Trainingsprinzipien

Training sollte bestimmten Prinzipien folgen. Die Wissenschaft zeigt, dass sie auch in nicht-leistungssportlichen Settings, wie der klinischen Bewegungstherapie, relevant sind und zunehmend gefordert werden. Die Sportwissenschaftler Lars Donath und Oliver Faude haben die wichtigsten Prinzipien einem aktuellen Prüfstand unterzogen.

Publication History

Article published online:
18 May 2022

• Literatur

• 1 Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Walitzek S, Kindermann W. et al. Differences in adaptations to 1 year of aerobic endurance training: individual patterns of nonresponse. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 22: 113-118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01139.x.
• 2 Hecksteden A, Kraushaar J, Scharhag-Rosenberger F. et al. Individual response to exercise training – a statistical perspective. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118: 1450-1459 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00714.2014.
• 3 Hopkins WG. Individual responses made easy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118: 1444-1446 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00098.2015.
• 4 Ammann BC, Knols RH, Baschung P. et al. Application of principles of exercise training in sub-acute and chronic stroke survivors: a systematic review. BMC Neurol 2014; 14: 167 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-014-0167-2.
• 5 Campbell KL, Neil SE, Winters-Stone KM. Review of exercise studies in breast cancer survivors: attention to principles of exercise training. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46: 909-916 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.082719.
• 6 Minshull C, Gleeson N. Considerations of the Principles of Resistance Training in Exercise Studies for the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 98: 1842-1851 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.026.
• 7 Hottenrott K, Hoos O, Stoll O. et al. Sportmotorische Fähigkeiten und sportliche Leistungen – Trainingswissenschaft. In: Güllich A, Krüger M. Hrsg. Sport. Das Lehrbuch für das Sportstudium. 1. Aufl.. Heidelberg: Springer; 2013: 439-501 DOI: 10.1007/978–3-642–37546–0_12
• 8 Schnabel G, Harre H, Krug J. Hrsg. Trainingslehre, Trainingswissenschaft. Achen: Meyer & Meyer; 2008
• 9 Kenney WL, Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Eds. Phyisology of Sport and Exercise. 6th ed.. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2015
• 10 Bompa TO. Periodization – Therorie and Methodology of Training. 4th ed.. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1999
• 11 Vollaard NB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Fredriksson K. et al. Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106: 1479-1486 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91453.2008.
• 12 Bouchard C, An P, Rice T. et al. Familial aggregation of VO(2max) response to exercise training: results from the HERITAGE Family Study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999; 87: 1003-1008 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1003.
• 13 Montero D, Lundby C. Refuting the myth of non-response to exercise training: ‘non-responders’ do respond to higher dose of training. J Physiol 2017; 595: 3377-3387 DOI: 10.1113/JP273480.
• 14 Buchheit M. The two-hour marathon: through a highly individualized training process?. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110: 282-283 discussion 294 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01259.2010.
• 15 Coakley SL, Passfield L. Individualised training at different intensities, in untrained participants, results in similar physiological and performance benefits. J Sports Sci 2018; 36: 881-888 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346269.
• 16 Schumann M, Botella J, Karavirta L. et al. Training-Load-Guided vs Standardized Endurance Training in Recreational Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12: 295-303 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0093.
• 17 Bartlett JD, O’Connor F, Pitchford N. et al. Relationships Between Internal and External Training Load in Team-Sport Athletes: Evidence for an Individualized Approach. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016; 12: 230-234 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0791.
• 18 Hecksteden A, Pitsch W, Julian R. et al. A New Method to Individualize Monitoring of Muscle Recovery in Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12: 1137-1142 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0120.
• 19 Bouchard C. Genomic predictors of trainability. Exp Physiol 2012; 97: 347-352 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.058735.
• 20 Mann TN, Lamberts RP, Lambert MI. High responders and low responders: factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training. Sports Med 2014; 44: 1113-1124 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0197-3.
• 21 Hecksteden A, Grütters T, Meyer T. Association between postexercise hypotension and long-term training-induced blood pressure reduction: a pilot study. Clin J Sport Med 2013; 23: 58-63 DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31825b6974.
• 22 Rushall BS. A tool for measuring stress tolerance in elite athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 1990; 2: 51-66 DOI: 10.1080/10413209008406420.
• 23 Hitzschke B, Kölling S, Ferrauti A. et al. Entwicklung der Kurzskala zur Erfassung von Erholung und Beanspruchung im Sport (KEB). Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie 2015; 22: 146-162 DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000150.
• 24 Mann TN, Lamberts RP, Nummela A. et al. Relationship between perceived exertion during exercise and subsequent recovery measurements. Biol Sport 2017; 34: 3-9 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.63363.
• 25 Roux W. Gesammelte Abhandlungen über die Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen. Leipzig: Engelmann; 1895
• 26 Reilly T, Morris T, Whyte G. The specificity of training prescription and physiological assessment: a review. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 575-589 DOI: 10.1080/02640410902729741.
• 27 Behm DG, Young JD, Whitten JHD. et al. Effectiveness of Traditional Strength vs. Power Training on Muscle Strength, Power and Speed with Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2017; 8: 423 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00423.
