, Krzeski P. et al. Developing an instrument to assess the endoscopic severity of ulcerative colitis: the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS). Gut 2012; 61: 535-542
• 83 Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1955; 2: 1041-1048
• 84 Jakobovits SL, Travis SP. Management of acute severe colitis. Br Med Bull 2005; 75–76: 131-144
• 85 Turner D, Otley AR, Mack D. et al. Development, validation, and evaluation of a pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index: a prospective multicenter study. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 423-432
• 86 Preiss JC, Bokemeyer B, Buhr HJ. et al. Updated German clinical practice guideline on "Diagnosis and treatment of Crohn’s disease" 2014. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 1431-1484
• 87 Parente F, Greco S, Molteni M. et al. Role of early ultrasound in detecting inflammatory intestinal disorders and identifying their anatomical location within the bowel. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18: 1009-1016
• 88 Hollerbach S, Geissler A, Schiegl H. et al. The accuracy of abdominal ultrasound in the assessment of bowel disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 1201-1208
• 89 Maconi G, Ardizzone S, Parente F. et al. Ultrasonography in the evaluation of extension, activity, and follow-up of ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 1103-1107
• 90 Worlicek H, Lutz H, Heyder N. et al. Ultrasound findings in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a prospective study. J Clin Ultrasound 1987; 15: 153-163
• 91 Bozkurt T, Richter F, Lux G. Ultrasonography as a primary diagnostic tool in patients with inflammatory disease and tumors of the small intestine and large bowel. J Clin Ultrasound 1994; 22: 85-91
• 92 Arienti V, Campieri M, Boriani L. et al. Management of severe ulcerative colitis with the help of high resolution ultrasonography. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2163-2169
• 93 Faure C, Belarbi N, Mougenot JF. et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease in children: comparison with ileocolonoscopy. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 147-151
• 94 Pradel JA, David XR, Taourel P. et al. Sonographic assessment of the normal and abnormal bowel wall in nondiverticular ileitis and colitis. Abdom Imaging 1997; 22: 167-172
• 95 Haber HP, Busch A, Ziebach R. et al. Ultrasonographic findings correspond to clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings in inflammatory bowel disease and other enterocolitides. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 375-382
• 96 Pascu M, Roznowski AB, Muller HP. et al. Clinical relevance of transabdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with inflammatory bowel disease of the terminal ileum and large bowel. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10: 373-382
• 97 Parente F, Molteni M, Marino B. et al. Are Colonoscopy and Bowel Ultrasound Useful for Assessing Response to Short-Term Therapy and Predicting Disease Outcome of Moderate-to-Severe Forms of Ulcerative Colitis?: A Prospective Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1150-1157
• 98 Ludwig D, Wiener S, Bruning A. et al. Mesenteric blood flow is related to disease activity and risk of relapse in ulcerative colitis: a prospective follow up study. Gut 1999; 45: 546-552
• 99 Homann N, Klarmann U, Fellermann K. et al. Mesenteric pulsatility index analysis predicts response to azathioprine in patients with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 126-132
• 100 Girlich C, Schacherer D, Jung EM. et al. Comparison between quantitative assessment of bowel wall vascularization by contrast-enhanced ultrasound and results of histopathological scoring in ulcerative colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27: 193-198
• 101 Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Wilkinson KH. et al. Cancer surveillance in longstanding ulcerative colitis: endoscopic appearances help predict cancer risk. Gut 2004; 53: 1813-1816
• 102 Gumaste V, Sachar DB, Greenstein AJ. Benign and malignant colorectal strictures in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1992; 33: 938-941
• 103 Reiser JR, Waye JD, Janowitz HD. et al. Adenocarcinoma in strictures of ulcerative colitis without antecedent dysplasia by colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 119-122
• 104 Andersen K, Vogt C, Blondin D. et al. Multi-detector CT-colonography in inflammatory bowel disease: prospective analysis of CT-findings to high-resolution video colonoscopy. Eur J Radiol 2006; 58: 140-146
• 105 Horsthuis K, Bipat S, Bennink RJ. et al. Inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed with US, MR, scintigraphy, and CT: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Radiology 2008; 247: 64-79
• 106 Fumery M, Pineton de Chambrun G, Stefanescu C. et al. Detection of Dysplasia or Cancer in 3.5% of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colonic Strictures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1770-1775
• 107 Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK. Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88: 995-1000
• 108 Ajaj WM, Lauenstein TC, Pelster G. et al. Magnetic resonance colonography for the detection of inflammatory diseases of the large bowel: quantifying the inflammatory activity. Gut 2005; 54: 257-263
• 109 Levine A, Koletzko S, Turner D. et al. ESPGHAN revised porto criteria for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58: 795-806
• 110 Allison MC, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Dhillon AP. et al. The value of rectal biopsy in distinguishing self-limited colitis from early inflammatory bowel disease. Q J Med 1987; 65: 985-995
• 111 Bentley E, Jenkins D, Campbell F. et al. How could pathologists improve the initial diagnosis of colitis? Evidence from an international workshop. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 955-960
• 112 Dejaco C, Oesterreicher C, Angelberger S. et al. Diagnosing colitis: a prospective study on essential parameters for reaching a diagnosis. Endoscopy 2003; 35: 1004-1008
• 113 Dube AK, Cross SS, Lobo AJ. Audit of the histopathological diagnosis of non-neoplastic colorectal biopsies: achievable standards for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 378-381
• 114 Dundas SA, Dutton J, Skipworth P. Reliability of rectal biopsy in distinguishing between chronic inflammatory bowel disease and acute self-limiting colitis. Histopathology 1997; 31: 60-66
• 115 Jenkins D, Balsitis M, Gallivan S. et al. Guidelines for the initial biopsy diagnosis of suspected chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The British Society of Gastroenterology Initiative. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50: 93-105
• 116 Nostrant TT, Kumar NB, Appelman HD. Histopathology differentiates acute self-limited colitis from ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 318-328
• 117 Schumacher G, Kollberg B, Sandstedt B. A prospective study of first attacks of inflammatory bowel disease and infectious colitis. Histologic course during the 1st year after presentation. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 318-332
• 118 Seldenrijk CA, Morson BC, Meuwissen SG. et al. Histopathological evaluation of colonic mucosal biopsy specimens in chronic inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic implications. Gut 1991; 32: 1514-1520
• 119 Surawicz CM, Belic L. Rectal biopsy helps to distinguish acute self-limited colitis from idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 104-113
• 120 Tanaka M, Masuda T, Yao T. et al. Observer variation of diagnoses based on simple biopsy criteria differentiating among Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and other forms of colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 1368-1372
• 121 Tanaka M, Riddell RH, Saito H. et al. Morphologic criteria applicable to biopsy specimens for effective distinction of inflammatory bowel disease from other forms of colitis and of Crohn’s disease from ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 55-67
• 122 Tanaka M, Saito H, Fukuda S. et al. Simple mucosal biopsy criteria differentiating among Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, and other forms of colitis: measurement of validity. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 281-286
• 123 Theodossi A, Spiegelhalter DJ, Jass J. et al. Observer variation and discriminatory value of biopsy features in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1994; 35: 961-968
• 124 McHugh JB, Appelman HD, McKenna BJ. The diagnostic value of endoscopic terminal ileum biopsies. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1084-1089
• 125 Cherian S, Singh P. Is routine ileoscopy useful? An observational study of procedure times, diagnostic yield, and learning curve. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 2324-2329
• 126 Geboes K, Ectors N, D’Haens G. et al. Is ileoscopy with biopsy worthwhile in patients presenting with symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease?. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 201-206
• 127 Lemberg DA, Clarkson CM, Bohane TD. et al. Role of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the initial assessment of children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20: 1696-1700
• 128 Surawicz CM. Serial sectioning of a portion of a rectal biopsy detects more focal abnormalities: a prospective study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27: 434-436
• 129 Surawicz CM, Meisel JL, Ylvisaker T. et al. Rectal biopsy in the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease: value of multiple biopsies and serial sectioning. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 66-71
• 130 Therkildsen MH, Jensen BN, Teglbjaerg PS. et al. The final outcome of patients presenting with their first episode of acute diarrhoea and an inflamed rectal mucosa with preserved crypt architecture. A clinicopathologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 158-164
• 131 Washington K, Greenson JK, Montgomery E. et al. Histopathology of ulcerative colitis in initial rectal biopsy in children. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 1441-1449
• 132 Geboes K, Dalle I. Influence of treatment on morphological features of mucosal inflammation. Gut 2002; 50 (Suppl. 03) III37–42
• 133 Odze R, Antonioli D, Peppercorn M. et al. Effect of topical 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) therapy on rectal mucosal biopsy morphology in chronic ulcerative colitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1993; 17: 869-875
• 134 Kleer CG, Appelman HD. Ulcerative colitis: patterns of involvement in colorectal biopsies and changes with time. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22: 983-989
• 135 North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology H, Nutrition, Colitis Foundation of A, et al. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 653-674
• 136 Glickman JN, Bousvaros A, Farraye FA. et al. Pediatric patients with untreated ulcerative colitis may present initially with unusual morphologic findings. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28: 190-197
• 137 Robert ME, Tang L, Hao LM. et al. Patterns of inflammation in mucosal biopsies of ulcerative colitis: perceived differences in pediatric populations are limited to children younger than 10 years. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28: 183-189
• 138 Markowitz J, Kahn E, Grancher K. et al. Atypical rectosigmoid histology in children with newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 2034-2037
• 139 Autschbach F, Hoffmann JC KA, Klump B. eds. Chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen Das CED-Handbuch für Klinik und Praxis. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2004: 110-122
• 140 Borchard F. Differential diagnosis of colitis. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 1999; 83: 110-121
• 141 A vH. Histopathologische Diagnostik chronischentzündlicher Darmerkrankungen. Historischer Rückblick und aktuelle Übersicht. Pathologe 1999 1999; 20: 276-287
• 142 Gomes P, du Boulay C, Smith CL. et al. Relationship between disease activity indices and colonoscopic findings in patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1986; 27: 92-95
• 143 D’Haens G, Van Deventer S, Van Hogezand R. et al. Endoscopic and histological healing with infliximab anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies in Crohn’s disease: A European multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 1029-1034
• 144 Riley SA, Mani V, Goodman MJ. et al. Microscopic activity in ulcerative colitis: what does it mean?. Gut 1991; 32: 174-178
• 145 Bitton A, Peppercorn MA, Antonioli DA. et al. Clinical, biological, and histologic parameters as predictors of relapse in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 13-20
• 146 Nishio Y, Ando T, Maeda O. et al. Pit patterns in rectal mucosa assessed by magnifying colonoscope are predictive of relapse in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Gut 2006; 55: 1768-1773
• 147 Marchal-Bressenot A, Salleron J, Boulagnon-Rombi C. et al. Development and validation of the Nancy histological index for UC. Gut 2017; 66: 43-49
• 148 Mosli MH, Feagan BG, Zou G. et al. Development and validation of a histological index for UC. Gut 2017; 66: 50-58
• 149 Riddell RH, Goldman H, Ransohoff DF. et al. Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol 1983; 14: 931-968
• 150 Goldman H. Significance and detection of dysplasia in chronic colitis. Cancer 1996; 78: 2261-2263
• 151 Pohl C, Hombach A, Kruis W. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2000; 47: 57-70
• 152 Melville DM, Jass JR, Morson BC. et al. Observer study of the grading of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: comparison with clinical outcome. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 1008-1014
• 153 Eaden J, Abrams K, McKay H. et al. Inter-observer variation between general and specialist gastrointestinal pathologists when grading dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. J Pathol 2001; 194: 152-157
• 154 Odze RD, Goldblum J, Noffsinger A. et al. Interobserver variability in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia by telepathology. Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 379-386
• 155 Dignaß A, Eliakim R, Magro F. et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6: 965-990
• 156 Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R. et al. Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 1: Definitions, Diagnosis, Extra-intestinal Manifestations, Pregnancy, Cancer Surveillance, Surgery, and Ileo-anal Pouch Disorders. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 649-670
• 157 Laine L, Kaltenbach T, Barkun A. et al. SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 489-501 e26
• 158 Farraye FA, Odze RD, Eaden J. et al. AGA medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 738-745
• 159 Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Wilkinson KH. et al. Most dysplasia in ulcerative colitis is visible at colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 60: 334-339
• 160 Blackstone MO, Riddell RH, Rogers BH. et al. Dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM) detected by colonoscopy in long-standing ulcerative colitis: an indication for colectomy. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 366-374
• 161 Lennard-Jones JE, Melville DM, Morson BC. et al. Precancer and cancer in extensive ulcerative colitis: findings among 401 patients over 22 years. Gut 1990; 31: 800-806
• 162 Butt JH, Konishi F, Morson BC. et al. Macroscopic lesions in dysplasia and carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1983; 28: 18-26
• 163 Jonsson B, Ahsgren L, Andersson LO. et al. Colorectal cancer surveillance in patients with ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 689-691
• 164 Nugent FW, Haggitt RC, Gilpin PA. Cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1241-1248
• 165 Lofberg R, Brostrom O, Karlen P. et al. Colonoscopic surveillance in long-standing total ulcerative colitis--a 15-year follow-up study. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1021-1031
• 166 Eaden J, Abrams K, Ekbom A. et al. Colorectal cancer prevention in ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 145-153
• 167 Rosenstock E, Farmer RG, Petras R. et al. Surveillance for colonic carcinoma in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 1342-1346
• 168 Karlen P, Kornfeld D, Brostrom O. et al. Is colonoscopic surveillance reducing colorectal cancer mortality in ulcerative colitis? A population based case control study. Gut 1998; 42: 711-714
• 169 Lashner BA, Turner BC, Bostwick DG. et al. Dysplasia and cancer complicating strictures in ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35: 349-352
• 170 Choi PM, Nugent FW, Schoetz Jr DJ. et al. Colonoscopic surveillance reduces mortality from colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 418-424
• 171 Collins PD, Mpofu C, Watson AJ. et al. Strategies for detecting colon cancer and/or dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD000279
