Röntgenstrahlenschutz kompakt

Zusammenfassung

Ziel dieses Kurzreviews ist es, einen kompakten Überblick zum Thema Röntgenstrahlenschutz zu bieten. Für das Verständnis von Strahlenschutz sind Grundlagen der Physik der Röntgenstrahlung, ihrer biologischen Wirkung, sowie der Dosimetrie notwendig. Zu den deterministischen Gesundheitsrisiken zählen die Radiodermatitis und die posteriore, subkapsuläre Linsentrübung. Als stochastische Effekte werden eine mögliche Lebenszeit-attributable Risikoerhöhung von Krebserkrankungen v. a. für die erhöht strahlensensiblen Kinder und jungen Erwachsenen, sowie Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter diskutiert. Die EURATOM-Richtlinie 2013/59 verpflichtet alle EU-Mitgliedstaaten zu strenger rechtfertigender Indikationsstellung anhand wissenschaftlich basierter Guidelines, Anwendung und Review von diagnostischen Dosis Referenzwerten, sowie Dosismanagement unter Anwendung des „as low as reasonably achievable“ (ALARA) bzw. „as low as diagnostically acceptable“ (ALADA) Prinzips. Insbesondere Schnittbildgebung wie digitale Volumentomografie und Computertomografie erfordern durch die rasanten technischen Weiterentwicklungen zur Dosisreduktion einen kontinuierlichen, indikationsangepassten Optimierungsprozess von Untersuchungsprotokollen.

Abstract

The aim of this short review is to provide a compact overview on radioprotection. Understanding of radioprotection requires basic knowledge in x-ray physics, biological effects and dosimetry. Deterministic health risks are radiodermatitis and posterior subcapular cataract. Stochastic effects such an increased life-time attributable risk of cancer for radiosensitive children and young adults, as well as in women of child-bearing age are discussed. The EURATOM-directive 2013/59 demands that all EU members states strictly apply evidence-based indications for imaging referral, application and review of diagnostic reference dose levels and dose management following the principles of “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) and “as low as diagnostically acceptable” (ALADA). Especially cross-sectional imaging such as cone beam and multislice computed tomography with its ongoing technical progress in dose saving options need a continuous, indication specific process of protocol optimization.

Schlüsselwörter

Strahlenschutz - Computertomographie - Strahlenschäden - diagnostische Referenzwerte - Dosismanagement

Key word

radioprotection - computed tomography - radiation injury - diagnostic reference levels - dose management

Publication History

Article published online:
11 September 2020

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