Nuklearmedizin 2000; 39(08): 218-231
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1632272
Original Article
Schattauer GmbH

Clinical applications of single photon emission tomography in neuromedicine

Part 2: dementia, psychotic disorders, inflammation, traumaKlinische Anwendungen der Single-Photon-Emissionstomographie in der NeuromedinTeil 2: Dementielle Erkrankungen, Psychosen, Entzündungen, Schädelhirntraumata
P. Bartenstein
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
F. Grünwald
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
T. Kuwert
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
K. Tatsch
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
O. Sabri
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
O. Benkert
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
R. Fahlbusch
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
G. Gründer
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
K. Herholz
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
,
C. Weiller
1   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuronuklearmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Eingegangen: 25 July 2000

Publication Date:
01 February 2018 (online)

Summary

This article gives in his second part a critical review of the clinical applications of SPECT with perfusion markers and receptor ligands in dementing disorders and psychosis. In addition this review discusses clinical applications of SPECT investigations with perfusion markers in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system and in brain trauma.

Zusammenfassung

Die vorliegende Arbeit vermittelt in ihrem zweiten Teil eine kritisch wertende Übersicht über die klinischen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von SPECT-Untersuchungen mit Perfusionsmarkern und Rezeptorliganden bei dementieilen Erkrankungen sowie affektiven und schizophrenen Psychosen. Darüber hinaus werden in dieser Übersicht Anwendungen von SPECT-Untersuchungen mit Perfusionsmarkern bei Fragestellungen im Rahmen von Entzündungen des zentralen Nervensystems und bei Schädelhirntraumata diskutiert.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Abdel-Dayem HM, Abu-Judeh H, Kumar M, Atay S, Naddaf S, El-Zeftawy H, Luo JQ. SPECT brain perfusion abnormalities in mild or moderate traumatic brain injury. Clin Nucl Med 1998; 23: 309-17.
  • 2 Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M, Krystal J, D’Souza C, Zoghbi S, Baldwin RM, Seibyl J, Mawlawi O, de Erasquin G, Charney D, Innis RB. No evidence of altered in vivo benzodiazepine receptor binding in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 20: 650-61.
  • 3 Aharon-Peretz J, Peretz A, Hemli JA, Honigman S, Israel O. SPECT diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 616-7.
  • 4 Ajmani A, Habte-Gabr E, Zarr M, Jayabalan V, Dandala S. Cerebral blood flow SPECT with Te-99m exametazime correlates in AIDS dementia complex stages. A preliminary report. Clin Nucl Med 1991; 16: 656-9.
  • 5 Albin RL, Minoshima S, Di’Amato CJ, Frey KA, Kühl DA, Sima AA. Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in diffuse Lewy body disease. Neurology 1996; 47: 462-6.
  • 6 Andreasen NC, O’Leary DS, Flaum M. et al. Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: Distributed dysfunctional circuits in neuroleptic-naive patients. Lancet 1997; 349: 1730-4.
  • 7 Attar-Lévy D, Martinot JL, Blin J. et al. The cortical serotonin2 receptors studied with positron-emission tomography and [18F]-setoperone during depressive illness and antidepressant treatment with clomipramine. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 180-6.
  • 8 Awada HH, Mamo HL, Luft AG, Ponsin JC, Kahn MF. Cerebral blood flow in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without central nervous system involvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 1597-601.
  • 9 Awata S, Ito H, Konno M. et al. Regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities in late-life depression: Relation to refractoriness and chronification. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998; 52: 97-105.
  • 10 Ball S, Busatto GF, David AS. et al. Cognitive functioning and GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor binding in schizophrenia: A 1231-iomazenil SPET study. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 107-17.
  • 11 Bartenstein P, Koepp M. Benzodiazepinrezeptor-Darstellung mit Positronen-Emissionstomographie und Single-Photon-Emissionstomographie Nervenarzt. 1995; 66: 412-21.
  • 12 Bartenstein P, Minoshima S, Hirsch C, Buch K, Willoch F, Mösch D, Schad D, Schwaiger M, Kurz A. Quantitative assessment of cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer’s disease by single photon emission computed tomography. Nucl Med 1997; 38: 1095-101.
  • 13 Bavetta S, Nimmon CC, White J, McCabe J, Huneidi AH, Bomanji J, Birkenfeld B, Charlsworth M, Britton KE, Greenwood RJ. A prospective study comparing SPET with MRI and CT as prognostic indicators following severe closed head injury. Nucl Med Commun 1994; 15: 961-8.
  • 14 Baxter Jr. LR, Schwartz JM, Phelps ME. et al. Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 243-50.
  • 15 Bench CJ, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow on recovery from depression. Psychol Med 1995; 25: 247-61.
  • 16 Benkert O, Hippius H. Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie. 2. Aufl.. 2000. Springer; Heidelberg:
  • 17 Benson DF, Djenderdjian A, Miller BL, Pachana NA, Chang L, Itti L, Mena I. Neural basis of confabulation. Neurology 1996; 46: 1239-43.
  • 18 Bergström KA, Halldin C, Savonen A, Okubo Y, Hiltunen J, Nobuhara K, Swahn CG, Karlsson P, McPherson D, Knapp FF, Larsson S, Schnell PO, Farde L. Iodine-123 labelled Z-(R.R)-IQNP: a potential radioligand for visualization of M(1)and M(2) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26: 1482-5.
  • 19 Biver F, Wikler D, Lotstra F, Damhaut P, Goldman S, Mendlewicz J. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor imaging in major depression: Focal changes in orbito-insular cortex. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171: 444-8.
  • 20 Bonne O, Krausz Y, Shapira B. et al. Increased cerebral blood flow in depressed patients responding to electroconvulsive therapy. J Nucl Med 1996; 37: 1075-80.
  • 21 Breitner JC, Jarvik GP, Plassman BL, Saunders AM, Welsh KA. Risk of Alzheimer disease with the epsilon4 allele for apolipoprotein E in a population-based study of men aged 62-73 years. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998; 12: 40-4.
  • 22 Brodie JD, Christman DR, Corona JF. et al. Patterns of metabolic activity in the treatment of schizophrenia. Ann Neurol 1984; 15: 166-69.