• 172 Winther KV, Jess T, Langholz E. et al. Long-term risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study from Copenhagen County. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 1088-1095
• 173 Lutgens MW, Vleggaar FP, Schipper ME. et al. High frequency of early colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2008; 57: 1246-1251
• 174 Lutgens MW, Oldenburg B, Siersema PD. et al. Colonoscopic surveillance improves survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 1671-1675
• 175 Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 2001; 48: 526-535
• 176 Lakatos L, Mester G, Erdelyi Z. et al. Risk factors for ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer in a Hungarian cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis: results of a population-based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12: 205-211
• 177 Soderlund S, Brandt L, Lapidus A. et al. Decreasing time-trends of colorectal cancer in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 1561-1567 ; quiz 1818–1819
• 178 Gupta RB, Harpaz N, Itzkowitz S. et al. Histologic inflammation is a risk factor for progression to colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 1099-1105 ; quiz 1340–1341
• 179 Jess T, Loftus Jr EV, Velayos FS. et al. Risk of intestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from olmsted county, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1039-1046
• 180 Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Wilkinson KH. et al. Thirty-year analysis of a colonoscopic surveillance program for neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1030-1038
• 181 Velayos FS, Loftus Jr EV, Jess T. et al. Predictive and protective factors associated with colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: A case-control study. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1941-1949
• 182 Jess T, Rungoe C, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Risk of colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 639-645
• 183 Jess T, Horvath-Puho E, Fallingborg J. et al. Cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease according to patient phenotype and treatment: a Danish population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 1869-1876
• 184 Choi CH, Rutter MD, Askari A. et al. Forty-Year Analysis of Colonoscopic Surveillance Program for Neoplasia in Ulcerative Colitis: An Updated Overview. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 1022-1034
• 185 Selinger CP, Andrews JM, Titman A. et al. Long-term follow-up reveals low incidence of colorectal cancer, but frequent need for resection, among Australian patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 644-650
• 186 Annese V, Daperno M, Rutter MD. et al. European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7: 982-1018
• 187 Thomas-Gibson S, Rogers P, Cooper S. et al. Judgement of the quality of bowel preparation at screening flexible sigmoidoscopy is associated with variability in adenoma detection rates. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 456-460
• 188 Toruner M, Harewood GC, Loftus Jr EV. et al. Endoscopic factors in the diagnosis of colorectal dysplasia in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 428-434
• 189 Van Assche G, Dignaß A, Bokemeyer B. et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 3: special situations. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7: 1-33
• 190 Rutter M, Saunders B, Wilkinson K. et al. Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 451-459
• 191 Claessen MM, Lutgens MW, van Buuren HR. et al. More right-sided IBD-associated colorectal cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 1331-1336
• 192 Cairns SR, Scholefield JH, Steele RJ. et al. Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002). Gut 2010; 59: 666-689
• 193 Bernstein CN, Shanahan F, Weinstein WM. Are we telling patients the truth about surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis?. Lancet 1994; 343: 71-74
• 194 Befrits R, Ljung T, Jaramillo E. et al. Low-grade dysplasia in extensive, long-standing inflammatory bowel disease: a follow-up study. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 615-620
• 195 Leidenius M, Kellokumpu I, Husa A. et al. Dysplasia and carcinoma in longstanding ulcerative colitis: an endoscopic and histological surveillance programme. Gut 1991; 32: 1521-1525
• 196 Jess T, Loftus Jr EV, Velayos FS. et al. Incidence and prognosis of colorectal dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12: 669-676
• 197 Thomas T, Abrams KA, Robinson RJ. et al. Meta-analysis: cancer risk of low-grade dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 657-668
• 198 Lim CH, Dixon MF, Vail A. et al. Ten year follow up of ulcerative colitis patients with and without low grade dysplasia. Gut 2003; 52: 1127-1132
• 199 Heuschen UA, Hinz U, Allemeyer EH. et al. Backwash ileitis is strongly associated with colorectal carcinoma in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 841-847
• 200 Moussata D, Allez M, Cazals-Hatem D. et al. Are random biopsies still useful for the detection of neoplasia in patients with IBD undergoing surveillance colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy?. Gut 2018; 67: 616-624
• 201 Hlavaty T, Huorka M, Koller T. et al. Colorectal cancer screening in patients with ulcerative and Crohn’s colitis with use of colonoscopy, chromoendoscopy and confocal endomicroscopy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23: 680-689
• 202 Kiesslich R, Fritsch J, Holtmann M. et al. Methylene blue-aided chromoendoscopy for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and colon cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 880-888
• 203 Hurlstone DP, Sanders DS, Lobo AJ. et al. Indigo carmine-assisted high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy for the detection and characterisation of intraepithelial neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a prospective evaluation. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 1186-1192
• 204 Kiesslich R, Goetz M, Lammersdorf K. et al. Chromoscopy-guided endomicroscopy increases the diagnostic yield of intraepithelial neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 874-882
• 205 Subramanian V, Mannath J, Ragunath K. et al. Meta-analysis: the diagnostic yield of chromoendoscopy for detecting dysplasia in patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 304-312
• 206 Wu L, Li P, Wu J. et al. The diagnostic accuracy of chromoendoscopy for dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14: 416-420
• 207 Carballal S, Maisterra S, Lopez-Serrano A. et al. Real-life chromoendoscopy for neoplasia detection and characterisation in long-standing IBD. Gut 2018; 67: 70-78
• 208 Iannone A, Ruospo M, Wong G. et al. Chromoendoscopy for Surveillance in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 1684-1697
• 209 Gasia MF, Ghosh S, Panaccione R. et al. Targeted Biopsies Identify Larger Proportions of Patients With Colonic Neoplasia Undergoing High-Definition Colonoscopy, Dye Chromoendoscopy, or Electronic Virtual Chromoendoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 704-712 e4
• 210 Watanabe T, Ajioka Y, Mitsuyama K. et al. Comparison of Targeted vs Random Biopsies for Surveillance of Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2016; 151: 1122-1130
• 211 Moussata D, Allez M, Cazals-Hatem D. et al. Are random biopsies still useful for the detection of neoplasia in patients with IBD undergoing surveillance colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy?. Gut 2018; 67: 616-624
• 212 Subramanian V, Ramappa V, Telakis E. et al. Comparison of high definition with standard white light endoscopy for detection of dysplastic lesions during surveillance colonoscopy in patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 350-355
• 213 Iannone A, Ruospo M, Wong G. et al. Chromoendoscopy for Surveillance in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 1684-1697 e11
• 214 Dekker E, van den Broek FJ, Reitsma JB. et al. Narrow-band imaging compared with conventional colonoscopy for the detection of dysplasia in patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 216-221
• 215 Ignjatovic A, East JE, Subramanian V. et al. Narrow band imaging for detection of dysplasia in colitis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 885-890
• 216 Pellise M, Lopez-Ceron M, Rodriguez de Miguel C. et al. Narrow-band imaging as an alternative to chromoendoscopy for the detection of dysplasia in long-standing inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, randomized, crossover study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 840-848
• 217 Gunther U, Kusch D, Heller F. et al. Surveillance colonoscopy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: comparison of random biopsy vs. targeted biopsy protocols. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26: 667-672
• 218 van den Broek FJ, van Es JA, van Eeden S. et al. Pilot study of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy during colonoscopic surveillance of patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 116-122
• 219 Bisschops R, Bessissow T, Joseph JA. et al. Chromoendoscopy versus narrow band imaging in UC: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Gut 2018; 67: 1087-1094
• 220 Leifeld L, Rogler G, Stallmach A. et al. White-Light or Narrow-Band Imaging Colonoscopy in Surveillance of Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1776-1781 e1
• 221 Omata F, Ohde S, Deshpande GA. et al. Image-enhanced, chromo, and cap-assisted colonoscopy for improving adenoma/neoplasia detection rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: 222-237
• 222 Taylor BA, Pemberton JH, Carpenter HA. et al. Dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis: implications for colonoscopic surveillance. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35: 950-956
• 223 Fumery M, Dulai PS, Gupta S. et al. Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Colorectal Cancer in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis With Low-Grade Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 665-674 e5
• 224 Ullman T, Croog V, Harpaz N. et al. Progression of flat low-grade dysplasia to advanced neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1311-1319
• 225 Rubin PH, Friedman S, Harpaz N. et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy in chronic colitis: conservative management after endoscopic resection of dysplastic polyps. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 1295-1300
• 226 Vieth M, Behrens H, Stolte M. Sporadic adenoma in ulcerative colitis: endoscopic resection is an adequate treatment. Gut 2006; 55: 1151-1155
• 227 Odze RD, Farraye FA, Hecht JL. et al. Long-term follow-up after polypectomy treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 534-541
• 228 Wanders LK, Dekker E, Pullens B. et al. Cancer risk after resection of polypoid dysplasia in patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 756-764
• 229 Pardi DS, Loftus Jr EV, Kremers WK. et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 889-893
• 230 Tung BY, Emond MJ, Haggitt RC. et al. Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 89-95
• 231 Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Luketic VA. et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2009; 50: 808-814
• 232 LeBlanc K, Mosli MH, Parker CE. et al. The impact of biological interventions for ulcerative colitis on health-related quality of life. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 CD008655
• 233 Ford AC, Achkar JP, Khan KJ. et al. Efficacy of 5-aminosalicylates in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 601-616
• 234 Timmer A, Patton PH, Chande N. et al. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016: CD000478
• 235 Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W. et al. Early mucosal healing with infliximab is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1194-1201
• 236 Marshall JK, Thabane M, Steinhart AH. et al. Rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010: CD004115
• 237 Lie MR, Kanis SL, Hansen BE. et al. Drug therapies for ulcerative proctitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20: 2157-2178
• 238 Cohen RD, Dalal SR. Systematic Review: Rectal Therapies for the Treatment of Distal Forms of Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 1719-1736
• 239 Romkens TE, Kampschreur MT, Drenth JP. et al. High mucosal healing rates in 5-ASA-treated ulcerative colitis patients: results of a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 2190-2198
• 240 Andus T, Kocjan A, Muser M. et al. Clinical trial: a novel high-dose 1g mesalamine suppository (Salofalk) once daily is as efficacious as a 500-mg suppository thrice daily in active ulcerative proctitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16: 1947-1956
• 241 Lamet M. A multicenter, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mesalamine suppositories 1g at bedtime and 500 mg Twice daily in patients with active mild-to-moderate ulcerative proctitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 513-522
• 242 Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A. et al. Comparison of oral with rectal mesalazine in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: 93-97
• 243 Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal corticosteroids versus alternative treatments in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 1997; 40: 775-781
• 244 Regueiro M, Loftus Jr EV, Steinhart AH. et al. Medical management of left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: critical evaluation of therapeutic trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12: 979-994
• 245 Mulder CJ, Fockens P, Meijer JW. et al. Beclomethasone dipropionate (3 mg) versus 5-aminosalicylic acid (2g) versus the combination of both (3 mg/2g) as retention enemas in active ulcerative proctitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 549-553
• 246 Sandborn WJ, Bosworth B, Zakko S. et al. Budesonide foam induces remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 740-750 e2
• 247 Bosworth BP, Sandborn WJ, Rubin DT. et al. Baseline Oral 5-ASA Use and Efficacy and Safety of Budesonide Foam in Patients with Ulcerative Proctitis and Ulcerative Proctosigmoiditis: Analysis of 2 Phase 3 Studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 1881-1886
• 248 Leifeld L, Pfutzer R, Morgenstern J. et al. Mesalazine granules are superior to Eudragit-L-coated mesalazine tablets for induction of remission in distal ulcerative colitis – a pooled analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 1115-1122
• 249 Benson A, Barrett T, Sparberg M. et al. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in refractory ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: a single-center experience. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 7-12
• 250 Lawrance IC, Baird A, Lightower D. et al. Efficacy of Rectal Tacrolimus for Induction Therapy in Patients With Resistant Ulcerative Proctitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 1248-1255
• 251 Ford AC, Khan KJ, Achkar JP. et al. Efficacy of oral vs. topical, or combined oral and topical 5-aminosalicylates, in Ulcerative Colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 167-176 ; author reply 177
• 252 Pimpo MT, Galletti B, Palumbo G. et al. Mesalazine vanishing time from rectal mucosa following its topical administration. J Crohns Colitis 2010; 4: 102-105
• 253 Cortot A, Maetz D, Degoutte E. et al. Mesalamine foam enema versus mesalamine liquid enema in active left-sided ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 3106-3114
• 254 Wang Y, Parker CE, Bhanji T. et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 4: CD000543
• 255 Feagan BG, Chande N, MacDonald JK. Are there any differences in the efficacy and safety of different formulations of Oral 5-ASA used for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis? evidence from cochrane reviews. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 2031-2040
• 256 Manguso F, Balzano A. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of rectal beclomethasone dipropionate vs. 5-aminosalicylic acid in mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 21-29
• 257 Severs M, Mangen MJ, Fidder HH. et al. Clinical Predictors of Future Nonadherence in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23: 1568-1576
• 258 Flourie B, Hagege H, Tucat G. et al. Randomised clinical trial: once- vs. twice-daily prolonged-release mesalazine for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 767-775
• 259 Feagan BG, MacDonald JK. Once daily oral mesalamine compared to conventional dosing for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 1785-1794
• 260 Orchard TR, van der Geest SA, Travis SP. Randomised clinical trial: early assessment after 2 weeks of high-dose mesalazine for moderately active ulcerative colitis – new light on a familiar question. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 1028-1035
• 261 Sherlock ME, Seow CH, Steinhart AH. et al. Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010: CD007698
