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Eur J Pediatr Surg 2017; 27(03): 255-262
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1586202
Original Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Analgesia and Sedation Protocol for Mechanically Ventilated Postsurgical Children Reduces Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Symptoms—But Not in All Patients

Felix Neunhoeffer
1   Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pulmonology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Guido Seitz
2   Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Giessen/Marburg, Marburg, Germany
,
Andreas Schmidt
3   Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Hanna Renk
4   Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Matthias Kumpf
4   Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Frank Fideler
5   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Martin Esslinger
1   Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pulmonology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Ines Gerbig
1   Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pulmonology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Jörg Fuchs
6   Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
,
Michael Hofbeck
4   Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

30 May 2016

07 June 2016

Publication Date:
25 July 2016 (online)

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Abstract

Background We demonstrated recently that the implementation of a nurse-driven analgesia and sedation protocol (pediatric analgesia and sedation protocol [pASP]) for mechanically ventilated nonpostsurgical patients reduces the total dose of benzodiazepines and the withdrawal symptoms significantly. It has not been investigated if these results can also be expected in the group of patients undergoing surgery.

Objectives To evaluate the effects of the pASP in mechanically ventilated postsurgical children regarding drug dosage, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, and rate of withdrawal symptoms.

Methods This is a two-phase prospective observational control study. The preimplementation group was managed by the physician's order and the postimplementation group was managed with the pASP including COMFORT-B, nurse interpretation of sedation, and Sophia observation withdrawal symptoms scale scoring.

Measurements and Main Results One hundred and sixteen patients were included before and one hundred and ten patients after implementation. The pASP had no effect on length of pediatric intensive care unit stay or duration of mechanical ventilation. The protocol reduced total (5.0 mg/kg [0.5–58.0] vs 4.0 mg/kg [0.0–47.0]; p = 0.021) and daily doses (4.4 mg/kg/d [1.1–33.9] vs 2.9 mg/kg/d [0.0–9.9]; p < 0.001) of benzodiazepines significantly. No difference was observed in total and daily doses of opioids (5.0 mg/kg [0.1–67.0] vs 3.0 mg/kg [0.1–71.0]; p = 0.81) and (0.7 mg/kg/d [0.0–7.0] vs. 0.8 mg/kg/d [0.0–3.7]; p = 0.35), respectively. Rate of withdrawal symptoms was significantly lower after implementation (35.3 vs 20.0%; p = 0.01), but not in patients after solid organ transplantation or oncological patients.

Conclusion The nurse-driven analgesia and sedation protocol is an effective procedure to reduce the total doses of benzodiazepines and occurrence of withdrawal symptoms in postsurgical children, which are naïve to opioids or benzodiazepines.

Keywords

analgesia - sedation - withdrawal - children - pediatric intensive care unit

Ethics

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tuebingen University Hospital (578/2012R).


 

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