Age-Related Macular Degeneration in an Ageing Society – Current Epidemiological Research

Caroline Brandl; Robert Patrick Finger; Iris Maria Heid; Matthias Marten Mauschitz

doi:10.1055/a-2105-1064

Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, Table of Contents

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2023; 240(09): 1052-1059
DOI: 10.1055/a-2105-1064

Übersicht

Age-Related Macular Degeneration in an Ageing Society – Current Epidemiological Research

Article in several languages: English | deutsch

Authors

Caroline Brandl

¹Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Medizin, Deutschland

²Lehrstuhl für Genetische Epidemiologie, Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Medizin, Deutschland
Robert Patrick Finger

³Universitäts-Augenklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Deutschland

⁴Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Universität Bonn, Deutschland
Iris Maria Heid

²Lehrstuhl für Genetische Epidemiologie, Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Medizin, Deutschland
Matthias Marten Mauschitz

⁴Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Universität Bonn, Deutschland

Abstract

Epidemiological studies on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) provide crucial data on the frequency of early and late forms as well as associated risk factors. The increasing number of population-based cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies in Germany and Europe with published data is making prevalence and incidence estimators for AMD more robust, although they show mostly method-related fluctuations. This review article brings together the latest published epidemiological measures for AMD from Germany and Central as well as Western Europe. Based on this data and population figures for Germany and Europe, prevalence is projected, and future trends are forecasted. The epidemiological evidence for AMD-associated risk factors is also improving, especially through meta-analyses within large consortia with correspondingly high case numbers. This review article summarizes the latest findings and resulting recommendations for prevention approaches. Additionally, it discusses treatment options and future challenges.

Key words

age-related macular degeneration (AMD) - prevalence - incidence - risk factors - population-based studies - demographic development