• 262 Sandborn WJ, Travis S, Moro L. et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX(R) extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 1218-1226 e1–2
• 263 Travis SP, Danese S, Kupcinskas L. et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX in active, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the randomised CORE II study. Gut 2014; 63: 433-441
• 264 Sandborn WJ, Danese S, D’Haens G. et al. Induction of clinical and colonoscopic remission of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with budesonide MMX 9 mg: pooled analysis of two phase 3 studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 409-418
• 265 Sherlock ME, MacDonald JK, Griffiths AM. et al. Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: CD007698
• 266 Marshall JK, Thabane M, Steinhart AH. et al. Rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11: CD004118
• 267 Moody GA, Eaden JA, Helyes Z. et al. Oral or rectal administration of drugs in IBD?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11: 999-1000
• 268 Chaparro M, Gisbert JP. Maintenance therapy options for ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17: 1339-1349
• 269 Losurdo G, Iannone A, Contaldo A. et al. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in Ulcerative Colitis Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2015; 24: 499-505
• 270 Scaldaferri F, Gerardi V, Mangiola F. et al. Role and mechanisms of action of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in the maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis patients: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 5505-5511
• 271 d’Albasio G, Pacini F, Camarri E. et al. Combined therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets and enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1143-1147
• 272 Yokoyama H, Takagi S, Kuriyama S. et al. Effect of weekend 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) enema as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: results from a randomized controlled study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13: 1115-1120
• 273 Piodi LP, Ulivieri FM, Cermesoni L. et al. Long-term intermittent treatment with low-dose 5-aminosalicylic enemas is efficacious for remission maintenance in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 154-157
• 274 Bokemeyer B, Hommes D, Gill I. et al. Mesalazine in left-sided ulcerative colitis: efficacy analyses from the PODIUM trial on maintenance of remission and mucosal healing. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6: 476-482
• 275 Kamm MA, Lichtenstein GR, Sandborn WJ. et al. Randomised trial of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalazine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Gut 2008; 57: 893-902
• 276 Feagan BG, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 10: CD000544
• 277 Dignaß AU, Bokemeyer B, Adamek H. et al. Mesalamine once daily is more effective than twice daily in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 762-769
• 278 Gordon GL, Zakko S, Murthy U. et al. Once-daily Mesalamine Formulation for Maintenance of Remission in Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: 318-325
• 279 Kruis W, Jonaitis L, Pokrotnieks J. et al. Randomised clinical trial: a comparative dose-finding study of three arms of dual release mesalazine for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 313-322
• 280 Sandborn WJ, Korzenik J, Lashner B. et al. Once-daily dosing of delayed-release oral mesalamine (400-mg tablet) is as effective as twice-daily dosing for maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 1286-1296, 1296 e1–3
• 281 Heyman MB, Kierkus J, Spenard J. et al. Efficacy and safety of mesalamine suppositories for treatment of ulcerative proctitis in children and adolescents. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16: 1931-1939
• 282 Kobayashi K, Hirai F, Naganuma M. et al. A randomized clinical trial of mesalazine suppository: the usefulness and problems of central review of evaluations of colonic mucosal findings. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 1444-1453
• 283 Watanabe M, Nishino H, Sameshima Y. et al. Randomised clinical trial: evaluation of the efficacy of mesalazine (mesalamine) suppositories in patients with ulcerative colitis and active rectal inflammation -- a placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 264-273
• 284 Kruis W, Jonaitis L, Pokrotnieks J. et al. Randomised clinical trial: a comparative dose-finding study of three arms of dual release mesalazine for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 313-322
• 285 Yokoyama H, Takagi S, Kuriyama S. et al. Effect of weekend 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) enema as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: results from a randomized controlled study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13: 1115-1120
• 286 Ardizzone S, Porro GB. How long is it advisable to prolong maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis?. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 (Suppl. 02) S238-S239
• 287 Heap GA, So K, Weedon M. et al. Clinical Features and HLA Association of 5-Aminosalicylate (5-ASA)-induced Nephrotoxicity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10: 149-158
• 288 Zallot C, Billioud V, Frimat L. et al. 5-Aminosalicylates and renal function monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide survey. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7: 551-555
• 289 Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Siegmund B. et al. Patient Education in a 14-month Randomised Trial Fails to Improve Adherence in Ulcerative Colitis: Influence of Demographic and Clinical Parameters on Non-adherence. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 1052-1062
• 290 Velayos FS, Terdiman JP, Walsh JM. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1345-1353
• 291 Biancone L, Michetti P, Travis S. et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: Special situations. J Crohns Colitis 2008; 2: 63-92
• 292 Rubin DT, Huo D, Kinnucan JA. et al. Inflammation is an independent risk factor for colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 1601-1608 e1–4
• 293 Mathy C, Schneider K, Chen YY. et al. Gross versus microscopic pancolitis and the occurrence of neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2003; 9: 351-355
• 294 Choi CH, Ignjatovic-Wilson A, Askari A. et al. Low-grade dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: risk factors for developing high-grade dysplasia or colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 1461-1471 ; quiz 1472
• 295 Lindberg BU, Broome U, Persson B. Proximal colorectal dysplasia or cancer in ulcerative colitis. The impact of primary sclerosing cholangitis and sulfasalazine: results from a 20-year surveillance study. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 77-85
• 296 Itzkowitz SH, Harpaz N. Diagnosis and management of dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1634-1648
• 297 Lyakhovich A, Gasche C. Systematic review: molecular chemoprevention of colorectal malignancy by mesalazine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 202-209
• 298 Ullman T, Croog V, Harpaz N. et al. Progression to colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: effect of mesalamine. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 1225-1230 ; quiz 1177
• 299 Bergeron VNLI, Vienne A, Seksik P. et al. Azathioprine [AZA] is associated with less histological inflammation of the colon in inactive IBD. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 693
• 300 Lashner BA, Provencher KS, Seidner DL. et al. The effect of folic acid supplementation on the risk for cancer or dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 29-32
• 301 Terdiman JP, Steinbuch M, Blumentals WA. et al. 5-Aminosalicylic acid therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13: 367-371
• 302 Matula S, Croog V, Itzkowitz S. et al. Chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: the effect of 6-mercaptopurine. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 1015-1021
• 303 van Schaik FD, van Oijen MG, Smeets HM. et al. Thiopurines prevent advanced colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2012; 61: 235-240
• 304 Beaugerie L, Svrcek M, Seksik P. et al. Risk of colorectal high-grade dysplasia and cancer in a prospective observational cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 166-175 e8
• 305 Lindgren S, Lofberg R, Bergholm L. et al. Effect of budesonide enema on remission and relapse rate in distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 705-710
• 306 Meyers S, Lerer PK, Feuer EJ. et al. Predicting the outcome of corticoid therapy for acute ulcerative colitis. Results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 1987; 9: 50-54
• 307 Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD. et al. Serious infection and mortality in patients with Crohn’s disease: more than 5 years of follow-up in the TREAT registry. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 1409-1422
• 308 Edwards FC, Truelove SC. The Course and Prognosis of Ulcerative Colitis. Gut 1963; 4: 299-315
• 309 Van Assche G, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P. Management of acute severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 2011; 60: 130-133
• 310 Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH. et al. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 103-110
• 311 Lynch RW, Lowe D, Protheroe A. et al. Outcomes of rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis: data from the United Kingdom inflammatory bowel disease audit. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 935-945
• 312 Baron JH, Connell AM, Kanaghinis TG. et al. Out-patient treatment of ulcerative colitis. Comparison between three doses of oral prednisone. Br Med J 1962; 2: 441-443
• 313 Lennard-Jones JE, Longmore AJ, Newell AC. et al. An assessment of prednisone, salazopyrin, and topical hydrocortisone hemisuccinate used as out-patient treatment for ulcerative colitis. Gut 1960; 1: 217-222
• 314 Truelove SC, Jewell DP. Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1974; 1: 1067-170
• 315 Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; preliminary report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1954; 2: 375-378
• 316 Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone and corticotrophin in ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1959; 1: 387-394
• 317 Rosenberg W, Ireland A, Jewell DP. High-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990; 12: 40-41
• 318 Bartels SA, Gardenbroek TJ, Bos L. et al. Prolonged preoperative hospital stay is a risk factor for complications after emergency colectomy for severe colitis. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15: 1392-1398
• 319 Bernstein CN, Ng SC, Lakatos PL. et al. A review of mortality and surgery in ulcerative colitis: milestones of the seriousness of the disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 2001-2010
• 320 Randall J, Singh B, Warren BF. et al. Delayed surgery for acute severe colitis is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 404-409
• 321 Roberts SE, Williams JG, Yeates D. et al. Mortality in patients with and without colectomy admitted to hospital for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: record linkage studies. BMJ 2007; 335: 1033
• 322 Dignaß AU, Gasche C, Bettenworth D. et al. European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 211-222
• 323 Autenrieth DM, Baumgart DC. Toxic megacolon. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 584-591
• 324 Gan SI, Beck PL. A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2363-2371
• 325 Kvasnovsky CL, Aujla U, Bjarnason I. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50: 255-263
• 326 Long MD, Barnes EL, Herfarth HH. et al. Narcotic use for inflammatory bowel disease and risk factors during hospitalization. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 869-876
• 327 Domenech E, Vega R, Ojanguren I. et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis: a prospective, comparative study on prevalence and diagnostic strategy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 1373-1379
• 328 Kishore J, Ghoshal U, Ghoshal UC. et al. Infection with cytomegalovirus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence, clinical significance and outcome. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 1155-1160
• 329 Lee HS, Park SH, Kim SH. et al. Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Cytomegalovirus Colitis in Patients with Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 912-918
• 330 Papadakis KA, Tung JK, Binder SW. et al. Outcome of cytomegalovirus infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 2137-2142
• 331 Rahier JF, Magro F, Abreu C. et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 443-468
• 332 Siegmund B. Cytomegalovirus infection associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2: 369-376
• 333 Berg AM, Kelly CP, Farraye FA. Clostridium difficile infection in the inflammatory bowel disease patient. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 194-204
• 334 Issa M, Ananthakrishnan AN, Binion DG. Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 1432-1442
• 335 Jen MH, Saxena S, Bottle A. et al. Increased health burden associated with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 1322-1331
• 336 Murthy SK, Steinhart AH, Tinmouth J. et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile colitis on 5-year health outcomes in patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36: 1032-1039
• 337 Negron ME, Barkema HW, Rioux K. et al. Clostridium difficile infection worsens the prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 28: 373-380
• 338 Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML. et al. A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1443-1450
• 339 Hagel S, Epple HJ, Feurle GE. et al. S2k-guideline gastrointestinal infectious diseases and Whipple’s disease. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 418-459
• 340 Ben-Horin S, Margalit M, Bossuyt P. et al. Combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 981-987
• 341 Rahier JF, Ben-Horin S, Chowers Y. et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3: 47-91
• 342 Grainge MJ, West J, Card TR. Venous thromboembolism during active disease and remission in inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study. Lancet 2010; 375: 657-663
• 343 Harbord M, Annese V, Vavricka SR. et al. The First European Evidence-based Consensus on Extra-intestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10: 239-254
• 344 Kappelman MD, Horvath-Puho E, Sandler RS. et al. Thromboembolic risk among Danish children and adults with inflammatory bowel diseases: a population-based nationwide study. Gut 2011; 60: 937-943
• 345 Nguyen GC, Bernstein CN, Bitton A. et al. Consensus statements on the risk, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 835-848 e6
• 346 Gonzalez-Huix F, Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve-Comas M. et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition as adjunct therapy in acute ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 227-232
• 347 McIntyre PB, Powell-Tuck J, Wood SR. et al. Controlled trial of bowel rest in the treatment of severe acute colitis. Gut 1986; 27: 481-485
• 348 Turner D, Travis SP, Griffiths AM. et al. Consensus for managing acute severe ulcerative colitis in children: a systematic review and joint statement from ECCO, ESPGHAN, and the Porto IBD Working Group of ESPGHAN. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 574-588
• 349 Lindgren SC, Flood LM, Kilander AF. et al. Early predictors of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure in severe and moderately severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10: 831-835
• 350 Llao J, Naves JE, Ruiz-Cerulla A. et al. Intravenous corticosteroids in moderately active ulcerative colitis refractory to oral corticosteroids. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 1523-1528
• 351 Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG. et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2462-2476
• 352 Sandborn WJ, van Assche G, Reinisch W. et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 257-265 e1–3
• 353 Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C. et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 85-95 ; quiz e14–5
• 354 Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C. et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 96-109 e1
• 355 Lennard-Jones JE, Ritchie JK, Hilder W. et al. Assessment of severity in colitis: a preliminary study. Gut 1975; 16: 579-584
• 356 Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C. et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996; 38: 905-910
• 357 Benazzato L, D’Inca R, Grigoletto F. et al. Prognosis of severe attacks in ulcerative colitis: effect of intensive medical treatment. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36: 461-466
• 358 Chew CN, Nolan DJ, Jewell DP. Small bowel gas in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1991; 32: 1535-1537