  • 23 Broich K, Grünwald F, Kasper S, Klemm E, Biersack HJ, Möller HJ. D2-dopamine receptor occupancy measured by 1BZM-SPECT in relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Pharmacopsychiatry 1998; 31: 159-62.
  • 24 Brun A. Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type revisited Dementia. 1993; 4: 126-31.
  • 25 Buchsbaum MS, Ingvar DH, Kessler R. et al. Cerebral glucography with positron tomography. Use in normal subjects and in patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 251-9.
  • 26 Buchsbaum MS, Wu JC, DeLisi LE. et al. Frontal cortex and basal ganglia metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography with [18F]2-deoxyglucose in affective illness. J Affect Disord 1986; 10: 137-52.
  • 27 Buchsbaum MS, Hazlett EA. Positron emission tomography studies of abnormal glucose metabolism in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1998; 24: 343-64.
  • 28 Busatto GF, Pilowsky LS, Costa DC. et al. Correlation between reduced in vivo benzodiazepine receptor binding and severity of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 56-63. [Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry 1997:154:722.]
  • 29 Buttner A, Mehraein P, Weis S. Vascular changes in the cerebral cortex in HIV-1 infection. II. An immunohistochemical and lectinhistochemical investigation. Acta Neurophysiol 1996; 92: 35-41.
  • 30 Caparros-Lefèbvre D, Girard-Buttaz I, Reboul S. et al. Cognitive and psychiatric impairment in herpes simplex virus encephalitis suggest involvement of the amygdalo-frontal pathways. J Neurol 1996; 243: 248-56.
  • 31 Carette S, Urowitz M, Grossman H, Louis St. E. Cranial computerized tomography in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1982; 9: 855-59.
  • 32 Catafau AM, Parellada E, Lomena FJ. et al. Prefrontal and temporal blood flow in schizophrenia. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 935-41.
  • 33 Catafau AM, Sola M, Lomena FJ, Guelar A, Miro JM, Setoâin J. Hyperperfusion and early technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT appearance of central nervous system toxoplasmosis. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 1041-3.
  • 34 Cleghorn JM, Garnett ES, Nahmias C. et al. Increased frontal and reduced parietal glucose metabolism in acute untreated schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 119-133.
  • 35 Cohen HCM, Semple WE, Gross N. et al. Evidence for common alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in major affective disorders and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1989; 2: 241-54.
  • 36 Coppens HJ, Slooff CJ, Paans AM, Wiegman T, Vaalburg W, Korf J. High central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy as assessed with positron emission tomography in medicated but therapy-resistant schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29: 629-34.
  • 37 Davis WK, Mirra SS, Alazraki N. The brain in older persons with and without dementia: findings on MR. PET, and SPECT images. Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162: 1267-78.
  • 38 De Deyn PP, Van den Broucke PW, Pickut BA. et al. Perfusion and thallium single photon emission computed tomography in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurological Sei 1998; 157: 96-99.
  • 39 De Jong BM, Pruim J, Sinnige LG. et al. Regional specific changes of cerebral metabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus identified by positron emission tomography. Eur Neurology 1999; 41: 187-93.
  • 40 Della-Corte F, Giordano A, Pennisi MA, Barelli A, Caricato A, Campioni P, Galli G. Quantitative cerebral blood flow and metabolism determination in the first 48 hours after severe head injury with a new dynamic SPECT device. Acta Neurochir Wien 1997; 139: 636-41.
  • 41 De Leon MJ, Convit A, DeSanti S, Bobinski M, George AE, Wisniewski HM, Rusinek H, Carroll R, Saint Louis LA. Contribution of structural neuroimaging to the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9 (Suppl. 01) 183-l90.
  • 42 De Lisi LE, Buchsbaum MS, Holcomb HH. et al. Clinical correlates of decreased anteroposterior metabolic gradients in positron emission tomography of schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 78-81.
  • 43 Depas G, Chiron C. Tardieu. et al. Functional brain imaging in HIV-1 infected children born to seropositive mothers. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 2169-74.
  • 44 Devous Sr. MD, Paulman RG, Herman J. et al. Single-photon emission tomography studies with schizophrenic patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1988; 10: 321-2.
  • 45 Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH. Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. ICD-10 Kapitel V (F). Klinisch-diagnostische Leitlinien. Bern, Göttingen, Toronto, Seattle: Verlag Hans Huber; 1994
  • 46 Dolan RJ, Bench CJ, Brown RG, Scott LC, Frackowiak RSJ. Neuropsychological dysfunction in depression: The relationship to regional cerebral blood flow. Psychol Med 1994; 24: 849-57.
  • 47 Donnemiller E, Heilmann J, Wenning GK, Berger W, Decristoforo C, Moncayo R, Poewe W, Ransmayer G. Brain perfusion scintigraphy with 99m-Tc-HMPAO or 99m-Tc-ECD and 123-I-beta-CIT single-photon emission tomography in dementia os the Alzheimer-type and diffuse Lewy body disease. Eur J Nucl Med 1997; 24: 320-5.
  • 48 Dresel S, Tatsch K, Dahne I, Mager T, Scherer J, Hahn K. Iodine-123-iodobenzamide SPECT assessment of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in risperidone-treated schizophrenic patients. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 1138-42.
  • 49 Dresel S, Mager T, Rossmüller B, Meisenzahl E. et al. In vivo effects of olanzapine on striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding in schizophrenic patients: an iodine-123 iodobenzamide single-photon emission tomography study. Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26: 862-8.
  • 50 Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson Jr. JR. et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature 1997; 386: 824-7.
  • 51 Ebadi M, Pfeiffer RF, Murrin LC. Pathogenesis and treatment of NMS. Gen Pharmacol 1990; 21: 367-86.
  • 52 Ebert D, Feistel H, Barocka A, Kaschka W. Increased limbic blood flow and total sleep deprivation in major depression with melancholia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 1994; 55: 101-9.
  • 53 Ebert D, Feistel H, Loew T, Pirner A. Dopamine and depression – striatal dopamine D2 receptor SPECT before and after antidepressant therapy. Psychopharmacology Berl 1996; 126: 91-4.
