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Neuropediatrics 2013; 44(06): 302-308
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1358599
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Rare Inflammatory Diseases of the White Matter and Mimics of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

Marc Tardieu
1   Department of Pediatric Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
2   National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, University Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
,
Kumaran Deiva
1   Department of Pediatric Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
2   National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, University Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

27 June 2013

28 August 2013

Publication Date:
28 October 2013 (online)

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Abstract

The spectra of white matter neuroinflammatory diseases and pathological processes inducing inflammatory lesions in the white matter of the central nervous system are wider in children than in adults. The definitions of multiple sclerosis (MS) and of the related clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) have been recently revised leading to a new consensus definition. However, other entities with similarities to these diseases may also develop with monophasic or relapsing white matter inflammation. These conditions include congenital immunogenetic diseases (such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), vasculitis, and autoantibody-mediated encephalopathies (Hashimoto encephalopathy, encephalitis with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies and neuromyelitis optica). Moreover, infectious diseases, such as Lyme disease, tumors (oligodendroglioma and lymphoma), and even genetic or metabolic diseases should also be considered if the clinical course of the disease does not follow the typical pattern for ADEM or MS. This short review describes these different entities and provides information for the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the white matter.

Keywords

inflammatory diseases - white matter - multiple sclerosis - acute disseminated encephalomyelitis - neuroimmunology
 

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