• 359 Carbonnel F, Gargouri D, Lemann M. et al. Predictive factors of outcome of intensive intravenous treatment for attacks of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 273-279
• 360 Corte C, Fernandopulle N, Catuneanu AM. et al. Association between the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) and outcomes in acute severe ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 376-381
• 361 Ho GT, Mowat C, Goddard CJ. et al. Predicting the outcome of severe ulcerative colitis: development of a novel risk score to aid early selection of patients for second-line medical therapy or surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 1079-1087
• 362 Kato K, Ohkusa T, Terao S. et al. Adjunct antibiotic combination therapy for steroid-refractory or -dependent ulcerative colitis: an open-label multicentre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39: 949-956
• 363 Mantzaris GJ, Hatzis A, Kontogiannis P. et al. Intravenous tobramycin and metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in acute, severe ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 43-46
• 364 Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A. et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1841-1845
• 365 D’Haens G, Lemmens L, Geboes K. et al. Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1323-1329
• 366 Van Assche G, D’Haens G, Noman M. et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1025-1031
• 367 Laharie D, Bourreille A, Branche J. et al. Ciclosporin versus infliximab in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids: a parallel, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 380: 1909-1915
• 368 Williams JG, Alam MF, Alrubaiy L. et al. Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid-resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT): a mixed methods, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1: 15-24
• 369 Shibolet O, Regushevskaya E, Brezis M. et al. Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: CD004277
• 370 Cohen RD, Stein R, Hanauer SB. Intravenous cyclosporin in ulcerative colitis: a five-year experience. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 1587-1592
• 371 Moskovitz DN, Van Assche G, Maenhout B. et al. Incidence of colectomy during long-term follow-up after cyclosporine-induced remission of severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 760-765
• 372 Bamba S, Tsujikawa T, Inatomi O. et al. Factors affecting the efficacy of cyclosporin A therapy for refractory ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 494-498
• 373 Walch A, Meshkat M, Vogelsang H. et al. Long-term outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with intravenous cyclosporine A is determined by previous exposure to thiopurines. J Crohns Colitis 2010; 4: 398-404
• 374 Cheifetz AS, Stern J, Garud S. et al. Cyclosporine is safe and effective in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 107-112
• 375 Ogata H, Matsui T, Nakamura M. et al. A randomised dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis. Gut 2006; 55: 1255-1262
• 376 Ogata H, Kato J, Hirai F. et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral tacrolimus (FK506) in the management of hospitalized patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 803-808
• 377 Komaki Y, Komaki F, Ido A. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Therapy for Active Ulcerative Colitis; A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10: 484-494
• 378 Schmidt KJ, Herrlinger KR, Emmrich J. et al. Short-term efficacy of tacrolimus in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis – experience in 130 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 129-136
• 379 Yamamoto T, Shimoyama T, Umegae S. et al. Tacrolimus vs. anti-tumour necrosis factor agents for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: a retrospective observational study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 705-716
• 380 Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE. et al. Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis. New England Journal of Medicine 2017; 376: 1723-1736
• 381 Panés J, Vermeire S, Lindsay JO. et al. Tofacitinib in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: Health-Related Quality of Life in Phase 3 Randomised Controlled Induction and Maintenance Studies. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis 2018; 13: 139-140
• 382 Jarnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I. et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 1805-1811
• 383 Gustavsson A, Jarnerot G, Hertervig E. et al. Clinical trial: colectomy after rescue therapy in ulcerative colitis – 3-year follow-up of the Swedish-Danish controlled infliximab study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 984-989
• 384 Sjoberg M, Magnuson A, Bjork J. et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in hospitalised patients with steroid-refractory acute ulcerative colitis: a long-term follow-up of 211 Swedish patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 377-387
• 385 Monterubbianesi R, Aratari A, Armuzzi A. et al. Infliximab three-dose induction regimen in severe corticosteroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: early and late outcome and predictors of colectomy. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 852-858
• 386 Mortensen C, Caspersen S, Christensen NL. et al. Treatment of acute ulcerative colitis with infliximab, a retrospective study from three Danish hospitals. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5: 28-33
• 387 Brandse JF, Mathot RA, van der Kleij D. et al. Pharmacokinetic Features and Presence of Antidrug Antibodies Associate With Response to Infliximab Induction Therapy in Patients With Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 251-258 e1–2
• 388 Brandse JF, van den Brink GR, Wildenberg ME. et al. Loss of Infliximab Into Feces Is Associated With Lack of Response to Therapy in Patients With Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2015; 149: 350-355 e2
• 389 Gibson DJ, Heetun ZS, Redmond CE. et al. An accelerated infliximab induction regimen reduces the need for early colectomy in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 330-335 e1
• 390 Armuzzi A, Pugliese D, Danese S. et al. Long-term combination therapy with infliximab plus azathioprine predicts sustained steroid-free clinical benefit in steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20: 1368-1374
• 391 Chang KH, Burke JP, Coffey JC. Infliximab versus cyclosporine as rescue therapy in acute severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28: 287-293
• 392 Lowenberg M, Duijvis NW, Ponsioen C. et al. Length of hospital stay and associated hospital costs with infliximab versus cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26: 1240-1246
• 393 Hyde GM, Jewell DP, Kettlewell MG. et al. Cyclosporin for severe ulcerative colitis does not increase the rate of perioperative complications. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 1436-1440
• 394 Ferrante M, D’Hoore A, Vermeire S. et al. Corticosteroids but not infliximab increase short-term postoperative infectious complications in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 1062-1070
• 395 Narula N, Fine M, Colombel JF. et al. Systematic Review: Sequential Rescue Therapy in Severe Ulcerative Colitis: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 1683-1694
• 396 Hebden JM, Blackshaw PE, Perkins AC. et al. Limited exposure of the healthy distal colon to orally-dosed formulation is further exaggerated in active left-sided ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 155-161
• 397 Nel JA. Management of patients with AMS 800 urinary artificial sphincter. Nurs RSA 1991; 6: 28-32
• 398 Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Schroeder KW. et al. A placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporine enemas for mildly to moderately active left-sided ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1429-1435
• 399 Scheppach W. Treatment of distal ulcerative colitis with short-chain fatty acid enemas. A placebo-controlled trial. German-Austrian SCFA Study Group. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 2254-2259
• 400 van Dieren JM, van Bodegraven AA, Kuipers EJ. et al. Local application of tacrolimus in distal colitis: feasible and safe. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 193-198
• 401 Carbonnel F, Boruchowicz A, Duclos B. et al. Intravenous cyclosporine in attacks of ulcerative colitis: short-term and long-term responses. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 2471-2476
• 402 Actis GC, Fadda M, David E. et al. Colectomy rate in steroid-refractory colitis initially responsive to cyclosporin: a long-term retrospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol 2007; 7: 13
• 403 Szanto K, Molnar T, Farkas K. New promising combo therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases refractory to anti-TNF agents: cyclosporine plus vedolizumab. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12: 629
• 404 Sandborn WJ, Panes J, D’Haens GR. et al. Safety of Tofacitinib for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis, Based on 4.4 Years of Data From Global Clinical Trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17: 1541-1550
• 405 Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Russo A. et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylic acid for treatment of steroid dependent ulcerative colitis. Gut 2006; 55: 47-53
• 406 Chebli LA, Chaves LD, Pimentel FF. et al. Azathioprine maintains long-term steroid-free remission through 3 years in patients with steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16: 613-619
• 407 Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Middleton S. et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 392-400 e3
• 408 Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE. et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 699-710
• 409 Carbonnel F, Colombel JF, Filippi J. et al. Methotrexate Is Not Superior to Placebo for Inducing Steroid-Free Remission, but Induces Steroid-Free Clinical Remission in a Larger Proportion of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 380-388 e4
• 410 Lawson MM, Thomas AG, Akobeng AK. Tumour necrosis factor alpha blocking agents for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD005112
• 411 Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Hommes DW. et al. Adalimumab for induction of clinical remission in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2011; 60: 780-787
• 412 Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Panaccione R. et al. 52-week efficacy of adalimumab in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who failed corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 1700-1709
• 413 Gies N, Kroeker KI, Wong K. et al. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with adalimumab or infliximab: long-term follow-up of a single-centre cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 522-528
• 414 Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W. et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1383-1395
• 415 van Schaik T, Maljaars JP, Roopram RK. et al. Influence of combination therapy with immune modulators on anti-TNF trough levels and antibodies in patients with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20: 2292-2298
• 416 Yamamoto S, Nakase H, Mikami S. et al. Long-term effect of tacrolimus therapy in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 589-597
• 417 Gisbert JP, Marin AC, McNicholl AG. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of a second anti-TNF in patients with inflammatory bowel disease whose previous anti-TNF treatment has failed. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 613-623
• 418 Baumgart DC, Bokemeyer B, Drabik A. et al. Vedolizumab induction therapy for inflammatory bowel disease in clinical practice--a nationwide consecutive German cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 1090-1102
• 419 Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE. et al. Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis. New England Journal of Medicine 2017; 376: 1723-1736
• 420 Yoo DH, Hrycaj P, Miranda P. et al. A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study to demonstrate equivalence in efficacy and safety of CT-P13 compared with innovator infliximab when coadministered with methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: the PLANETRA study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72: 1613-1620
• 421 Park W, Hrycaj P, Jeka S. et al. A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group, prospective study comparing the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of CT-P13 and innovator infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: the PLANETAS study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72: 1605-1612
• 422 Jorgensen KK, Olsen IC, Goll GL. et al. Switching from originator infliximab to biosimilar CT-P13 compared with maintained treatment with originator infliximab (NOR-SWITCH): a 52-week, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2017; 389: 2304-2316
• 423 Hawthorne AB, Logan RF, Hawkey CJ. et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 1992; 305: 20-22
• 424 Jewell DP, Truelove SC. Azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: final report on controlled therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1974; 4: 627-630
• 425 Sood A, Kaushal V, Midha V. et al. The beneficial effect of azathioprine on maintenance of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 270-274
• 426 Sood A, Midha V, Sood N. et al. Azathioprine versus sulfasalazine in maintenance of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2003; 22: 79-81
• 427 Mate-Jimenez J, Hermida C, Cantero-Perona J. et al. 6-mercaptopurine or methotrexate added to prednisone induces and maintains remission in steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12: 1227-1233
• 428 Cassinotti A, Actis GC, Duca P. et al. Maintenance treatment with azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: outcome and predictive factors after drug withdrawal. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 2760-2767
• 429 George J, Present DH, Pou R. et al. The long-term outcome of ulcerative colitis treated with 6-mercaptopurine. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 1711-1714
• 430 Fraser AG, Orchard TR, Jewell DP. The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review. Gut 2002; 50: 485-489
• 431 Ardizzone S, Molteni P, Imbesi V. et al. Azathioprine in steroid-resistant and steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 25: 330-333
• 432 Lobo AJ, Foster PN, Burke DA. et al. The role of azathioprine in the management of ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1990; 33: 374-377
• 433 Khan ZH, Mayberry JF, Spiers N. et al. Retrospective case series analysis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease on azathioprine. A district general hospital experience. Digestion 2000; 62: 249-254
• 434 Adler DJ, Korelitz BI. The therapeutic efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine in refractory ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 717-722
• 435 Moreno-Rincon E, Benitez JM, Serrano-Ruiz FJ. et al. Prognosis of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in Sustained Remission After Thiopurines Withdrawal. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 1564-1571
• 436 Fernandez-Banares F, Bertran X, Esteve-Comas M. et al. Azathioprine is useful in maintaining long-term remission induced by intravenous cyclosporine in steroid-refractory severe ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2498-2499
• 437 Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Fidder H. et al. Long-term outcome after infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2008; 2: 219-225
• 438 Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Lazar A. et al. Adalimumab therapy is associated with reduced risk of hospitalization in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 110-118 e3
• 439 Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S. et al. Four-year maintenance treatment with adalimumab in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: Data from ULTRA 1, 2, and 3. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 1771-1780
• 440 Loftus Jr EV, Colombel JF, Feagan BG. et al. Long-term Efficacy of Vedolizumab for Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 400-411
• 441 Feagan BG, Rubin DT, Danese S. et al. Efficacy of Vedolizumab Induction and Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis, Regardless of Prior Exposure to Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 229-239 e5
• 442 Noman M, Ferrante M, Bisschops R. et al. Vedolizumab Induces Long-term Mucosal Healing in Patients With Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 1085-1089
• 443 Stallmach A, Langbein C, Atreya R. et al. Vedolizumab provides clinical benefit over 1 year in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease – a prospective multicenter observational study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44: 1199-1212