  • 54 Farde L, Wiesel FA, Stone-Elander S. et al. D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. A positron emission tomography study with [11C]raclopride. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 213-9.
  • 55 Farde L, Nordstrom AL, Wiesel FA, Pauli S, Halldin C, Sedvall G. Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine. Relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 538-44.
  • 56 Fazekas F, Roob G, Payer F, Kapeller P, Strasser-Fuchs S, Aigner RM. Technetium-99m-ECD SPECT fails to show focal hyperemia of acute herpes encephalitis. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 790-2.
  • 57 Förstl H. Lehrbuch der Gerontopsychiatrie. Enke: Stuttgart; 1997
  • 58 Geldmacher DS, Whitehouse PJ. Evaluation of Dementia. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 330-6.
  • 59 Gerlach J, Lublin H, Peacock L. Extrapyramidal symptoms during long-term treatment with antipsychotics: Special focus on clozapine and D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 14 (Suppl. 03) 35-39
  • 60 Goldman S, Laird A, Flament-Durand J. et al. Positron emission tomography and histopathology in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 1993; 43: 1828-30.
  • 61 Goodwin GM. Functional imaging, affective disorder and dementia. Br Med Bull 1996; 52: 495-512.
  • 62 Goodwin GM. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal lobes in depression. J Psychopharmacol 1997; 11: 115-122.
  • 63 Goto I, Taniwaki T, Hosokawa S, Otsuka M, Ichiya Y, Ichimiya A. Positron emission tomographic (PET) studies in dementia. J Neurological Sei 1993; 114: 1-6.
  • 64 Gray BG, Ichise M, Chung DG, Kirsh JC, Franks W. Technetium-99m-HMPAO-SPECT in the evaluation of patients with a remote history of traumatic brain injury a comparison with x-ray computed tomography. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 52-8.
  • 65 Gregory CA, Serra-Mestres J, Hodges JR. Early diagnosis of the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia: how sensitive are standard neuroimaging and neuropsychologic tests?. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1999; 12: 128-35.
  • 66 Gründer G, Yokoi F, Offord SJ, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Salzmann JK, Szymanski S, Wilson PD, Howard DR, Wong DF. Time after a single oral dose of the putative antipsychotic drug MDL 100,907 measured by positron emission tomography. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 17: 175-185.
  • 67 Gründer G, Müller MJ, Andreas J, Wetzel H, Heydari N, Schlösser R, Schlegel S, Nickel O, Eissner D, Benkert O. Occupancy of striatal D2-like dopamine receptors after treatment with the sigma ligand EMD 57445, a putative atypical antipsychotic. Psychopharmacology 1999; 146: 81-86.
  • 68 Grünwald F, Nadstawek J, Ostertun B, Briele B, Bockisch A, Hotze A, van Roost D, Biersack HJ. Imaging cerebral blood flow with Technetium-99m HMPAO after head injury associated with consecutive transitional appalic syndrome. Radiol Diagn 1992; 33: 215-20
  • 69 Grünwald F, Schomburg A, Badali A, Ruhlmann J, Pâvics L, Biersack HJ. 18FDG PET and acetazolamide-enhanced 99mTc-HMPAO SPET in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Nucl Med 1995; 22: 1073-7.
  • 70 Grünwald F, Pohl C, Bender H. et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET and 99mTc-bicisate-SPECT in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Nucl Med 1996; 10: 131-4.
  • 71 Gustafson L. Clinical picture of frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type Dementia. 1993; 4: 143-8.
  • 72 Häfner H, Maurer K, Löffler W, Riecher-Rössler A. The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 162: 80-6.
  • 73 Hanyu H, Sakurai H, Iwamoto T, Takasaki M, Shindo H, Kakizaki D, Abe K. Regional differences in diffusion abnormality in cerebral white matter lesions in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type and Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 1999; 6: 195-203.
  • 74 Hashikawa K, Matsumoto M, Moriwaki H, Oku N, Okazaki Y, Seike Y, Uehara T, Tanabe H, Ohie Y, Kamada T. Three-dimensional display of surface cortical perfusion by SPECT: application in assessing Alzheimer’s disease. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 690-6.
  • 75 Heinz A, Knäble MB, Weinberger DR. Dopamine D2 receptor imaging and neuroleptic drug response. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 (Suppl. 11) 84-93.
  • 76 Herholz K, Perani D, Salmon E, Franck G, Fazio F, Heiss WD, Comar D. Comparability of FDG PET studies in probable Alzheimer’s disease. J Nucl Med 1993; 34: 1460-6.
  • 77 Herholz K. FDG PET and differential diagnosis of dementia. Alzheimer’s Dis Associated Disord 1995; 9: 6-16.
  • 78 Hinkin CH, van Gorp WG, Mandelkern MA. et al. Cerebral metabolic change in patients with AIDS: Report of a six-month follow-up using positron-emission tomography. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995; 7: 180-7.
  • 79 Hiraiwa M, Nonaka C, Abe T, Iio M. Positron emission tomography in systemic lupus erythematosus: Relation of cerebral vasculitis to PET findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1983; 4: 541-3.
  • 80 Hirono N, Mori E, Ishii K. et al. Frontal lobe hypometabolism and depression in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1998; 50: 380-3.
  • 81 Hofman A, Rocca WA, Brayne C, Breteler MM, Clarke M, Cooper B, Copeland JR, Dartigues JF, da Silva-Droux A, Hagnell O. The prevalence of dementia in Europe: A collaborative study of 1980-1990 findings. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20: 736-48
  • 82 Holman BL, Johnson KA, Gerada B, Carvalho PA, Satlin A. The Szintigraphie appearance of Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective study using technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 181-5.
  • 83 Holman BL, Garada B, Johnson KA. et al. A comparison of brain perfusion SPECT in cocaine abuse and AIDS dementia complex. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 1312-5.
  • 84 Holthoff VA, Beuthien-Baumann B, Pietrzyk U, Pinkert J, Oehme L, Franke WG, Bach O. Regionale Funktionsstörung bei der Depression. Hirn-SPECT zur Verlaufskontrolle. Nervenarzt 1999; 70: 620-6.
