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J Reconstr Microsurg 2023; 39(05): 350-360
DOI: 10.1055/a-1886-5697
Original Article

Exceeding the Limits of Static Cold Storage in Limb Transplantation Using Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion

Marion Goutard 
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
4   Service de Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
,
Reinier J. de Vries
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
5   Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
6   Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers – location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
,
Pierre Tawa
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Casie A. Pendexter
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
5   Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Ivy A. Rosales
7   Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Shannon N. Tessier
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
5   Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Laura C. Burlage
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
8   Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
9   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery within the Department of Surgery, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
,
Laurent Lantieri
4   Service de Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
,
Mark A. Randolph
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Alexandre G. Lellouch
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
4   Service de Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
,
Curtis L. Cetrulo Jr   *
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Korkut Uygun   *
2   Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   Department of Research, Shriners Children's, Boston, Massachusetts
5   Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
› Author Affiliations Funding This work was supported by the Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, through the Reconstructive Transplant Research Program, Technology Development Award under Awards No. W81XWH-17-1-0680 and W81XWH-19-1-0440. This material is partially based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. EEC 1941543. Partial support from the US National Institutes of Health (R01EB028782) is gratefully acknowledged. Funding from the Shriners Children's is gratefully acknowledged, including the award 986579 to KU, and the support by Shriners Special Shared Facilities that enabled this work.
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Abstract

Background For 50 years, static cold storage (SCS) has been the gold standard for solid organ preservation in transplantation. Although logistically convenient, this preservation method presents important constraints in terms of duration and cold ischemia-induced lesions. We aimed to develop a machine perfusion (MP) protocol for recovery of vascularized composite allografts (VCA) after static cold preservation and determine its effects in a rat limb transplantation model.

Methods Partial hindlimbs were procured from Lewis rats and subjected to SCS in Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate solution for 0, 12, 18, 24, and 48 hours. They were then either transplanted (Txp), subjected to subnormothermic machine perfusion (SNMP) for 3 hours with a modified Steen solution, or to SNMP + Txp. Perfusion parameters were assessed for blood gas and electrolytes measurement, and flow rate and arterial pressures were monitored continuously. Histology was assessed at the end of perfusion. For select SCS durations, graft survival and clinical outcomes after transplantation were compared between groups at 21 days.

Results Transplantation of limbs preserved for 0, 12, 18, and 24-hour SCS resulted in similar survival rates at postoperative day 21. Grafts cold-stored for 48 hours presented delayed graft failure (p = 0.0032). SNMP of limbs after 12-hour SCS recovered the vascular resistance, potassium, and lactate levels to values similar to limbs that were not subjected to SCS. However, 18-hour SCS grafts developed significant edema during SNMP recovery. Transplantation of grafts that had undergone a mixed preservation method (12-hour SCS + SNMP + Txp) resulted in better clinical outcomes based on skin clinical scores at day 21 post-transplantation when compared to the SCS + Txp group (p = 0.01613).

Conclusion To date, VCA MP is still limited to animal models and no protocols are yet developed for graft recovery. Our study suggests that ex vivo SNMP could help increase the preservation duration and limit cold ischemia-induced injury in VCA transplantation.

Keywords

preservation - reconstructive surgery - VCA - cold storage - machine perfusion - transplantation

Note

The U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity, 820 Chandler Street, Fort Detrick MD 21702-5014 is the awarding and administering acquisition office. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense.


* Shared senior authorship.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 14 October 2021

Accepted: 23 June 2022

Accepted Manuscript online:
28 June 2022

Article published online:
31 October 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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