• 444 Amiot A, Serrero M, Peyrin-Biroulet L. et al. One-year effectiveness and safety of vedolizumab therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46: 310-321
• 445 Bickston SJ, Behm BW, Tsoulis DJ. et al. Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014: CD007571
• 446 Ungar B, Kopylov U, Engel T. et al. Addition of an immunomodulator can reverse antibody formation and loss of response in patients treated with adalimumab. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45: 276-282
• 447 Matsumoto T, Motoya S, Watanabe K. et al. Adalimumab Monotherapy and a Combination with Azathioprine for Crohn’s Disease: A Prospective, Randomized Trial. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10: 1259-1266
• 448 Oren R, Arber N, Odes S. et al. Methotrexate in chronic active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized, Israeli multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1416-1421
• 449 Wahed M, Louis-Auguste JR, Baxter LM. et al. Efficacy of methotrexate in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients unresponsive or intolerant to azathioprine /mercaptopurine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 614-620
• 450 Wang Y, MacDonald JK, Vandermeer B. et al. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: CD007560
• 451 Torres J, Boyapati RK, Kennedy NA. et al. Systematic Review of Effects of Withdrawal of Immunomodulators or Biologic Agents From Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2015; 149: 1716-1730
• 452 Marits P, Landucci L, Sundin U. et al. Trough s-infliximab and antibodies towards infliximab in a cohort of 79 IBD patients with maintenance infliximab treatment. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 881-889
• 453 Mazor Y, Almog R, Kopylov U. et al. Adalimumab drug and antibody levels as predictors of clinical and laboratory response in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 620-628
• 454 Cornillie F, Hanauer SB, Diamond RH. et al. Postinduction serum infliximab trough level and decrease of C-reactive protein level are associated with durable sustained response to infliximab: a retrospective analysis of the ACCENT I trial. Gut 2014; 63: 1721-1727
• 455 Pouw MF, Krieckaert CL, Nurmohamed MT. et al. Key findings towards optimising adalimumab treatment: the concentration-effect curve. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74: 513-518
• 456 Seow CH, Newman A, Irwin SP. et al. Trough serum infliximab: a predictive factor of clinical outcome for infliximab treatment in acute ulcerative colitis. Gut 2010; 59: 49-54
• 457 Moore C, Corbett G, Moss AC. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Serum Infliximab Levels During Maintenance Therapy and Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10: 619-625
• 458 Roblin X, Marotte H, Rinaudo M. et al. Association between pharmacokinetics of adalimumab and mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 80-84 e2
• 459 Harzallah I, Rigaill J, Williet N. et al. Golimumab pharmacokinetics in ulcerative colitis: a literature review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2017; 10: 89-100
• 460 Afif W, Loftus Jr EV, Faubion WA. et al. Clinical utility of measuring infliximab and human anti-chimeric antibody concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1133-1139
• 461 Frederiksen MT, Ainsworth MA, Brynskov J. et al. Antibodies against infliximab are associated with de novo development of antibodies to adalimumab and therapeutic failure in infliximab-to-adalimumab switchers with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20: 1714-1721
• 462 O’Meara S, Nanda KS, Moss AC. Antibodies to infliximab and risk of infusion reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20: 1-6
• 463 Ungar B, Chowers Y, Yavzori M. et al. The temporal evolution of antidrug antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with infliximab. Gut 2014; 63: 1258-1264
• 464 Steenholdt C, Al-khalaf M, Brynskov J. et al. Clinical implications of variations in anti-infliximab antibody levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 2209-2217
• 465 Yanai H, Lichtenstein L, Assa A. et al. Levels of drug and antidrug antibodies are associated with outcome of interventions after loss of response to infliximab or adalimumab. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 522-530 e2
• 466 Yacoub W, Williet N, Pouillon L. et al. Early vedolizumab trough levels predict mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: a multicentre prospective observational study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47: 906-912
• 467 Schulze H, Esters P, Hartmann F. et al. A prospective cohort study to assess the relevance of vedolizumab drug level monitoring in IBD patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53: 670-676
• 468 Dreesen E, Verstockt B, Bian S. et al. Evidence to Support Monitoring of Vedolizumab Trough Concentrations in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16: 1937-1946
• 469 Baumgart DC, Pintoffl JP, Sturm A. et al. Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease--a long-term follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1048-1056
• 470 Luthra P, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Ford AC. Systematic review and meta-analysis: opportunistic infections and malignancies during treatment with anti-integrin antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 1227-1236
• 471 Brassard P, Bitton A, Suissa A. et al. Oral corticosteroids and the risk of serious infections in patients with elderly-onset inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 1795-1802 ; quiz 1803
• 472 Stuck AE, Minder CE, Frey FJ. Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticosteroids. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11: 954-963
• 473 Dixon WG, Kezouh A, Bernatsky S. et al. The influence of systemic glucocorticoid therapy upon the risk of non-serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70: 956-960
• 474 Jick SS, Lieberman ES, Rahman MU. et al. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, and the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 19-26
• 475 Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL. Infection-related hospitalizations are associated with increased mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7: 107-112
• 476 Ha CY. Risks of Infection among the Older Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2014; 12: 283-291
• 477 Castle SC. Clinical relevance of age-related immune dysfunction. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 578-585
• 478 Strangfeld A, Eveslage M, Schneider M. et al. Treatment benefit or survival of the fittest: what drives the time-dependent decrease in serious infection rates under TNF inhibition and what does this imply for the individual patient?. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70: 1914-1920
• 479 Ananthakrishnan AN, Cagan A, Cai T. et al. Diabetes and the risk of infections with immunomodulator therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 1141-1148
• 480 Blum HE, Berg T, Tillmann HL. et al. Procedures for problematic situations with hepatitis B. Z Gastroenterol 2004; 42: 692-697
• 481 Domm S, Cinatl J, Mrowietz U. The impact of treatment with tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists on the course of chronic viral infections: a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 1217-1228
• 482 Mindikoglu AL, Regev A, Schiff ER. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after cytotoxic chemotherapy: the disease and its prevention. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 1076-1081
• 483 Esteve M, Saro C, Gonzalez-Huix F. et al. Chronic hepatitis B reactivation following infliximab therapy in Crohn’s disease patients: need for primary prophylaxis. Gut 2004; 53: 1363-1365
• 484 Lau GK. Hepatitis B reactivation after chemotherapy: two decades of clinical research. Hepatol Int 2008; 2: 152-162
• 485 Cornberg M, Protzer U, Petersen J. et al. Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis B virus infection – the German guideline. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 871-930
• 486 Diel R, Forssbohm M, Loytved G. et al. Empfehlungen für die Umgebungsuntersuchungen bei Tuberkulose. Pneumologie 2007; 61: 440-455
• 487 Schoepfer AM, Flogerzi B, Fallegger S. et al. Comparison of interferon-gamma release assay versus tuberculin skin test for tuberculosis screening in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2799-2806
• 488 Hatzara C, Hadziyannis E, Kandili A. et al. Frequent conversion of tuberculosis screening tests during anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in patients with rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74: 1848-1853
• 489 Thorley-Lawson DA. EBV the prototypical human tumor virus--just how bad is it?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 251-261 ; quiz 262
• 490 Thompson MP, Kurzrock R. Epstein-Barr virus and cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 803-821
• 491 Funch DP, Walker AM, Schneider G. et al. Ganciclovir and acyclovir reduce the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 2894-2900
• 492 Reddy N, Rezvani K, Barrett AJ. et al. Strategies to prevent EBV reactivation and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in high-risk patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17: 591-597
• 493 Stobaugh DJ, Deepak P, Ehrenpreis ED. Hospitalizations for vaccine preventable pneumonias in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a 6-year analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2013; 6: 43-49
• 494 Teich N, Klugmann T, Tiedemann A. et al. Vaccination coverage in immunosuppressed patients: results of a regional health services research study. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011; 108: 105-111
• 495 Borte S, Liebert UG, Borte M. et al. Efficacy of measles, mumps and rubella revaccination in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with methotrexate and etanercept. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48: 144-148
• 496 Nguyen DL, Nguyen ET, Bechtold ML. Effect of Immunosuppressive Therapies for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Response to Routine Vaccinations: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60: 2446-2453
• 497 Poppers DM, Scherl EJ. Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: toward a standard of care. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 106-113
• 498 Cotter TG, Gathaiya N, Catania J. et al. Low Risk of Pneumonia From Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Immune Suppression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 850-856
• 499 Long MD, Farraye FA, Okafor PN. et al. Increased risk of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 1018-1024
• 500 Stern A, Green H, Paul M. et al. Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 CD005590.
• 501 Messiaen PE, Cuyx S, Dejagere T. et al. The role of CD4 cell count as discriminatory measure to guide chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-negative immunocompromised patients: A systematic review. Transpl Infect Dis 2017 19.
• 502 Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Skolnik PR. et al. A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of Pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 177-188
• 503 Stallmach A, Carstens O. Role of infections in the manifestation or reactivation of inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002; 8: 213-218
• 504 Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG. Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2008; 57: 205-210
• 505 Das R, Feuerstadt P, Brandt LJ. Glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2040-2049
• 506 Schneeweiss S, Korzenik J, Solomon DH. et al. Infliximab and other immunomodulating drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of serious bacterial infections. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 253-264
• 507 Singh H, Nugent Z, Yu BN. et al. Higher Incidence of Clostridium difficile Infection Among Individuals With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2017; 153: 430-438 e2
• 508 Dallal RM, Harbrecht BG, Boujoukas AJ. et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 363-372
• 509 Asha NJ, Tompkins D, Wilcox MH. Comparative analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 2785-2791
• 510 Crobach MJ, Planche T, Eckert C. et al. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the diagnostic guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22 (Suppl. 04) S63-S81
• 511 von Müller L, Halfmann A, Herrmann M. Current data and trends on the development of antibiotic resistance of Clostridium difficile. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2012; 55: 1410-1417
• 512 Erb S, Frei R, Stranden AM. et al. Low sensitivity of fecal toxin A/B enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21: 998 e9-998 e15
• 513 Vonberg RP, Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH. et al. Infection control measures to limit the spread of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14 (Suppl. 05) 2-20
• 514 McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S. et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66: e1-e48
• 515 Fekety R, Silva J, Kauffman C. et al. Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. Am J Med 1989; 86: 15-19
• 516 Horton HA, Dezfoli S, Berel D. et al. Antibiotics for Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58: 5054-5059
• 517 Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM. et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 422-431
• 518 Crook DW, Walker AS, Kean Y. et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection: meta-analysis of pivotal randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55 (Suppl. 02) S93-S103
• 519 Al Momani LA, Abughanimeh O, Boonpheng B. et al. Fidaxomicin vs Vancomycin for the Treatment of a First Episode of Clostridium Difficile Infection: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. Cureus 2018; 10: e2778
• 520 Hogenauer C, Mahida Y, Stallmach A. et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of fidaxomicin in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection: an open-label Phase IIIb/IV study (PROFILE). J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73: 3430-3441
• 521 Nelson RL, Suda KJ, Evans CT. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 3: CD004610
• 522 Aziz M, Desai M, Fatima R. et al. Surotomycin (a novel cyclic lipopeptide) vs Vancomycin for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Curr Clin Pharmacol 2019; 3: 28
• 523 Gerding DN, Cornely OA, Grill S. et al. Cadazolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: results of two double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19: 265-274
• 524 Shen NT, Maw A, Tmanova LL. et al. Timely Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review With Meta-Regression Analysis. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 1889-1900 e9
• 525 Wilcox MH, Gerding DN, Poxton IR. et al. Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 305-317
• 526 Kelly CP, Wilcox MH, Glerup H. et al. Bezlotoxumab for Clostridium difficile Infection Complicating Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 155: 1270-1271
• 527 Stallmach A, Reuken PA, Teich N. Aktuelle Konzepte zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Clostridioides [Clostridium]-difficile-Infektion bei Patienten mit chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen. Z Gastroenterol 2018; 56: 1369-1377
• 528 Gerding DN, Muto CA, Owens RC. et al. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 (Suppl. 01) S32-S42
• 529 McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1769-1775
• 530 Eiseman B, Silen W, Bascom GS. et al. Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 1958; 44: 854-859
• 531 van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M. et al. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 407-415
• 532 Hvas CL, Dahl Jørgensen SM, Jørgensen SP. et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Is Superior to Fidaxomicin for Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 1324-1332.e3
• 533 Lai CY, Sung J, Cheng F. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: review of donor features, procedures and outcomes in 168 clinical studies of faecal microbiota transplantation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49: 354-363
• 534 Tariq R, Pardi DS, Bartlett MG. et al. Low Cure Rates in Controlled Trials of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68: 1351-1358
• 535 Fischer M, Kao D, Kelly C. et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation is Safe and Efficacious for Recurrent or Refractory Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 2402-2409
• 536 Khoruts A, Rank KM, Newman KM. et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Affects the Outcome of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 1433-1438
• 537 Teich N, Weber M, Stallmach A. First Occurrence of Severe Extraintestinal Manifestations of Crohn’s Disease Following Faecal Microbiota Transplantation. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10: 1254-1255