  • 85 Huang JL, Yeh KW, You DL, Hsieh KH. Serial single photon emission computed tomography imaging in patients with cerebral lupus during acute exacerbation and after treatment Pediatric Neurology. 1997; 17: 44-8.
  • 86 Hunter R. Frontal metabolic deficits in Korsakoff syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 454-5.
  • 87 Ichiyama T, Nishikawa M, Hayashi T, Koga M, Tashiro N, Furukawa S. Cerebral hypoperfusion during acute Kawasaki disease. Stroke 1998; 29: 1320-1.
  • 88 Ishii K, Yamaji S, Kitagaki H, Imamura T, Hirono N, Mori E. Regional cerebral blood flow difference between dementia with Lewy bodies and AD Neurology. 1999; 53: 413-6.
  • 89 Itoh Y, Amano T, Shimizu T, Hashimoto J, Kubo A, Fukuuchi Y. Single-photon emission computed tomography image of benzodiazepine receptors in a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Internal Med 1998; 37: 896-900.
  • 90 Jacobs A, Put E, Ingels M, Bossuyt A. Prospective evaluation of technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 942-47.
  • 91 Jacobs A, Put E, Ingels M, Put T, Bossuyt A. One-year follow-up of technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT in mild head injury. J Nucl Med 1996; 37: 1605-9.
  • 92 Jagust WJ. Functional imaging patterns in Alzheimer’s disease. Relationship to neurobiology. Ann NY Acad Sei 1996; 777: 22-9.
  • 93 Jauss M, Krack P, Franz M. et al. Imaging of dopamine receptors with [123I]Iodobenzamide single-photon emission-computed tomography in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Movement Disorders 1996; 11: 726-8.
  • 94 Jibiki I, Fukushima T, Kobayashi K. et al. Utility of 123I-IMP SPECT brain scans for the early detection of site-specific abnormalities in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (Heidenhain type): A case study. Neuropsychobiology 1994; 29: 117-9.
  • 95 Jobst KA, Smith AD, Barker CS, Wear A, King EM, Smith A, Anslow PA, Molyneux AJ, Shepstone BJ, Soper N. Association of atrophy of the medial temporal lobe with reduced blood flow in the posterior parietotemporal cortex in patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 190-4.
  • 96 Jobst KA, Barnetson LP, Shepstone BJ. Accurate prediction of histologically confirmed Alzheimer’s disease and the differential diagnosis of dementia: the use of NINCDS-ADRDA and DSM-III-R criteria. SPECT X-ray CT, and Apo E4 in medial temporal lobe dementias. Oxford Project to Investigate Memorv and Aging. Int Psychogeriatr 1998; 10: 271-302.
  • 97 Johnson KA, Kijewski MF, Becker A, Garada B, Satlin A, Holman BL. Quantitative brain SPECT in Alzheimer’s disease and normal aging. J Nucl Med 1993; 34: 2044-8.
  • 98 Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS. The prevalence of dementia: A quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psvchiat Scand 1987; 76: 465-79.
  • 99 Kao CH, Wang SJ, Mak SC, Shian WJ, Chi CS. Viral encephalitis in children: Detection with technetium-99m HMPAO brain single-photon emission CT and its value in prediction of outcome. Am J Neuroradiol 1994; 15: 1369-73.
  • 100 Kao CH, Chan JL, Chang Lai SP, Liao KK, Yen RF, Chieng PU. The role of FDG-PET. HMPAO-SPET and MRI in the detection of brain involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26: 129-34.
  • 101 Kao CH, Ho YJ, Lan JL, Chang Lai SP, Liao KK, Chieng PU. Discrepancy between regional cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with normal brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 61-68.
  • 102 Kapur S, Remington G, Zipursky RB, Wilson AA, Houle S. The D2-dopamine receptor occupancy of risperidone and its relationship to extrapyramidal symptoms: A PET study. Life Sei 1995; 57: 103-7.
  • 103 Kapur S, Zipursky RB, Remington G. et al. 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of olanzapine in schizophrenia: A PET studv. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 921-928.
  • 104 Kapur S, Zipursky RB, Remington G. Clinical and theoretical implications of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine in schizophrenia. Am J Psvchiatry 1999; 156: 286-93.
  • 105 Kim DM, Tien R, Byrum C, Krishnan KR. Imaging in acquired immune deficiency syndrome dementia complex (AIDS dementia complex): A review. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1996; 20: 349-70.
  • 106 Kimura K, Dosaka A, Hashimoto Y, Yasunaga T, Uchino M, Ando M. Single-photon emission CT findings in acute Japanese encephalitis. Amer J Neuroradiol 1997; 18: 465-9.
  • 107 Klemm E, Danos P, Grünwald F, Kasper S, Möller HJ, Biersack HJ. Temporal lobe dysfunction and correlation of regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities with psychopathology in schizophrenia and major depression – a tomography. Psychiatry Res 1996; 68: 1-10.
  • 108 Klemm E, Grünwald F, Kasper S. et al. [123]IBZM SPECT for imaging of striatal D2 dopamine receptors in 56 schizophrenic patients taking various neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 183-90.
  • 109 Klimke A, Larisch R, Janz A, Vosberg H, Müller-Gärtner HW, Gaebel W. Dopamine D2 receptor binding before and after treatment with major depression measured by [1231] 1BZM. Psychiatry Res 1999; 90: 91-101.
  • 110 Kling AS, Metter EJ, Riege WH, Kühl DE. Comparison of PET measurement of local brain glucose metabolism and CAT measurement of brain atrophy in chronic schizophrenia and depression. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 175-80.
  • 111 Kocmur M, Milcinski M, Budihna NV. Evaluation of brain perfusion with technetium-99m bicisate single-photon emission tomography in patients with depressive disorder before and after drug treatment. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25: 1412-4.
  • 112 Komatsu N, Kodama K, Yamanouchi N. et al. Decreased regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with psychiatric symptoms. Eur Neurology 1999; 42: 41-48.
  • 113 Koväcs JA, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Zeman R. The use of single photon emission computed tomography in neuropsychiatrie SLE: A pilot study. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 1247-53.