Full Text

References

References/Literatur
1 Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM. et al. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet 2012; 379: 1728-1738
2 Klein R, Meuer SM, Myers CE. et al. Harmonizing the classification of age-related macular degeneration in the three-continent AMD consortium. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 21: 14-23
3 Buitendijk GHS, Rochtchina E, Myers C. et al. Prediction of age-related macular degeneration in the general population: The three continent AMD consortium. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 2644-2655
4 Korb CA, Kottler UB, Wolfram C. et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in a large European cohort: results from the population-based Gutenberg Health Study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252: 1403-1411
5 Lüdtke L, Jürgens C, Ittermann T. et al. Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Associated Risk Factors in the Population-Based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-Trend). Med Sci Monit 2019; 25: 6383
6 Brandl C, Breinlich V, Stark KJ. et al. Features of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the General Adults and Their Dependency on Age, Sex, and Smoking: Results from the German KORA Study. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0167181
7 Brandl C, Zimmermann ME, Gunther F. et al. On the impact of different approaches to classify age-related macular degeneration: Results from the German AugUR study. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 1-10
8 Li JQ, Welchowski T, Schmid M. et al. Prevalence and incidence of age-related macular degeneration in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 104: 1077-1084
9 Korb CA, Elbaz H, Schuster AK. et al. Five-year cumulative incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration: results from the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260: 55-64
10 Brandl C, Günther F, Zimmermann ME. et al. Incidence, progression and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in 35–95-year-old individuals from three jointly designed German cohort studies. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2022; 7: e000912
11 Davis MD, Gangnon RE, Lee LY. et al. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 17. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 1484-1498
12 Klein R, Davis MD, Magli YL. et al. The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 1128-1134
13 Ferris FL, Davis MD, Clemons TE. et al. A simplified severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 18. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 1570-1574
14 Ferris FL3rd Wilkinson CP, Bird A. et al. Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 844-851
15 Grassmann F, Mengelkamp J, Brandl C. et al. A Deep Learning Algorithm for Prediction of Age-Related Eye Disease Study Severity Scale for Age-Related Macular Degeneration from Color Fundus Photography. Ophthalmology 2018; 125: 1410-1420
16 Garzone D, Terheyden JH, Morelle O. et al. Comparability of automated drusen volume measurements in age-related macular degeneration: a MACUSTAR study report. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 21911
17 Gattoussi S, Buitendijk GHS, Peto T. et al. The European Eye Epidemiology spectral-domain optical coherence tomography classification of macular diseases for epidemiological studies. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97: 364-371
18 Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE). Rheinland-Studie. Im Internet (Stand: 16.05.2023): https://www.rheinland-studie.de/
19 German National Cohort (GNC) Consortium. The German National Cohort: aims, study design and organization. Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 29: 371-382
20 Statistisches Bundesamt. Vorausberechneter Bevölkerungsstand. 2022. Im Internet (Stand: 16.05.2023): https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=2&levelid=1681828897390&downloadname=12421-0002%23abreadcrumb
21 Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes. Bevölkerung in 1000 (Prognose) nach der 15. koordinierten Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung. Gliederungsmerkmale: Jahre, Deutschland, Alter, Variante Bevölkerungsprognose. Im Internet (Stand: 16.05.2023): https://www.gbe-bund.de/gbe/pkg_isgbe5.prc_menu_olap?p_uid=gast&p_aid=65519721&%20p_sprache=D&%20p_help=4&%20p_indnr=716&%20p_indsp=&%20p_ityp=H
22 Fritsche LG, Igl W, Bailey JNC. et al. A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants. Nat Genet 2016; 48: 134-143
23 Holliday EG, Smith AV, Cornes BK. et al. Insights into the genetic architecture of early stage age-related macular degeneration: a genome-wide association study meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e53830
24 Winkler TW, Grassmann F, Brandl C. et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis for early age-related macular degeneration highlights novel loci and insights for advanced disease. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13: 120
25 Velilla S, Garcia-Medina JJ, Garcia-Layana A. et al. Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: review and update. J Ophthalmol 2013; 2013: 895147
26 Milton RC, Clemons TE, Klien R. et al. Risk factors for the incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): AREDS report no. 19. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 533-539.e1
27 Klein R, Myers CE, Buitendijk GH. et al. Lipids, lipid genes, and incident age-related macular degeneration: the three continent age-related macular degeneration consortium. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 158: 513-524.e3
28 Erke MG, Bertelsen G, Peto T. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: the Tromsø Study. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92: 662-669
29 Mauschitz MM, Schmitz MT, Verzijden T. et al. Physical Activity, Incidence, and Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Multicohort Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 236: 99-106
30 Merle BMJ, Cougnard-Grégoire A, Delyfer MN. et al. Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The EYE-RISK Consortium. Ophthalmology 2019; 126: 381-390
31 Stahl A. Diagnostik und Therapie der altersabhängigen Makuladegeneration. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2020; 117: 513-520
32 Blitzer AL, Ham SA, Colby KA. et al. Association of Metformin Use With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Case-Control Study. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139: 302-309
33 Mauschitz MM, Verzijden T, Schuster AK. et al. Association of lipid-lowering drugs and antidiabetic drugs with age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis in Europeans. Br J Ophthalmol 2022;
34 Romdhoniyyah DF, Harding SP, Cheyne CP. et al. Metformin, A Potential Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmol Ther 2021; 10: 245-260
35 Spaide RF, Ooto S, Curcio CA. Subretinal drusenoid deposits AKA pseudodrusen. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63: 782-815
36 Ajana S, Cougnard-Grégoire A, Colijn JM. et al. Predicting Progression to Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration from Clinical, Genetic, and Lifestyle Factors Using Machine Learning. Ophthalmology 2021; 128: 587-597
37 Wecker T, Grundel B, Reichl S. et al. Anti-VEGF injection frequency correlates with visual acuity outcomes in pro re nata neovascular AMD treatment. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 3301
38 Holz FG, Tadayoni R, Beatty S. et al. Key drivers of visual acuity gains in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in real life: findings from the AURA study. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 100: 1623-1628
39 Eter N, Hasanbasic Z, Keramas G. et al. PERSEUS24-month analysis: a prospective non-interventional study to assess the effectiveness of intravitreal aflibercept in routine clinical practice in Germany in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259: 2213-2223
40 Colijn JM, Buitendijk GHS, Prokofyeva E. et al. Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Europe: The Past and the Future. Ophthalmology 2017;
41 Delcourt C, Diaz JL, Ponton-Sanchez A. et al. Smoking and age-related macular degeneration. The POLA Study. Pathologies Oculaires Liées à lʼAge. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960) 1998; 116: 1031-1035
42 Hogg RE, Wright DM, Quinn NB. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in a population-based cohort study of older adults in Northern Ireland using multimodal imaging: NICOLA Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2022;
43 Akuffo KO, Nolan J, Stack J. et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the Republic of Ireland. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99: 1037-1044
44 Yip JLY, Khawaja AP, Chan MPY. et al. Area deprivation and age related macular degeneration in the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study. Public Health 2015; 129: 103-109
45 Wilde C, Poostchi A, Mehta RL. et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in an elderly UK Caucasian population – The Bridlington Eye Assessment Project: a cross-sectional study. Eye 2017;
46 Augood CA, Vingerling JR, de Jong PT. et al. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in older Europeans: the European Eye Study (EUREYE). Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 529-535
47 Klaver CC, Assink JJ, van Leeuwen R. et al. Incidence and progression rates of age-related maculopathy: the Rotterdam Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 2237-2241
48 Delcourt C, Lacroux A, Carrière I. The three-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the “Pathologies Oculaires Liées à lʼAge” (POLA) prospective study. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140: 924-926
49 Saunier V, Merle BMJ, Delyfer MN. et al. Incidence of and Risk Factors Associated With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Four-Year Follow-up From the ALIENOR Study. JAMA Ophthalmol 2018; 136: 473-481
50 Buch H, Nielsen V N, Vinding T. et al. 14-Year incidence, progression, and visual morbidity of age-related maculopathy: The Copenhagen City Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2005;