• 538 Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM. et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2009; 374: 1617-1625
• 539 Posthuma EF, Westendorp RG, van der Sluys Veer A. et al. Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn’s disease with azathioprine. Gut 1995; 36: 311-313
• 540 Garrido Serrano A, Perez Martin F, Guerrero Igea FJ. et al. Fatal infectious mononucleosis during azathioprine treatment in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 23: 7-8
• 541 N’Guyen Y, Andreoletti L, Patey M. et al. Fatal Epstein-Barr virus primo infection in a 25-year-old man treated with azathioprine for Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 1252-1254
• 542 Nissen LH, Nagtegaal ID, de Jong DJ. et al. Epstein-Barr virus in inflammatory bowel disease: the spectrum of intestinal lymphoproliferative disorders. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 398-403
• 543 Fries W, Cottone M, Cascio A. Systematic review: macrophage activation syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 1033-1045
• 544 Virdis F, Tacci S, Messina F. et al. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by primary Epstein-Barr virus in patient with Crohn’s disease. World J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 5: 306-308
• 545 Klein S, Schmidt C, La Rosee P. et al. Fulminant gastrointestinal bleeding caused by EBV-triggered hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: report of a case. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 354-359
• 546 Brito-Zeron P, Bosch X, Perez-de-Lis M. et al. Infection is the major trigger of hemophagocytic syndrome in adult patients treated with biological therapies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2016; 45: 391-399
• 547 Cottone M, Pietrosi G, Martorana G. et al. Prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in severe refractory ulcerative and Crohn’s colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 773-775
• 548 Kambham N, Vij R, Cartwright CA. et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28: 365-373
• 549 Tandon P, James P, Cordeiro E. et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Blood-Based Tests and Histopathology for Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23: 551-560
• 550 Roblin X, Pillet S, Oussalah A. et al. Cytomegalovirus load in inflamed intestinal tissue is predictive of resistance to immunosuppressive therapy in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 2001-2008
• 551 Zidar N, Ferkolj I, Tepes K. et al. Diagnosing cytomegalovirus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease--by immunohistochemistry or polymerase chain reaction?. Virchows Arch 2015; 466: 533-539
• 552 Thorn M, Rorsman F, Ronnblom A. et al. Active cytomegalovirus infection diagnosed by real-time PCR in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, controlled observational study (.). Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51: 1075-1080
• 553 Romkens TE, Bulte GJ, Nissen LH. et al. Cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 1321-1330
• 554 Shukla T, Singh S, Loftus Jr EV. et al. Antiviral Therapy in Steroid-refractory Ulcerative Colitis with Cytomegalovirus: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 2718-2725
• 555 Kopylov U, Eliakim-Raz N, Szilagy A. et al. Antiviral therapy in cytomegalovirus-positive ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 2695-2703
• 556 Beswick L, Ye B, van Langenberg DR. Toward an Algorithm for the Diagnosis and Management of CMV in Patients with Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 2966-2976
• 557 Kopylov U, Papamichael K, Katsanos K. et al. Impact of Infliximab and Cyclosporine on the Risk of Colectomy in Hospitalized Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Complicated by Cytomegalovirus-A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23: 1605-1613
• 558 Maconi G, Colombo E, Zerbi P. et al. Prevalence, detection rate and outcome of cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis patients requiring colonic resection. Dig Liver Dis 2005; 37: 418-423
• 559 Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM. et al. Updated international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation 2013; 96: 333-360
• 560 Cullen G, Baden RP, Cheifetz AS. Varicella zoster virus infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 2392-2403
• 561 Cote-Daigneault J, Peerani F, MacMahon E. et al. Management and Prevention of Herpes Zoster in the Immunocompromised Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient: A Clinical Quandary. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 2538-2547
• 562 Menzies D, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R. et al. Four Months of Rifampin or Nine Months of Isoniazid for Latent Tuberculosis in Adults. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 440-453
• 563 Diallo T, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R. et al. Safety and Side Effects of Rifampin versus Isoniazid in Children. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 454-463
• 564 Robert Koch-Institut. Tuberkulose. RKI-Ratgeber für Ärzte. 2017 http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Merkblaetter/Ratgeber_Tuberkulose.htm
• 565 Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA. et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64: 111-115
• 566 Julsgaard M, Christensen LA, Gibson PR. et al. Concentrations of Adalimumab and Infliximab in Mothers and Newborns, and Effects on Infection. Gastroenterology 2016; 151: 110-119
• 567 Lichtenstein GR, Cohen R, Yamashita B. et al. Quality of life after proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis for patients with ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 669-677
• 568 Heuschen UA, Heuschen G, Rudek B. et al. Long-term quality of life after continence-preserving proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Chirurg 1998; 69: 1052-1058
• 569 Mark-Christensen A, Erichsen R, Brandsborg S. et al. Pouch Failures Following Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis. Colorectal Dis 2018; 20: 44-52
• 570 Lovegrove RE, Tilney HS, Remzi FH. et al. To divert or not to divert: A retrospective analysis of variables that influence ileostomy omission in ileal pouch surgery. Arch Surg 2011; 146: 82-88
• 571 Mennigen R, Sewald W, Senninger N. et al. Morbidity of loop ileostomy closure after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis: a systematic review. J Gastrointest Surg 2014; 18: 2192-2200
• 572 Lovegrove RE, Heriot AG, Constantinides V. et al. Meta-analysis of short-term and long-term outcomes of J, W and S ileal reservoirs for restorative proctocolectomy. Colorectal Dis 2007; 9: 310-320
• 573 McCormick PH, Guest GD, Clark AJ. et al. The ideal ileal-pouch design: a long-term randomized control trial of J- vs W-pouch construction. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55: 1251-1257
• 574 Oresland T, Fasth S, Nordgren S. et al. A prospective randomized comparison of two different pelvic pouch designs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 986-996
• 575 Pal S, Sahni P, Pande GK. et al. Outcome following emergency surgery for refractory severe ulcerative colitis in a tertiary care centre in India. BMC Gastroenterol 2005; 5: 39
• 576 Heppell J, Farkouh E, Dube S. et al. Toxic megacolon. An analysis of 70 cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1986; 29: 789-792
• 577 Fowkes L, Krishna K, Menon A. et al. Laparoscopic emergency and elective surgery for ulcerative colitis. Colorectal Dis 2008; 10: 373-378
• 578 Ziv Y, Fazio VW, Church JM. et al. Safety of urgent restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for fulminant colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 345-349
• 579 Heyvaert G, Penninckx F, Filez L. et al. Restorative proctocolectomy in elective and emergency cases of ulcerative colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 1994; 9: 73-76
• 580 Fazio VW, Ziv Y, Church JM. et al. Ileal pouch-anal anastomoses complications and function in 1005 patients. Ann Surg 1995; 222: 120-127
• 581 Sheth SG, LaMont JT. Toxic megacolon. Lancet 1998; 351: 509-513
• 582 Croft A, Walsh A, Doecke J. et al. Outcomes of salvage therapy for steroid-refractory acute severe ulcerative colitis: ciclosporin vs. infliximab. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 294-302
• 583 Turner D, Hyams J, Markowitz J. et al. Appraisal of the pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index (PUCAI). Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 1218-1223
• 584 Turner D, Walsh CM, Benchimol EI. et al. Severe paediatric ulcerative colitis: incidence, outcomes and optimal timing for second-line therapy. Gut 2008; 57: 331-338
• 585 Kimura H, Kunisaki R, Tatsumi K. et al. Prolonged Medical Therapy Increases the Risk of Surgical Complications in Patients with Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Dig Surg 2016; 33: 182-189
• 586 Neumann PA, Mennigen RB, Senninger N. et al. Timing of restorative proctocolectomy in patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis: the patient’s point of view. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55: 756-761
• 587 Feuerstein JD, Akbari M, Tapper EB. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of third-line salvage therapy with infliximab or cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Ann Gastroenterol 2016; 29: 341-347
• 588 van der Valk ME, Mangen MJ, Severs M. et al. Comparison of Costs and Quality of Life in Ulcerative Colitis Patients with an Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis, Ileostomy and Anti-TNFalpha Therapy. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 1016-1023
• 589 Heuschkel R, Salvestrini C, Beattie RM. et al. Guidelines for the management of growth failure in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 839-849
• 590 Nicholls RJ, Holt SD, Lubowski DZ. Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir. Comparison of two-stage vs. three-stage procedures and analysis of factors that might affect outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 323-326
• 591 Selvasekar CR, Cima RR, Larson DW. et al. Effect of infliximab on short-term complications in patients undergoing operation for chronic ulcerative colitis. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204: 956-962 ; discussion 962–963
• 592 Stewart D, Chao A, Kodner I. et al. Subtotal colectomy for toxic and fulminant colitis in the era of immunosuppressive therapy. Colorectal Dis 2009; 11: 184-190
• 593 Shen B. Impact of preoperative infliximab use on postoperative infectious complications in ulcerative colitis: the price we have to pay?. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 1019-1021
• 594 Norgard BM, Nielsen J, Qvist N. et al. Pre-operative use of anti-TNF-alpha agents and the risk of post-operative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis – a nationwide cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 1301-1309
• 595 Mor IJ, Vogel JD, da Luz Moreira A. et al. Infliximab in ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications after restorative proctocolectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2008; 51: 1202-1207 ; discussion 1207–1210
• 596 Yang Z, Wu Q, Wang F. et al. Meta-analysis: effect of preoperative infliximab use on early postoperative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing abdominal surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36: 922-928
• 597 Selvaggi F, Pellino G, Canonico S. et al. Effect of preoperative biologic drugs on complications and function after restorative proctocolectomy with primary ileal pouch formation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 79-92
• 598 Kulaylat AS, Kulaylat AN, Schaefer EW. et al. Association of Preoperative Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy With Adverse Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis. JAMA Surg 2017; 152: e171538
• 599 Lau C, Dubinsky M, Melmed G. et al. The impact of preoperative serum anti-TNFalpha therapy levels on early postoperative outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease surgery. Ann Surg 2015; 261: 487-496
• 600 Hait EJ, Bousvaros A, Schuman M. et al. Pouch outcomes among children with ulcerative colitis treated with calcineurin inhibitors before ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42: 31-34 ; discussion 34–35
• 601 Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi F. et al. Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous: does location of the (colo)rectal stump influence outcomes after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis?. Dis Colon Rectum 2013; 56: 615-621
• 602 Trickett JP, Tilney HS, Gudgeon AM. et al. Management of the rectal stump after emergency sub-total colectomy: which surgical option is associated with the lowest morbidity?. Colorectal Dis 2005; 7: 519-522
• 603 Karch LA, Bauer JJ, Gorfine SR. et al. Subtotal colectomy with Hartmann’s pouch for inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 635-639
• 604 Bartels SA, Gardenbroek TJ, Aarts M. et al. Short-term morbidity and quality of life from a randomized clinical trial of close rectal dissection and total mesorectal excision in ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 2015; 102: 281-287
• 605 Hicks CW, Hodin RA, Savitt L. et al. Does intramesorectal excision for ulcerative colitis impact bowel and sexual function when compared with total mesorectal excision?. Am J Surg 2014; 208: 499-504 e4
• 606 Rink AD, Radinski I, Vestweber KH. Does mesorectal preservation protect the ileoanal anastomosis after restorative proctocolectomy?. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13: 120-128
• 607 Lovegrove RE, Constantinides VA, Heriot AG. et al. A comparison of hand-sewn versus stapled ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) following proctocolectomy: a meta-analysis of 4183 patients. Ann Surg 2006; 244: 18-26
• 608 Schluender SJ, Mei L, Yang H. et al. Can a meta-analysis answer the question: is mucosectomy and handsewn or double-stapled anastomosis better in ileal pouch-anal anastomosis?. Am Surg 2006; 72: 912-916
• 609 Ganschow P, Treiber I, Hinz U. et al. Residual rectal mucosa after stapled vs. handsewn ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP)--a critical issue. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015; 400: 213-219
• 610 Ota H, Yamazaki K, Endoh W. et al. Adenocarcinoma arising below an ileoanal anastomosis after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: report of a case. Surg Today 2007; 37: 596-599
• 611 Alessandroni L, Kohn A, Capaldi M. et al. Adenocarcinoma below stapled ileoanal anastomosis after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Updates Surg 2012; 64: 149-152
• 612 Al-Sukhni W, McLeod RS, MacRae H. et al. Oncologic outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis associated with dyplasia or cancer who underwent stapled or handsewn ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53: 1495-1500
• 613 Oresland T, Bemelman WA, Sampietro GM. et al. European evidence based consensus on surgery for ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 4-25
• 614 Tekkis PP, Fazio VW, Lavery IC. et al. Evaluation of the learning curve in ileal pouch-anal anastomosis surgery. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 262-268
• 615 Parc Y, Reboul-Marty J, Lefevre JH. et al. Restorative Proctocolectomy and Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis. Ann Surg 2015; 262: 849-853 ; discussion 853–854
• 616 Burns EM, Bottle A, Aylin P. et al. Volume analysis of outcome following restorative proctocolectomy. Br J Surg 2011; 98: 408-417
• 617 Raval MJ, Schnitzler M, O’Connor BI. et al. Improved outcome due to increased experience and individualized management of leaks after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Ann Surg 2007; 246: 763-770
• 618 Borjesson L, Willen R, Haboubi N. et al. The risk of dysplasia and cancer in the ileal pouch mucosa after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative proctocolitis is low: a long-term term follow-up study. Colorectal Dis 2004; 6: 494-498
• 619 Pachler FR, Brandsborg SB, Laurberg S. Paradoxical Impact of Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis on Male and Female Fertility in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 603-607
• 620 Uzzan M, Cosnes J, Amiot A. et al. Long-term Follow-up After Ileorectal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis: A GETAID/GETAID Chirurgie Multicenter Retrospective Cohort of 343 Patients. Ann Surg 2017; 266: 1029-1034
• 621 Borjesson L, Lundstam U, Oresland T. et al. The place for colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis: a valid surgical option for ulcerative colitis?. Tech Coloproctol 2006; 10: 237-241 ; discussion 241
• 622 da Luz Moreira A, Kiran RP, Lavery I. Clinical outcomes of ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 65-69
• 623 Soravia C, O’Connor BI, Berk T. et al. Functional outcome of conversion of ileorectal anastomosis to ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42: 903-908
