Download PDF
Facial Plast Surg 2020; 36(06): 760-767
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721116
Original Article

Implications of Applying New Technology in Cosmetic and Reconstructive Facial Plastic Surgery

Uneeb Ahmed Qureshi
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
,
Shannon Calaguas
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
,
Ethan Frank
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
,
Jared Inman
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The field of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is privy to a myriad of technological advancements. As innovation in areas such as imaging, computer applications, and biomaterials progresses at breakneck speed, the potential for clinical application is endless. This review of recent progress in the implementation of new technologies in facial plastic surgery highlights some of the most innovative and impactful developments in the past few years of literature. Patient-specific surgical modeling has become the gold standard for oncologic and posttraumatic reconstructive surgery, with demonstrated improvements in operative times, restoration of anatomical structure, and patient satisfaction. Similarly, reductions in revision rates with improvements in learner technical proficiency have been noted with the use of patient-specific models in free flap reconstruction. In the cosmetic realm, simulation-based rhinoplasty implants have drastically reduced operative times while concurrently raising patient postoperative ratings of cosmetic appearance. Intraoperative imaging has also seen recent expansion in its adoption driven largely by reports of eradication of postoperative imaging and secondary—often complicated—revision reconstructions. A burgeoning area likely to deliver many advances in years to come is the integration of bioprinting into reconstructive surgery. Although yet to clearly make the translational leap, the implications of easily generatable induced pluripotent stem cells in replacing autologous, cadaveric, or synthetic tissues in surgical reconstruction are remarkable.