  • 114 Kramer EL, Sanger JJ. Brain imaging in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex. Seminars Nucl Med 1990; 20: 353-63.
  • 115 Kühl DE, Minoshima S, Fessier JA, Frey KA, Foster NL, Ficaro EP, Wieland DM, Koeppe RA. In vivo mapping of cholinergic terminals in normal aging, Alzheimers disease and Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 399-410.
  • 116 Kukull WA, Larson EB, Reifler BV, Lampe TH, Yerby MS, Hughes JP. The validity of 3 clinical criteria for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1990; 40: 1364-9.
  • 117 Kurz A, Riemenschneider M, Buch K, Willoch F, Bartenstein P, Müller U, Guder W. Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid is significantly increased at the earliest clinical stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Alz Dis Assoc Dis 1998; 12 (1998) 372-7.
  • 118 Kuwert T, Lange HW, Langen KJ, Herzog H, Aulich A, Feinendegen LE. Cortical and subcortical glucose consumption measured by PET in patients with Huntington’s disease. Brain 1990; 113: 1405-23.
  • 119 Kuwert T, Bartenstein P, Grünwald F, Herholz K, Larisch R, Sabri O, Biersack H-J, Moser E, Müller-Gärtner H-W, Schober O, Schwaiger M, Büll U, Heiss W-D. Klinische Wertigkeit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie in der Neuromedizin: Positionspapier zu den Ergebnissen einer interdisziplinären Konsensuskonferenz. Nervenarzt 1998; 69: 1045-60.
  • 120 Kushner MJ, Tobin M, Fazekas F. et al. Cerebral blood flow variations in CNS lupus. Neurology 1990; 40: 99-102.
  • 121 Larisch R, Klimke A, Vosberg H, Löffler S, Gaebel W, Müller-Gärtner HW. In vivo evidence for the involvement of dopamine-D2 receptors in striatum and anterior cingulate gyrus in major depression. Neuroimage 1997; 5: 251-60.
  • 122 Larisch R, Klimke A. Clinical impact of cerebral dopamine-D2 receptor scintigraphy. Nuklearmedizin 1998; 37: 245-50.
  • 123 Laruelle M. Imaging dopamine transmission in schizophrenia. A review and meta-analysis. OJ Nucl Med 1998; 42: 211-21.
  • 124 Launes J, Siren J, Valanne L, Salonen O, Nikkinen P, Seppäläinen AM. Unilateral hyperperfusion in brain-perfusion SPECT predicts poor prognosis in acute encephalitis. Neurology 1997; 48: 1347-51.
  • 125 Lewis R, Kapur S, Jones C. et al. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in schizophrenia: A PET study using [18F]setoperone in neurolepticnaive patients and normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 72-8.
  • 126 Lewis SW, Ford RA, Syed GM, Reveley AM, Toone BU. A controlled study of 99mTc-HMPAO single-photon emission imaging in chronic schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1992; 22: 27-35.
  • 127 Lieberman JA, Mailman RB, Duncan G, Sikich L, Chakos M, Nichols DE, Kraus JE. Serotonergic basis of antipsychotic drug effects in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 1099-1117.
  • 128 Loeb C, Meyer JS. Vascular dementia: still a debatable entity?. J Neurol Sei 1996; 143: 31-40.
  • 129 Logigian EL, Johnson KA, Kijewski MF. et al. Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion in Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology 1997; 49: 1661-70.
  • 130 Lopez OL, Litvan I, Catt KE, Stowe R, Klunk W, Kaufer DI, Becker JT, DeKosky ST. Accuracy of four clinical diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis os neurodegenerative dementias. Neurology 1999; 53: 1292-9.
  • 131 Maini CL, Pigorini F, Pau FM. et al. Cortical cerebral blood flow in HIV-1-related dementia complex. Nucl Med Commun 1990; 11: 639-48.
  • 132 Malison RT, Price LH, Berman R. et al. Reduced brain serotonin transporter availability in major depression as measured by [123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl) tropane and single photon emission computed tomography. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 1090-8.
  • 133 Markus HS, Duchen LW, Parkin EM. et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in recipients of human growth hormone in the United Kingdom: A clinical and radiographic study. Q J Med 1992; 82: 43-51.
  • 134 Martinot JL, Hardy P, FÈline A. et al. Left prefrontal glucose hypometabolism in the depressed state: A confirmation. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1313-7.
  • 135 Masdeu JC, Yudd A, Van Heertum RL. et al. Single-photon emission computed tomography in human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy: A preliminary report. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 1471-5.
  • 136 Masdeu JC, van Heertum RL, Kleiman A, Anselmi G, Kissane K, Horng J, Yudd A, Luck D, Grundman M. Early single-photon emission computed tomography in mild head trauma. A controlled study. J Neuroimaging 1994; 4: 177-81.
  • 137 Masdeu JC, Van Heertum RL, Abdel-Dayem H. Viral infections of the brain. J Neuroimaging. 1995 5 [Suppl. 1]: S40-S44.
  • 138 Matochik JA, Molchan SE, Zametkin AJ, Warden DL, Sunderland T, Cohen RM. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in autopsyconfirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1995; 91: 153-7.
  • 139 Matthew E, Vasile RG, Sachs G, Anderson J, Lafer B, Hill T. Regional cerebral blood flow changes after light therapy in seasonal affective disorder. Nucl Med Commun 1996; 17: 475-9.
  • 140 Mattman A, Feldman H, Forster B, Li D, Szasz I, Beattie BL, Schulzer M. Regional HMPAO SPECT and CT measurements in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Can J Neurol Sei 1997; 24: 22-8.
  • 141 Mayberg HS, Starkstein SE, Sadzot B. et al. Selective hypometabolism in the inferior frontal lobe in depressed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 57-64.
  • 142 Mayberg HS, Starkstein SE, Peyser CE, Brandt J, Dannais RF, Folstein SE. Paralimbic frontal lobe hypometabolism in depression associated with Huntington’s disease. Neurology 1992; 42: 1791-7.