• 624 Nessar G, Fazio VW, Tekkis P. et al. Long-term outcome and quality of life after continent ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49: 336-344
• 625 Berndtsson I, Lindholm E, Ekman I. Thirty years of experience living with a continent ileostomy: bad restrooms--not my reservoir--decide my life. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2005; 32: 321-326 ; quiz 327–328
• 626 Litle VR, Barbour S, Schrock TR. et al. The continent ileostomy: long-term durability and patient satisfaction. J Gastrointest Surg 1999; 3: 625-632
• 627 Lian L, Fazio VW, Remzi FH. et al. Outcomes for patients undergoing continent ileostomy after a failed ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 1409-1414 ; discussion 4414–4416
• 628 Uzzan M, Kirchgesner J, Oubaya N. et al. Risk of Rectal Neoplasia after Colectomy and Ileorectal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 930-935
• 629 Kuiper T, Vlug MS, van den Broek FJ. et al. The prevalence of dysplasia in the ileoanal pouch following restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis with associated dysplasia. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14: 469-473
• 630 Maartense S, Dunker MS, Slors JF. et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic versus open restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis: a randomized trial. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 984-991 ; discussion 991–992
• 631 Tilney HS, Lovegrove RE, Heriot AG. et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes of laparoscopic vs open approaches to ileal pouch surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22: 531-542
• 632 Ahmed AliU, Keus F, Heikens JT. et al. Open versus laparoscopic (assisted) ileo pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: CD006267
• 633 Bartels SA, Gardenbroek TJ, Ubbink DT. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open colectomy with end ileostomy for non-toxic colitis. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 726-733
• 634 Wu XJ, He XS, Zhou XY. et al. The role of laparoscopic surgery for ulcerative colitis: systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010; 25: 949-957
• 635 Beyer-Berjot L, Maggiori L, Birnbaum D. et al. A total laparoscopic approach reduces the infertility rate after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a 2-center study. Ann Surg 2013; 258: 275-282
• 636 Bartels SA, Vlug MS, Henneman D. et al. Less adhesiolysis and hernia repair during completion proctocolectomy after laparoscopic emergency colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Surg Endosc 2012; 26: 368-373
• 637 Indar AA, Efron JE, Young-Fadok TM. Laparoscopic ileal pouch-anal anastomosis reduces abdominal and pelvic adhesions. Surg Endosc 2009; 23: 174-177
• 638 Bartels SA, D’Hoore A, Cuesta MA. et al. Significantly increased pregnancy rates after laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy: a cross-sectional study. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 1045-1048
• 639 Benlice C, Stocchi L, Costedio M. et al. Laparoscopic IPAA is not associated with decreased rates of incisional hernia and small-bowel obstruction when compared with open technique: long-term follow-up of a case-matched study. Dis Colon Rectum 2015; 58: 314-320
• 640 Holubar SD, Larson DW, Dozois EJ. et al. Minimally invasive subtotal colectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for fulminant ulcerative colitis: a reasonable approach?. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 187-192
• 641 Chung TP, Fleshman JW, Birnbaum EH. et al. Laparoscopic vs. open total abdominal colectomy for severe colitis: impact on recovery and subsequent completion restorative proctectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 4-10
• 642 Telem DA, Vine AJ, Swain G. et al. Laparoscopic subtotal colectomy for medically refractory ulcerative colitis: the time has come. Surg Endosc 2010; 24: 1616-1620
• 643 Geboes K, Colombel JF, Greenstein A. et al. Indeterminate colitis: a review of the concept--what’s in a name?. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 850-857
• 644 Pishori T, Dinnewitzer A, Zmora O. et al. Outcome of patients with indeterminate colitis undergoing a double-stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47: 717-721
• 645 Delaney CP, Remzi FH, Gramlich T. et al. Equivalent function, quality of life and pouch survival rates after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for indeterminate and ulcerative colitis. Ann Surg 2002; 236: 43-48
• 646 Reese GE, Lovegrove RE, Tilney HS. et al. The effect of Crohn’s disease on outcomes after restorative proctocolectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50: 239-250
• 647 Malaty HM, Fan X, Opekun AR. et al. Rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among children: a 12-year study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50: 27-31
• 648 Svaninger G, Nordgren S, Oresland T. et al. Incidence and characteristics of pouchitis in the Kock continent ileostomy and the pelvic pouch. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 695-700
• 649 Rauh SM, Schoetz Jr DJ, Roberts PL. et al. Pouchitis--is it a wastebasket diagnosis?. Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34: 685-689
• 650 Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Batts KP. et al. Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a Pouchitis Disease Activity Index. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69: 409-415
• 651 Tiainen J, Matikainen M. Long-term clinical outcome and anemia after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 1170-1173
• 652 Meagher AP, Farouk R, Dozois RR. et al. J ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis: complications and long-term outcome in 1310 patients. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 800-803
• 653 Hurst RD, Chung TP, Rubin M. et al. The implications of acute pouchitis on the long-term functional results after restorative proctocolectomy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1998; 4: 280-284
• 654 Tiainen J, Matikainen M, Aitola P. et al. Histological and macroscopic changes in the pelvic pouch: long-term follow up after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis (UC). Colorectal Dis 2001; 3: 28-32
• 655 Tiainen J, Matikainen M. Health-related quality of life after ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: long-term results. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 601-605
• 656 Seidel SA, Peach SE, Newman M. et al. Ileoanal pouch procedures: clinical outcomes and quality-of-life assessment. Am Surg 1999; 65: 40-46
• 657 Heuschen UA, Autschbach F, Allemeyer EH. et al. Long-term follow-up after ileoanal pouch procedure: algorithm for diagnosis, classification, and management of pouchitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 487-499
• 658 Stahlberg D, Gullberg K, Liljeqvist L. et al. Pouchitis following pelvic pouch operation for ulcerative colitis. Incidence, cumulative risk, and risk factors. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 1012-1018
• 659 Lohmuller JL, Pemberton JH, Dozois RR. et al. Pouchitis and extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Ann Surg 1990; 211: 622-627 ; discussion 627–629
• 660 Nicholls RJ, Banerjee AK. Pouchitis: risk factors, etiology, and treatment. World J Surg 1998; 22: 347-351
• 661 Penna C, Dozois R, Tremaine W. et al. Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis occurs with increased frequency in patients with associated primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 1996; 38: 234-239
• 662 Shen B, Achkar JP, Lashner BA. et al. Irritable pouch syndrome: a new category of diagnosis for symptomatic patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 972-977
• 663 Thoeni RF, Fell SC, Engelstad B. et al. Ileoanal pouches: comparison of CT, scintigraphy, and contrast enemas for diagnosing postsurgical complications. Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154: 73-78
• 664 Libicher M, Scharf J, Wunsch A. et al. MRI of pouch-related fistulas in ulcerative colitis after restorative proctocolectomy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998; 22: 664-668
• 665 Hrung JM, Levine MS, Rombeau JL. et al. Total proctocolectomy and ileoanal pouch: the role of contrast studies for evaluating postoperative leaks. Abdom Imaging 1998; 23: 375-379
• 666 Solomon MJ, McLeod RS, O’Connor BI. et al. Assessment of peripouch inflammation after ileoanal anastomosis using endoluminal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 182-187
• 667 Segal JP, Ding NS, Worley G. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the management of chronic refractory pouchitis with an evidence-based treatment algorithm. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45: 581-592
• 668 Sandborn W, McLeod R, Jewell D. Pharmacotherapy for inducing and maintaining remission in pouchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000: CD001176
• 669 Sandborn WJ, McLeod R, Jewell DP. Medical therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in pouchitis: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1999; 5: 33-39
• 670 Singh S, Stroud AM, Holubar SD. et al. Treatment and prevention of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: CD001176
• 671 Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U. et al. Four-week open-label trial of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 909-917
• 672 Madden MV, McIntyre AS, Nicholls RJ. Double-blind crossover trial of metronidazole versus placebo in chronic unremitting pouchitis. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 1193-1196
• 673 Shen B, Achkar JP, Lashner BA. et al. A randomized clinical trial of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole to treat acute pouchitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001; 7: 301-305
• 674 Hurst RD, Molinari M, Chung TP. et al. Prospective study of the incidence, timing and treatment of pouchitis in 104 consecutive patients after restorative proctocolectomy. Arch Surg 1996; 131: 497-500 ; discussion 501–502
• 675 Shen B, Fazio VW, Remzi FH. et al. Combined ciprofloxacin and tinidazole therapy in the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50: 498-508
• 676 Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A. et al. Antibiotic combination therapy in patients with chronic, treatment-resistant pouchitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 713-718
• 677 Nygaard K, Bergan T, Bjorneklett A. et al. Topical metronidazole treatment in pouchitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 462-467
• 678 Abdelrazeq AS, Kelly SM, Lund JN. et al. Rifaximin-ciprofloxacin combination therapy is effective in chronic active refractory pouchitis. Colorectal Dis 2005; 7: 182-186
• 679 Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Poggioli G. et al. Oral budesonide in the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 1231-1236
• 680 Sambuelli A, Boerr L, Negreira S. et al. Budesonide enema in pouchitis--a double-blind, double-dummy, controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 27-34
• 681 Herfarth HH, Long MD, Isaacs KL. Use of Biologics in Pouchitis: A Systematic Review. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 49: 647-654
• 682 Kelly OB, Rosenberg M, Tyler AD. et al. Infliximab to Treat Refractory Inflammation After Pelvic Pouch Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10: 410-417
• 683 Li Y, Lopez R, Queener E. et al. Adalimumab therapy in Crohn’s disease of the ileal pouch. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 2232-2239
• 684 Barreiro-de Acosta M, Garcia-Bosch O, Gordillo J. et al. Efficacy of adalimumab rescue therapy in patients with chronic refractory pouchitis previously treated with infliximab: a case series. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 24: 756-758
• 685 Mir F, Yousef MH, Partyka EK. et al. Successful treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis with vedolizumab. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32: 1517-1518
• 686 Tran-Minh ML, Allez M, Gornet JM. Successful Treatment With Ustekinumab for Chronic Refractory Pouchitis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 1156
• 687 Winter TA, Dalton HR, Merrett MN. et al. Cyclosporin A retention enemas in refractory distal ulcerative colitis and ‘pouchitis’. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 701-704
• 688 Fang S, Kraft CS, Dhere T. et al. Successful treatment of chronic Pouchitis utilizing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT): a case report. Int J Colorectal Dis 2016; 31: 1093-1094
• 689 Schmid M, Frick JS, Malek N. et al. Successful treatment of pouchitis with Vedolizumab, but not fecal microbiota transfer (FMT), after proctocolectomy in ulcerative colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32: 597-598
• 690 Miner P, Wedel M, Bane B. et al. An enema formulation of alicaforsen, an antisense inhibitor of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, in the treatment of chronic, unremitting pouchitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 281-286
• 691 Shen B, Remzi FH, Lopez AR. et al. Rifaximin for maintenance therapy in antibiotic-dependent pouchitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2008; 8: 26
• 692 Greuter T, Biedermann L, Rogler G. et al. Alicaforsen, an antisense inhibitor of ICAM-1, as treatment for chronic refractory pouchitis after proctocolectomy: A case series. United European Gastroenterol J 2016; 4: 97-104
• 693 Shen B, Remzi FH, Lavery IC. et al. Administration of adalimumab in the treatment of Crohn’s disease of the ileal pouch. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 519-526
• 694 Holubar SD, Cima RR, Sandborn WJ. et al. Treatment and prevention of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010: CD001176
• 695 Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U. et al. Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Gut 2004; 53: 108-114
• 696 Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A. et al. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 305-309
• 697 Zhu H, Wu XR, Queener E. et al. Clinical value of surveillance pouchoscopy in asymptomatic ileal pouch patients with underlying inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 4325-4332
• 698 Gullberg K, Lindforss U, Zetterquist H. et al. Cancer risk assessment in long-standing pouchitis. DNA aberrations are rare in transformed neoplastic pelvic pouch mucosa. Int J Colorectal Dis 2002; 17: 92-97
• 699 Hashimoto T, Itabashi M, Ogawa S. et al. Treatment strategy for preventing pouchitis as a postoperative complication of ulcerative colitis: the significance of the management of cuffitis. Surg Today 2014; 44: 1730-1734
• 700 Shen B, Lashner BA, Bennett AE. et al. Treatment of rectal cuff inflammation (cuffitis) in patients with ulcerative colitis following restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1527-1531
• 701 Shen B, Sanmiguel C, Bennett AE. et al. Irritable pouch syndrome is characterized by visceral hypersensitivity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17: 994-1002
• 702 Jantchou P, Morois S, Clavel-Chapelon F. et al. Animal protein intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: The E3N prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2195-2201
• 703 Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Konijeti GG. et al. Long-term intake of dietary fat and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gut 2014; 63: 776-784
• 704 Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Konijeti GG. et al. A prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 970-977
• 705 Mouli VP, Ananthakrishnan AN. Review article: vitamin D and inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39: 125-136
• 706 Klement E, Reif S. Breastfeeding and risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 486
• 707 Barclay AR, Russell RK, Wilson ML. et al. Systematic review: the role of breastfeeding in the development of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr 2009; 155: 421-426
• 708 Gearry RB, Richardson AK, Frampton CM. et al. Population-based cases control study of inflammatory bowel disease risk factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 325-333
• 709 Hansen TS, Jess T, Vind I. et al. Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study based on a Danish inception cohort. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5: 577-584
• 710 Kappelman MD, Bousvaros A. Nutritional concerns in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52: 867-874
• 711 Nguyen GC, Munsell M, Harris ML. Nationwide prevalence and prognostic significance of clinically diagnosable protein-calorie malnutrition in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 1105-1111
• 712 Massironi S, Rossi RE, Cavalcoli FA. et al. Nutritional deficiencies in inflammatory bowel disease: therapeutic approaches. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 904-910
• 713 Han YM, Yoon H, Lim S. et al. Risk Factors for Vitamin D, Zinc, and Selenium Deficiencies in Korean Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gut Liver 2017; 11: 363-369