• 28 Gruber M, Taube W, Gollhofer A. et al. Training-specific adaptations of H- and stretch reflexes in human soleus muscle. J Mot Behav 2007; 39: 68-78 DOI: 10.3200/JMBR.39.1.68-78.
• 29 Sherrington C, Michaleff ZA, Fairhall N. et al. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 1750-1758 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547.
• 30 Hrysomallis C. Relationship between balance ability, training and sports injury risk. Sports Med 2007; 37: 547-556 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200737060-00007.
• 31 Giboin LS, Gruber M, Kramer A. Task-specificity of balance training. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 44: 22-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.012.
• 32 Reid M, Duffield R, Dawson B. et al. Quantification of the physiological and performance characteristics of on-court tennis drills. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42: 146-151 discussion 151 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036426.
• 33 Smith DJ. A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance. Sports Med 2003; 33: 1103-1126 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003.
• 34 Marcora SM, Staiano W. The limit to exercise tolerance in humans: mind over muscle?. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109: 763-770 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1418-6.
• 35 Coyle EF, Martin 3 rd WH, Bloomfield SA. et al. Effects of detraining on responses to submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1985; 59: 853-859 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1985.59.3.853.
• 36 Coyle EF, Martin 3 rd WH, Sinacore DR. et al. Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1984; 57: 1857-1864 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1857.
• 37 Martin 3 rd WH, Coyle EF, Bloomfield SA. et al. Effects of physical deconditioning after intense endurance training on left ventricular dimensions and stroke volume. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 982-989 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80215-7.
• 38 Mujika I. ed. Endurance training: science and practice. 2012
• 39 Mujika I, Padilla S. Muscular characteristics of detraining in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1297-1303 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200108000-00009.
• 40 Toraman NF. Short term and long term detraining: is there any difference between young-old and old people?. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 561-564 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.015420.
• 41 Toraman NF, Ayceman N. Effects of six weeks of detraining on retention of functional fitness of old people after nine weeks of multicomponent training. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 565-568 discussion 568 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.015586.
• 42 Coffey VG, Hawley JA. Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract?. J Physiol 2017; 595: 2883-2896 DOI: 10.1113/JP272270.
• 43 Hawley JA. Molecular responses to strength and endurance training: are they incompatible?. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34: 355-361 DOI: 10.1139/H09-023.
• 44 Fyfe JJ, Bishop DJ, Stepto NK. Interference between concurrent resistance and endurance exercise: molecular bases and the role of individual training variables. Sports Med 2014; 44: 743-762 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0162-1.
• 45 Psilander N, Frank P, Flockhart M. et al. Adding strength to endurance training does not enhance aerobic capacity in cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25: e353-359 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12338.
• 46 Robineau J, Babault N, Piscione J. et al. Specific Training Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Exercises Depend on Recovery Duration. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30: 672-683 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000798.
• 47 Donath L, Roesner K, Schoffl V. et al. Work-relief ratios and imbalances of load application in sport climbing: another link to overuse-induced injuries?. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 23: 406-414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01399.x.
• 48 Palao JM, López-Martínez AB, Valadés D. et al. Physical actions and work-rest time in women’s beach volleyball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 2015; 15: 424-429 DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868803.
• 49 Kiely J. Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: evidence-led or tradition-driven?. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012; 7: 242-250 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.3.242.
• 50 Matveyev L. Problem of periodization the sport training. Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport Publisher; 1964
• 51 Le Meur Y, Mujika I. Endurance Training. 1st ed.. Donostia: Inigo Muijika S. L. U.; 2016
• 52 Issurin V. Block periodization versus traditional training theory: a review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008; 48: 65-75
• 53 Issurin VB. Benefits and Limitations of Block Periodized Training Approaches to Athletes’ Preparation: A Review. Sports Med 2016; 46: 329-338 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0425-5.
• 54 Sylta O, Tonnessen E, Hammarstrom D. et al. The Effect of Different High-Intensity Periodization Models on Endurance Adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48: 2165-2174 DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001007.
• 55 Stöggl T, Sperlich B. Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training. Front Physiol 2014; 5: 33 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00033.
• 56 American College of Sports. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 687-708 DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670.
• 57 Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Meyer T, Walitzek S. et al. Time course of changes in endurance capacity: a 1-yr training study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 1130-1137 DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181935a11.
• 58 Tonnessen E, Sylta O, Haugen TA. et al. The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance. PLoS One 2014; 9: e101796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101796.