  • 143 Mayberg HS, Lewis PJ, Regenold W, Wagner Jr. HN. Paralimbic hypoperfusion in unipolar depression. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 929-34.
  • 144 Mayberg HS, Brannan SK, Mahurin RK. et al. Cingulate function in depression: A potential predictor of treatment response. Neuroreport 1997; 8: 1057-61.
  • 145 McCune WJ, MacGuire A, Aisen A, Gebarski S. Identification of brain lesions in neuropsychiatrie systemic lupus erythematosus by magnetic resonance scanning. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 159-166.
  • 146 McDonald K, Hutchinson M, Bresnihan B. The frequent occurrence of neurological disease in patients with late-onset lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1984; 23: 186-189.
  • 147 McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimers’s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s disease Neurology. 1984; 34: 939-44.
  • 148 Meitzer CC, Smith G, DeKosky ST. et al. Serotonin in aging, late-life depression, and Alzheimer’s disease: The emerging role of functional imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 18: 407-30.
  • 149 Menzel C, Reinhold U, Grünwald F, v. Smekal A, Uerlich M, Rieker O, Hotze AL, Biersack HJ. Cerebral blood flow in Sneddon syndrome. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 461-4.
  • 150 Messa C, Perani D, Lucignani G, Zenorini A, Zito F, Rizzo G, Grassi F, Del Sole A, Franche-schi M, Gilardi MC. High-resolution technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease: comparison with fluorine-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 210-6.
  • 151 Meusser S, Rubbert A, Manger B, Bock E, Platsch G, Feistel H. et al. 99m-Tc-HMPAOSPECT in diagnosis of early cerebral vasculitis. Rheumatol Int 1996; 16: 37-42.
  • 152 Meyer JH, Kapur S, Houle S. et al. Prefrontal cortex 5-HT2 receptors in depression: An [18F]setoperone PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1029-34.
  • 153 Meyer MA, Hübner KF, Raja S, Hunter K, Paulsen WA. Sequential positron emission tomographic evaluations of brain metabolism in acute herpes. J Neuroimaging 1994; 4: 104-5.
  • 154 Mielke R, Herholz K, Grond M, Kessler I, Heiss WD. Differences of regional cerebral glucose metabolism between presenile and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neurobiol aging 1992; 13: 93-8.
  • 155 Mielke R, Pietrzyk U, Jacobs A, Fink GR, Ichimiya A, Kessler J, Herholz K, Heiss WD. HMPAO SPET and FDG PET in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: comparison of perfusion and metabolic pattern. Eur J Nucl Med 1994; 21: 1052-60.
  • 156 Miller BL, Ikonte C, Ponton M, Levy M, Boone K, Darby A, Berman N, Mena I, Cummings JL. A study of the Lund-Manchester research criteria for frontotemporal dementia. Clinical and single-photon emission CT correlations. Neurology 1997; 48: 937-42.
  • 157 Miller DH, Ormerod IEC, Gibson A, duBoulay EPGH, Rudge P, McDonald W. MR brain scanning in patients with vasculitis: Differentiation from multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology 1987; 29: 226-31.
  • 158 Möller H-J, Laux G, Deister A. Psychiatrie. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Verlag; 1996
  • 159 Moore H, West AR, Grace AA. 1999; The regulation of forebrain dopamine transmission: relevance to the pathophysiology and psychopathology of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 46: 40-55.
  • 160 Mori E, Ishii K, Hashimoto M, Imamura T, Hirono N, Kitagaki H. Role of functional brain imaging in the evaluation of vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13 (Suppl. 03) S91-101.
  • 161 Na DL, Suh CK, Choi SH. et al. Diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging in probable Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A clincalanatomic correlation. Arch Neurology 1999; 56: 951-57.
  • 162 Nagamachi S, Nichikawa T, Ono S, Kawasaki K, Eguchi G, Hoshi H, Jinnouchi S, Ohnishi T, Futami S, Watanabe K. A comparative study of I-123-IMP SPET and CT in the investigation of chronic-stage head trauma patients. Nucl Med Commun 1995; 16: 17-25.
  • 163 Nagel JS, Ichise M, Holman BL. he scintigraphic evaluation of Huntington’s disease and other movement disorders using single photon emission computed tomography perfusion brain scans. Semin Nucl Medl 1991; 21: 11-23.
  • 164 Nedd K, Sfakianakis G, Ganz W, Uricchio B, Vernberg D, Villanueva P, Jabir AM, Bartlett J, Keena J. Tc-99m-HMPAO SPECT of the brain in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury patients: compared with CT-a prospective study. Brain Inj 1993; 7: 469-79.
  • 165 Nisijima K, Matoba M, Ishiguro T. Single photon emission computed tomography with 123I-IMP in three cases of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neuroradiol 1994; 36: 281-4.
  • 166 Nordstrom AL, Farde L, Eriksson L, Halldin C. No elevated D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients revealed by positron emission tomography and [11 C]Nmethylspiperone. Psychiatry Res 1995; 61: 67-83.
  • 167 Nossent JC, Hovestadt A, Schönfeld DHW, Swaak AJG. Single-photon-emission computed tomography of the brain in the evaluation of cerebral lupus. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 1397-402.
  • 168 Nyberg S, Farde L, Halldin C, Dahl ML, Bertilsson L. D2 dopamine receptor occu-pancy during low-dose treatment with haloperidol decanoate. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 173-8.
  • 169 Nyberg S, Nilsson U, Okubo Y, Halldin C, Farde L. Implication of brain imaging for the management of schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998 13 [Suppl. 3]: S15-S20.
  • 170 Ogawa T, Inugami A, Fujita H. et al. Serial positron emission tomography with fludeoxyglucose F 18 in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16 (Suppl. 04) 978-81.
  • 171 Ohyama M, Senda M, Ishiwata K, Kitamura S, Mishina M, Ishii K, Toyama H, Oda K. Katayama Y.Preserved benzodiazepine receptors in Alzheimer’s disease measured with C-ll flumazenil PET and 1-123 iomazenil SPECT in comparison with CBF. Ann Nucl Med 1999; 13: 309-15.
  • 172 Okubo Y, Suhara T, Suzuki K. et al. Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET. Nature 1997; 385: 634-6.