• 714 Oikonomou IK, Fazio VW, Remzi FH. et al. Risk factors for anemia in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50: 69-74
• 715 Pastrana RJ, Torres EA, Arroyo JM. et al. Iron-deficiency anemia as presentation of pouchitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41: 41-44
• 716 Kuisma J, Nuutinen H, Luukkonen P. et al. Long term metabolic consequences of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 3110-3116
• 717 M’Koma AE. Follow-up results of hematology data before and after restorative proctocolectomy. Clinical outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 932-937
• 718 Bischoff SC, Koletzko B, Lochs H. et al. Klinische Ernährung in der Gastroenterologie (Teil 4) – Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2014; 39: e72-e98
• 719 Turner D, Zlotkin SH, Shah PS. et al. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: CD006320
• 720 Turner D, Shah PS, Steinhart AH. et al. Maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease using omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil): a systematic review and meta-analyses. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17: 336-345
• 721 Steinhart AH, Hiruki T, Brzezinski A. et al. Treatment of left-sided ulcerative colitis with butyrate enemas: a controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10: 729-736
• 722 Akobeng AK, Elawad M, Gordon M. Glutamine for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2: CD007348
• 723 Roediger WE, Duncan A, Kapaniris O. et al. Reducing sulfur compounds of the colon impair colonocyte nutrition: implications for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 802-809
• 724 Lochs H, Dejong C, Hammarqvist F. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Gastroenterology. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 260-274
• 725 Schulz RJ, Bischoff SC, Koletzko B. et al. Gastroenterology – Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 15. Ger Med Sci 2009; 7: Doc13
• 726 Forbes A, Escher J, Hebuterne X. et al. ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 321-347
• 727 Song HK, Buzby GP. Nutritional support for Crohn’s disease. Surg Clin North Am 2001; 81: 103-115, viii
• 728 Nguyen DL, Parekh NK, Jamal MM. National Trends and Outcomes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Requiring in-Hospital Total Parenteral Nutrition Support. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: S749-S749
• 729 Bischoff SC, Fleig W. Ulcerative colitis. Nutrition. Z Gastroenterol 2004; 42: 998-1002
• 730 Stein J. Leitlinien Morbus Crohn. Z Gastroenterol 2003; 41: 62-68
• 731 Dignass AU, Gasche C, Bettenworth D. et al. European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 211-222
• 732 Martin J, Radeke HH, Dignaß A. et al. Current evaluation and management of anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11: 19-32
• 733 Evstatiev R, Marteau P, Iqbal T. et al. FERGIcor, a randomized controlled trial on ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 846-853 e1–2
• 734 Wolman SL, Anderson GH, Marliss EB. et al. Zinc in total parenteral nutrition: requirements and metabolic effects. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 458-467
• 735 Jeejeebhoy K. Zinc: an essential trace element for parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: S7-S12
• 736 Schölmerich J, Freudemann A, Köttgen E. et al. Bioavailability of zinc from zinc-histidine complexes. I. Comparison with zinc sulfate in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 1480-1486
• 737 Rossi RE, Whyand T, Murray CD. et al. The role of dietary supplements in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28: 1357-1364
• 738 Fessler TA. Trace elements in parenteral nutrition: a practical guide for dosage and monitoring for adult patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28: 722-729
• 739 Kruis W, Phuong Nguyen G. Iron Deficiency, Zinc, Magnesium, Vitamin Deficiencies in Crohn’s Disease: Substitute or Not?. Dig Dis 2016; 34: 105-111
• 740 Hlavaty T, Krajcovicova A, Payer J. Vitamin D therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: who, in what form, and how much?. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 198-209
• 741 Raftery T, O’Sullivan M. Optimal vitamin D levels in Crohn’s disease: a review. Proc Nutr Soc 2015; 74: 56-66
• 742 Lee JA, Hwang JS, Hwang IT. et al. Low vitamin D levels are associated with both iron deficiency and anemia in children and adolescents. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 32: 99-108
• 743 Schlereth F, Badenhoop K. [Vitamin D: More than just a bone hormone]. Internist (Berl) 2016; 57: 646-655
• 744 Ng SC, Plamondon S, Kamm MA. et al. Immunosuppressive effects via human intestinal dendritic cells of probiotic bacteria and steroids in the treatment of acute ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16: 1286-1298
• 745 Pramyothin P, Holick MF. Vitamin D supplementation: guidelines and evidence for subclinical deficiency. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012; 28: 139-150
• 746 Higgens CS, Keighley MR, Allan RN. Impact of preoperative weight loss and body composition changes on postoperative outcome in surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1984; 25: 732-736
• 747 Lindor KD, Fleming CR, Ilstrup DM. Preoperative nutritional status and other factors that influence surgical outcome in patients with Crohn’s disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1985; 60: 393-396
• 748 Rombeau JL, Barot LR, Williamson CE. et al. Preoperative total parenteral nutrition and surgical outcome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Surg 1982; 143: 139-143
• 749 Schwartz E. Perioperative Parenteral Nutrition in Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of the Literature. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 31: 159-170
• 750 Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 224-244
• 751 Sorensen J, Kondrup J, Prokopowicz J. et al. EuroOOPS: an international, multicentre study to implement nutritional risk screening and evaluate clinical outcome. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 340-349
• 752 Weimann A, Breitenstein S, Breuer JP. et al. Clinical nutrition in surgery. Guidelines of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine. Chirurg 2014; 85: 320-326
• 753 Stein J. Kurzdarmsyndrom – Chronisches Darmversagen. In: E.D. S, ed Entzündliche Darmerkrankungen. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 2015: 361-386
• 754 M’Koma AE, Wise PE, Schwartz DA. et al. Prevalence and outcome of anemia after restorative proctocolectomy: a clinical literature review. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 726-739
• 755 Stein J, Connor S, Virgin G. et al. Anemia and iron deficiency in gastrointestinal and liver conditions. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 7908-7925
• 756 M’Koma AE. Serum biochemical evaluation of patients with functional pouches ten to 20 years after restorative proctocolectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 711-720
• 757 Khanna R, Wu X, Shen B. Low levels of vitamin D are common in patients with ileal pouches irrespective of pouch inflammation. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7: 525-533
• 758 Kuisma J, Nuutinen H, Luukkonen P. et al. Long term metabolic consequences of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 3110-3116
• 759 Wieland LS, Manheimer E, Berman BM. Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane collaboration. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 17: 50-59
• 760 Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Natl Health Stat Report 2008; 12: 1-23
• 761 Bensoussan M, Jovenin N, Garcia B. et al. Complementary and alternative medicine use by patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a postal survey. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2006; 30: 14-23
• 762 Burgmann T, Rawsthorne P, Bernstein CN. Predictors of alternative and complementary medicine use in inflammatory bowel disease: do measures of conventional health care utilization relate to use?. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 889-893
• 763 Hilsden RJ, Meddings JB, Verhoef MJ. Complementary and alternative medicine use by patients with inflammatory bowel disease: An Internet survey. Can J Gastroenterol 1999; 13: 327-332
• 764 Hilsden RJ, Verhoef MJ, Rasmussen H. et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine by patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17: 655-662
• 765 Kong SC, Hurlstone DP, Pocock CY. et al. The Incidence of self-prescribed oral complementary and alternative medicine use by patients with gastrointestinal diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 138-141
• 766 Langhorst J, Anthonisen IB, Steder-Neukamm U. et al. Amount of systemic steroid medication is a strong predictor for the use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a German national survey. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 287-295
• 767 Langhorst J, Wulfert H, Lauche R. et al. Systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine treatments in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 86-106
• 768 Elsenbruch S, Langhorst J, Popkirowa K. et al. Effects of mind-body therapy on quality of life and neuroendocrine and cellular immune functions in patients with ulcerative colitis. Psychother Psychosom 2005; 74: 277-287
• 769 Langhorst J, Mueller T, Luedtke R. et al. Effects of a comprehensive lifestyle modification program on quality-of-life in patients with ulcerative colitis: a twelve-month follow-up. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 734-745
• 770 Berrill JW, Sadlier M, Hood K. et al. Mindfulness-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease patients with functional abdominal symptoms or high perceived stress levels. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 945-955
• 771 Jedel S, Hoffman A, Merriman P. et al. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction to prevent flare-up in patients with inactive ulcerative colitis. Digestion 2014; 89: 142-155
• 772 Mizrahi MC, Reicher-Atir R, Levy S. et al. Effects of guided imagery with relaxation training on anxiety and quality of life among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Psychology and Health 2012; 27: 1463-1479
• 773 Shaw L, Ehrlich A. Relaxation training as a treatment for chronic pain caused by ulcerative colitis. Pain 1987; 29: 287-293
• 774 Gerbarg PL, Jacob VE, Stevens L. et al. The Effect of Breathing, Movement, and Meditation on Psychological and Physical Symptoms and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2015; 21: 2886-2896
• 775 Klare P, Nigg J, Nold J. et al. The impact of a ten-week physical exercise program on health-related quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Digestion 2015; 91: 239-247
• 776 Packer N, Hoffman-Goetz L, Ward G. Does physical activity affect quality of life, disease symptoms and immune measures in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? A systematic review. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2010; 50: 1-18
• 777 Sharma P, Poojary G, Velez DM. et al. Effect of Yoga-Based Intervention in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Yoga Therap 2015; 25: 101-112
• 778 Cramer H, Schafer M, Schols M. et al. Randomised clinical trial: yoga vs written self-care advice for ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45: 1379-1389
• 779 Schneider A, Streitberger K, Joos S. Acupuncture treatment in gastrointestinal diseases: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 3417-3424
• 780 Joos S, Wildau N, Kohnen R. et al. Acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 1056-1063
• 781 Ji J, Lu Y, Liu H. et al. Acupuncture and moxibustion for inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 158352
• 782 Lee DH, Kim JI, Lee MS. et al. Moxibustion for ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10: 36
• 783 Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana JL. et al. Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU). Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 427-433
• 784 Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K. et al. Curcumin Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis: Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2006; 4: 1502-1506
• 785 Singla V, Pratap Mouli V, Garg SK. et al. Induction with NCB-02 (curcumin) enema for mild-to-moderate distal ulcerative colitis – a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 208-214
• 786 Lang A, Salomon N, Wu JCY. et al. Curcumin in Combination With Mesalamine Induces Remission in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2015; 13: 1444-1449.e1
• 787 Langhorst J, Varnhagen I, Schneider SB. et al. Randomised clinical trial: a herbal preparation of myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal compared with mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis--a double-blind, double-dummy study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 490-500
• 788 Albrecht U, Muller V, Schneider B. et al. Efficacy and safety of a herbal medicinal product containing myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: a non-interventional study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2014; 1: e000015
• 789 Langhorst J, Lauche R, Koch AK. Myrrhe, Kamille und Kaffeekohle in der Therapie von Patienten mit Colitis ulcerosa. Eine retrospektive Kohortenstudie mit 5-Jahres-Follow-up. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 2016; 37: 249-253
• 790 Kamali M, Tavakoli H, Khodadoost M. et al. Efficacy of the Punica granatum peels aqueous extract for symptom management in ulcerative colitis patients. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2015; 21: 141-146
• 791 Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P. et al. Effects of gum resin of Boswellia serrata in patients with chronic colitis. Planta Med 2001; 67: 391-395
• 792 Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P. et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Med Res 1997; 2: 37-43
• 793 Tang T, Targan SR, Li ZS. et al. Randomised clinical trial: herbal extract HMPL-004 in active ulcerative colitis – a double-blind comparison with sustained release mesalazine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 194-202
• 794 Sandborn WJ, Targan SR, Byers VS. et al. Andrographis paniculata extract (HMPL-004) for active ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 90-98
• 795 Ben-Arye E, Goldin E, Wengrower D. et al. Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 444-449
• 796 Greenfield SM, Green AT, Teare JP. et al. A randomized controlled study of evening primrose oil and fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7: 159-166
• 797 Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S. et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 739-747
• 798 Rastegarpanah M, Malekzadeh R, Vahedi H. et al. A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of silymarin in ulcerative colitis. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 21: 902-906
• 799 Tong ZQ, Yang B, Chen BY. et al. A multi-center, randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical study on the efficacy of composite sophora colon-soluble capsules in treating ulcerative colitis. Chin J Integr Med 2010; 16: 486-492
• 800 Biedermann L, Mwinyi J, Scharl M. et al. Bilberry ingestion improves disease activity in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis – an open pilot study. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7: 271-279
• 801 Pullan RD, Rhodes J, Ganesh S. et al. Transdermal nicotine for active ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 811-815
• 802 Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Offord KP. et al. Transdermal nicotine for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 364-371
• 803 Thomas GA, Rhodes J, Mani V. et al. Transdermal nicotine as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 988-992
• 804 Thomas GA, Rhodes J, Ragunath K. et al. Transdermal nicotine compared with oral prednisolone therapy for active ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 769-776
• 805 Pagoldh M, Hultgren E, Arnell P. et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy does not improve the effects of standardized treatment in a severe attack of ulcerative colitis: A prospective randomized study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 1033-1040
• 806 Garg SK, Croft AM, Bager P. Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014: CD009400
• 807 Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban Jr JF. et al. Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 825-832
• 808 Scholmerich J, Fellermann K, Seibold FW. et al. A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn’s Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 390-399
• 809 Beinortas T, Burr NE, Wilcox MH. et al. Comparative efficacy of treatments for Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18: 1035-1044
• 810 Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Which Antimicrobial Agent is Likely to be the Best for Treating Clostridium difficile Infections? A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2019; 69: 194-200