Die Maul- und Klauenseuche und ihre wichtigsten Differenzialdiagnosen

Zusammenfassung

Die Maul- und Klauenseuche (MKS) ist eine hochansteckende Viruserkrankung der Paarhufer, die zur Bildung von Bläschen (Aphthen) und Erosionen an der Mundschleimhaut und unbehaarten Teilen der Haut, insbesondere an den Klauen, führt. Die MKS gehört wegen ihrer dramatischen ökonomischen Auswirkungen zu den bedeutsamsten Tierseuchen. Es besteht jederzeit das Risiko einer Einschleppung des Virus nach Europa mit dem Reiseverkehr sowie durch die illegale Einfuhr landwirtschaftlicher Erzeugnisse. Die typischen Wirte für MKS-Viren sind Klauentiere (Rinder, Schafe, Ziegen, Schweine und verwandte Wildtiere), doch können auch bestimmte Zoo- und Wildtiere aus anderen taxonomischen Gruppen wie Giraffen, Elefanten und Kamele an MKS erkranken. Stomatitiden und Klauenveränderungen kommen bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren recht häufig vor und ihre Ursachen lassen sich oft nicht eindeutig klären. In manchen Fällen ist klinisch und pathomorphologisch eine differenzialdiagnostische Abgrenzung zur Maulund Klauenseuche nicht möglich, was eine labordiagnostische Abklärung zwingend erforderlich macht. Dies gilt besonders für solche Fälle, die durch die Erreger der vesikulären Stomatitis (VS) und der vesikulären Schweinekrankheit (SVD) hervorgerufen werden. Weitere Stomatitiden viraler Genese sind die Mucosal Disease (MD), das Bösartige Katarrhalfieber (BKF), die Rinderpest, die Pest der kleinen Wiederkäuer (PPR), die Stomatitis papulosa, der Lippengrind (Orf), die Blauzungenkrankeit (BT) und die epizootische Hämorrhagie (EHD). Beim Schaf wurden ätiologisch nicht näher aufzuklärende Mundschleimhautveränderungen beschrieben und als „OMAGOD“ bezeichnet. Auch Bakterien, chemische Noxen und mechanische Traumata können zu Stomatitiden und Klauenveränderungen führen.

Summary

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which leads to the formation of vesicles, erosions und ulcerations in the mouth and hairless parts of the skin, in particular on the feet. Due to its dramatic economic consequences, FMD is considered to be one of the most important diseases of animals. There is a permanent risk of introduction of the virus into Europe due to travel and illegal importation of agricultural products. Cloven-hoofed animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and related game animals) are the typical hosts of the FMD virus. However, some zoo and wild animals belonging to other taxonomical groups, such as giraffes, elephants and camels, are also susceptible. Stomatitis and infections of the feet in livestock occur quite frequently, and often the causes of these conditions remain obscure. Sometimes, a differentiation from FMD is not possible on the basis of clinical signs and gross lesions, necessitating further laboratory investigations. This applies in particular to cases caused by the agents of vesicular stomatitis (VS) and swine vesicular disease (SVD). Additionally, other infectious agents can cause stomatitis, e.g. the viruses of mucosal disease (MD), malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), papular stomatitis, orf, blue tongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD). In sheep, a stomatitis of unclear etiology was described as „OMAGOD“. Furthermore, bacteria, chemicals and mechanical trauma can cause stomatitis and pododermatitis.

Schlüsselwörter

Maul- und Klauenseuche - vesikuläre Stomatitiden - Viruserkrankung - Tierseuchendiagnostik

Key words

Foot-and-mouth disease - vesicular stomatitis - viral disease - animal disease control

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