  • 173 O’Mahony D, Coffey J, Murphy J, O’Hare N, Hamilton D, Freyne P, Walsh JB, Coackley D. The discriminant value of semiquantitative SPECT data in mild Alzheimer’s disease. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 1450-5.
  • 174 Otte A, Weiner SM, Peter HH. et al. Brain glucose utilization in systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatrie symptoms: A controlled positron emission tomography study. Eur J Nucl Med 1997; 24: 787-91.
  • 175 Parellada E, Catafau AM, Bernardo M, Lomena F, Catarineu S, Gonzalez-Monclüs E. The resting and activation issue of hypofrontality: A single photon emission computed tomography study in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-free schizophrenic female patients. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 787-790.
  • 176 Paulus W, Bancher C, Jellinger K. Die Neuropathologie der Demenzen. Dtsch Ärzteblatt 1995; 92: 2340-5.
  • 177 Pickut BA, Saerens J, Borggreve F, Goeman J, Vandevivere J, Vervaet A, Dierckx R, de Deyn PP. Discriminative use of SPECT in frontal lobe-type dementia versus (senile) dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 929-34.
  • 178 Pilowsky LS, O’Connell P, Davies N. et al. In vivo effects on striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding by the novel atypical antipsychotic drug sertindole – a 1231 IBZM single photon emission tomography (SPET) study. Psychopharmacology Berl 1997; 130: 152-8.
  • 179 Reid RH, Gulenchyn KY, Ballinger JR, Venturey RA. Cerebral perfusion imaging with technetium-99m HMPAO following cerebral trauma: initial experience. Clin Nucl Med 1990; 15: 383-8.
  • 180 Reiff A, Miller J, Shaham B, Bernstein B, Szer IS. Childhood central nervous system lupus; longitudinal assessment using single photon emission computed tomography. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 2461-5.
  • 181 Reiman EM, Caselli RJ, Yun LS, Chen K, Bandy D, Minoshima S, Thibodeau SN, Osborne D. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer’s disease in persons homozygous for the epsilon 4 allele for apolipoprotein E. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 752-8.
  • 182 Rieck H, Adelwöhrer C, Lungenschmid K, Deisenhammer E. Discordance of technetium-99m-HMPAO and technetium-99m-ECD SPECT in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 1508-10.
  • 183 Rosci MA, Pigorini F, Bernabei A. et al. Methods for detecting early signs of AIDS dementia complex in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects. AIDS 1992; 6: 1309-16.
  • 184 Rosenberg MR, Green M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Review of response to therapy. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1927-31.
  • 185 Rubbert A, Marienhagen J, Pirner K. et al. Single-photon-emission computed tomography analysis of cerebral blood flow in the evaluation of central nervous system involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 1253-62.
  • 186 Russell JM, Early TS, Patterson JC, Martin JL, Villanueva-Meyer J, McGee MD. Temporal lobe perfusion asymmetries in schizophrenia. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 607-12.
  • 187 Russo R, Gilday D, Laxer RM, Eddy A, Silverman ED. Single photon emission computed tomography scanning in childhood systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 576-82.
  • 188 Sabri O, Erkwoh R, Schreckenberger M. et al. Regional cerebral blood flow and negative/positive symptoms in 24 drug-naive schizophrenics. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 181-8.
  • 189 Sabri O, Erkwoh R, Schreckenberger M, Owega A, Saß H, Buell U. Correlation of positive symptoms exclusively to hyperperfusion or hypoperfusion of cerebral cortex in nevertreated schizophrenics. Lancet 1997; 349: 1735-9.
  • 190 Sabri O, Ringelstein EB, Hellwig D, Schneider R, Schreckenberger M, Kaiser HJ, Mull M, Buell U. Neuropsychological impairment correlates with hypoperfusion and hypometabolism but not with severity of white matter lesions on MRI in patients with cerebral microangiopathy. Stroke 1999; 30: 556-66.
  • 191 Sacktor N, Prohovnik I, Van Heertum RL. et al. Cerebral single-photon emission computed tomography abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected gay men without cognitive impairment. Arch Neurology 1995; 52: 607-11.
  • 192 Sacktor N, Van Heertum RL, Dooneief G. et al. A comparison of cerebral SPECT abnormalities in HIV-positive homosexual men with and without cognitive impairment. Arch Neurology 1995; 52: 1170-3.
  • 193 Sarikaya A, Karasin E, Cermik TF, Abay E, Berkarda S. Evaluation of dysthymic disorder with technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime brain single-photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26: 260-264.
  • 194 Scheltens P. Early diagnosis of dementia: neuroimaging. J Neurol 1999; 246: 16-20.
  • 195 Scherer J, Tatsch K, Schwarz J, Oertel WH, Konjarczyk M, Albus M. D2-dopamine receptor occupancy differs between patients with and without extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 90: 266-8.
  • 196 Scherer J, Tatsch K, Schwarz J, Oertel WH, Kirsch MC, Albus M. Striatal D2-dopamine receptor occupancy during treatment with typical and atypical neuroleptics. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 36: 627-9.
  • 197 Schmidbauer M, Podreka I, Wimberger D. et al. SPECT and MR imaging in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Comp Assist Tomogr 1991; 15: 811-5.
  • 198 Schröder J, Bubeck B, Demisch S, Sauer H. Benzodiazepine receptor distribution and diazepam binding in schizophrenia: An exploratory study. Psychiatry Res 1997; 68: 125-31.
  • 199 Schwartz RB, Komaroff AL, Garada BM. et al. SPECT imaging of the brain: Comparison of findings in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. AIDS dementia complex, and major unipolar depression. Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162: 943-51.
  • 200 Sedvall G. The current status of PET scanning with respect to schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1992; 7: 41-54.
  • 201 Seeman P. Elevated D2 in schizophrenia: role of endogenous dopamine and cerebellum. Commentary on ‘The current status of PET scanning with respect to schizophrenia’. Neuropsychopharmacology 1992; 7: 55-57.
  • 202 Sheppard G, Manchanda R, Gruzelier J. et al. Oxygen-15 positron emission tomographic scanning in predominantly never treated acute schizophrenic patients. Lancet 1983; 2: 1448-52.
  • 203 Stoppe G, Wildhagen K, Seidel JW, Meyer G-J, Schober O, Heintz P, Künkel H, Deicher H, Hundeshagen H. Positron emission tomography in neuropsychiatrie lupus erythematosus. Neurol 1990; 40: 304-8.
  • 204 Szer IS, Miller JH, Rawlings D, Shaham B, Bernstein B. Cerebral perfusion abnormalities in children with central nervous manifestations of lupus detected by single photon emission computed tomography. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 2143-8.
  • 205 Szeto ER, Freund J, Brew BJ, Loder A. Griffiths. Cerebral perfusion scanning in treating AIDS dementia: A pilot study. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 298-302.
  • 206 Talbot PR, Lloyd JJ, Snowden JS, Neary D, Testa HJ. A clinical role for 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in the investigation of dementia?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64: 306-13.
  • 207 Tanaka M, Uesugi M, Igeta Y, Kondo S, Sun X, Hirai S. Luxury perfusion phenomenon in acute herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Ann Nucl Med 1995; 9: 43-5.
  • 208 Tauscher J, Kufferle B, Asenbaum S. et al. In vivo 1231IBZM SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine-2 receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine in comparison to clozapine and haloperidol. Psychopharmacology Berl 1999; 141: 175-81.
  • 209 Tatsch K, Schielke E, Bauer WM, Markl A, Einhäupl KM, Kirsch CM. Functional and morphological findings in early and advanced stages of HIV infection: A comparison of 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT with CT and MRI studies. Nuklearmedizin 1990; 29: 252-8.
  • 210 The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell 1993; 72: 971-83.
  • 211 Tohyama Y, Sako K, Daita G, Yonemasu Y, Shuke N, Aburano T. Dissociation of 99mTc-ECD and 99mTc-HMPAO distributions in herpes simplex encephalitis. Child’s Nervous System 1997; 13: 352-5.
  • 212 Tozzi V, Narciso P, Galgani S. et al. Effects of zidovudine in 30 patients with mild to endstage AIDS dementia complex. AIDS 1993; 7: 683-92.
  • 213 Travis MJ, Busatto GF, Pilowsky LS. et al. 5-HT2A receptor blockade in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone or clozapine. A SPET study using the novel 5-HT2A ligand 123I-5-I-R-91150. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173: 236-41.
  • 214 Trichard C, Paillère-Martinot ML, Attar-Levy D, Blin J, Féline A, Martinot JL. No serotonin 5-HT2A receptor density abnormality in the cortex of schizophrenic patients studied with PET. Schizoph Res 1998; 31: 13-7.
  • 215 Tune LE, Wong DF, Pearlson G. et al. Dopamine D2 receptor density estimates in schizophrenia: A positron emission tomography study with llC-N-methvlspiperone. Psvchiatrv Res 1993; 49: 219-37.
  • 216 Tutus A, Simsek A, Sofuoglu S. et al. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow demonstrated by single photon emission computed tomography in depressive disorders: Comparison of unipolar vs. bipolar subtypes. Psychiatry Res 1998; 83: 169-77.
  • 217 Varma AR, Talbot P, Snowden J, Lloyd JL, Testa H, Neary D. A Tc-99m H M PAO singlephoton emission computed tomography study on Lewy body disease. J Neurol 1997; 244: 349-59.
  • 218 Varrone A, Soricelli A, Postiglione A, Salvatore M. Comparison between cortical distribution of 1-123 iomazenil andTc-99m HMPAO in patients with Alzheimer’s disease using SPECT. Clin Nucl Med 1999; 24: 660-5.
  • 219 Vasile RG, Sachs G, Anderson JL, Lafer B, Matthews E, Hill T. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow following light treatment for seasonal affective disorder: Responders versus nonresponders. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42: 1000-5.
  • 220 Villemagne VL, Phillips RL, Liu X. et al. Peptide T and glucose metabolism in AIDS dementia complex. J Nucl Med 1996; 37: 1177-80.
  • 221 Volkow ND, Brodie JD, Wolf AP, Angrist B, Russel J, Cancro R. Brain metabolism in patients with schizophrenia before and after acute neuroleptic administration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 1199-202.
  • 222 Waldemar G, Hogh P, Paulson OB. Functional brain imaging with single photon-emission computed tomography in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9 (Suppl. 01) 223-7.
  • 223 Watanabe N, Seto H, Shimizu M. et al. Brain SPECT of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Clin Nucl Med 1996; 21: 236-41.
  • 224 Weinberger DR, Gibson R, Coppola R, Jones DW, Molchan S, Sunderland T, Berman KF. Reba RC.The distribution of cerebral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vivo in patients with dementia. A controlled study with 123IQNB and single photon emission computed tomography. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 169-76.
  • 225 Weinstein HC, Hijdra A, Van Royen EA, Derix MM, Walstra G, Jonker C. SPECT in earlyand late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Ann-N-YAcad-Sci 1991; 640: 72-3.
  • 226 Weis S, Haug H, Budka H. Vascular changes in the cerebral cortex in HIV-1 infection: I. A morphometric investigation by light and electron microscopy Clin Neuropathol 1996; 15: 361-66.
  • 227 Wiesel FA, Wik G, Sjögren I, Blomqvist G, Greitz T, Stone-Elander S. Regional brain glucose metabolism in durg free schizophrenic patients and clinical correlates. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 76: 628-41.
  • 228 Wiesel FA, Farde L, Nordstrom AL, Sedvall G. Central D1 – and D2-dopamine receptor occupancy curing antipsychotic drug treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1990; 14: 759-67.
  • 229 Wong DF, Wagner Jr. HN, Tune LE. et al. Positron emission tomography reveals D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive schizophrenics. Science 1986; 234: 1558-63. [Erratum published in Science 1987; 235: 623.
  • 230 Wong WF, Pearlson GD, Tune LE. et al. Quantification of neuroreceptors in the living human brain. IV. Effect of aging and elevations of D2-like receptors in schizophrenia and bipolar illness. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997; 17: 331-42.