Keywords

3D printing - patient modeling - augmentation - bioprinting - image capturing


Publication History

Article published online:
24 December 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Pizzi L, Sclafani AP. Reflections on cost and outcomes in facial plastic surgery: five reasons to measure value. Facial Plast Surg 2010; 26 (04) 275-277
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Kurkjian TJ, Kenkel JM, Sykes JM, Duffy SC. Impact of the current economy on facial aesthetic surgery. Aesthet Surg J 2011; 31 (07) 770-774
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Chude-Olisah CC, Sulong G, Chude-Okonkwo UAK, Hashim SZM. Face recognition via edge-based Gabor feature representation for plastic surgery-altered images. EURASIP J Adv Signal Process 2014
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Koban KC, Leitsch S, Holzbach T, Volkmer E, Metz PM, Giunta RE. 3D-imaging and analysis for plastic surgery by smartphone and tablet: an alternative to professional systems? [in German]. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2014; 46 (02) 97-104
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Mao H, Zhang L, Jiang B. et al. Development of a finite element human head model partially validated with thirty five experimental cases. J Biomech Eng 2013; 135 (11) 111002
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Payan Y, Chabanas M, Pelorson X. et al. Biomechanical models to simulate consequences of maxillofacial surgery. C R Biol 2002; 325 (04) 407-417
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Chabanas M, Payan Y. A 3D Finite Element model of the face for simulation in plastic and maxillo-facial surgery. In: Delp S, DiGioia AM, Jaramaz B. eds. Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention Miccai 2000. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Vol. 1935). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2000: 1068-1075
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Tognola G, Parazzini M, Pedretti G. et al. Gradient-vector-flow snake method for quantitative image reconstruction applied to mandibular distraction surgery. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 2009; 58 (07) 2087-2093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Barbarino GG, Jabareen M, Trzewik J, Nkengne A, Stamatas G, Mazza E. Development and validation of a three-dimensional finite element model of the face. J Biomech Eng 2009; 131 (04) 041006
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 O'Grady KF, Antonyshyn OM. Facial asymmetry: three-dimensional analysis using laser surface scanning. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104 (04) 928-937
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Chou JK, Yang CK, Gong SD. Face-off: automatic alteration of facial features. Multimedia Tools Appl 2012; 56 (03) 569-596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Dong Y, Zhao Y, Bai S, Wu G, Wang B. Three-dimensional anthropometric analysis of the Chinese nose. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63 (11) 1832-1839
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Dong Y, Zhao Y, Bai S, Wu G, Zhou L, Wang B. Three-dimensional anthropometric analysis of Chinese faces and its application in evaluating facial deformity. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 69 (04) 1195-1206
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Wu Y, Thalmann NM, Thalmann D. A dynamic wrinkle model in facial animation and skin aging. J Vis Comput Animat 1995; 6 (04) 195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Pieper SD, Laub Jr DR, Rosen JM. A finite-element facial model for simulating plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995; 96 (05) 1100-1105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Chiang WC, Lin HH, Huang CS, Lo LJ, Wan SY. The cluster assessment of facial attractiveness using fuzzy neural network classifier based on 3D Moire features. Pattern Recognit 2014; 47 (03) 1249-1260
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Ozkul T. A computer aided method for assessing facial harmony of patients. Int J CARS 2006; 1: 261-263
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Claes P, Vandermeulen D, De Greef S, Willems G, Suetens P. Craniofacial reconstruction using a combined statistical model of face shape and soft tissue depths: methodology and validation. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 159 (Suppl. 01) S147-S158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Nappi M, Ricciardi S, Tistarelli M. Deceiving faces: When plastic surgery challenges face recognition. Image Vis Comput 2016; 54: 71-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Ali ASO, Sagayan V, Malik A, Aziz A. Proposed face recognition system after plastic surgery. IET Comput Vis 2016; 10 (05) 342-348
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Bhatt HS, Bharadwaj S, Singh R, Vatsa M. Recognizing surgically altered face images using multiobjective evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Security 2013; 8 (01) 89-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Evison MP, Green MA. Presenting three-dimensional forensic facial simulations on the Internet using VRML. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44 (06) 1219-1223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Green MA, Evison MP. Interpolating between computerized three-dimensional forensic facial simulations. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44 (06) 1224-1228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Tyrrell AJ, Evison MP, Chamberlain AT, Green MA. Forensic three-dimensional facial reconstruction: historical review and contemporary developments. J Forensic Sci 1997; 42 (04) 653-661
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Aulsebrook WA, Işcan MY, Slabbert JH, Becker P. Superimposition and reconstruction in forensic facial identification: a survey. Forensic Sci Int 1995; 75 (2-3): 101-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Stanley Jr RB. Use of intraoperative computed tomography during repair of orbitozygomatic fractures. Arch Facial Plast Surg 1999; 1 (01) 19-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Cuddy K, Khatib B, Bell RB. et al. Use of intraoperative computed tomography in craniomaxillofacial trauma surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76 (05) 1016-1025
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Assouline SL, Meyer C, Weber E. et al. How useful is intraoperative cone beam computed tomography in maxillofacial surgery? An overview of the current literature. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; S0901-5027(20)30175-2
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Shaye DA, Tollefson TT, Strong EB. Use of intraoperative computed tomography for maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2015; 17 (02) 113-119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Causbie J, Walters B, Lally J. et al. Complications following orbital floor repair: impact of intraoperative computed tomography scan and implant material. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2020
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Bly RA, Chang SH, Cudejkova M, Liu JJ, Moe KS. Computer-guided orbital reconstruction to improve outcomes. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2013; 15 (02) 113-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Hingsammer L, Seier T, Johner JP. et al. Does zygomatic complex symmetry differ between healthy individuals and surgically treated patients using intraoperative 3-dimensional cone beam computed tomographic imaging?. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78 (05) 798.e1-798.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Pacella SJ, Comstock MC, Kuzon Jr WM. Facility cost analysis in outpatient plastic surgery: implications for the academic health center. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121 (04) 1479-1488
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Hsieh TY, Dedhia R, Cervenka B, Tollefson TT. 3D Printing: current use in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 25 (04) 291-299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Nyberg EL, Farris AL, Hung BP. et al. 3D-printing technologies for craniofacial rehabilitation, reconstruction, and regeneration. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45 (01) 45-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Chae MP, Rozen WM, McMenamin PG, Findlay MW, Spychal RT, Hunter-Smith DJ. Emerging applications of bedside 3D printing in plastic surgery. Front Surg 2015; 2: 25
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Markiewicz MR, Bell RB. The use of 3D imaging tools in facial plastic surgery. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2011; 19 (04) 655-682 , ix
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Smith DM, Aston SJ, Cutting CB, Oliker A. Applications of virtual reality in aesthetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116 (03) 898-904 , discussion 905–906
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Rosen JM. Advanced surgical technologies for plastic and reconstructive surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1998; 31 (02) 357-368
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Murphy RJ, Gordon CR, Basafa E, Liacouras P, Grant GT, Armand M. Computer-assisted, Le Fort-based, face-jaw-teeth transplantation: a pilot study on system feasiblity and translational assessment. Int J CARS 2015; 10 (07) 1117-1126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 D'Souza N, Mainprize J, Edwards G, Binhammer P, Antonyshyn O. Teaching facial fracture repair: A novel method of surgical skills training using three-dimensional biomodels. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2015; 23 (02) 81-86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Sun Y, Luebbers HT, Agbaje JO. et al. Validation of anatomical landmarks-based registration for image-guided surgery: an in-vitro study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013; 41 (06) 522-526
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Kim NK, Lee C, Kang SH, Park JW, Kim MJ, Chang YI. A three-dimensional analysis of soft and hard tissue changes after a mandibular setback surgery. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2006; 83 (03) 178-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Zhang D, Du H, Song G. et al. Comparison of bilateral mandibular angle ostectomy between East Asian males and females: a study based on three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44 (03) 862-871
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Mao X, Fu X, Niu F. et al. Three-dimensional analysis of mandibular angle classification and aesthetic evaluation of the lower face in chinese female adults. Ann Plast Surg 2018; 81 (01) 12-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Philippe B. Guided maxillofacial surgery: Simulation and surgery aided by stereolithographic guides and custom-made miniplates [French]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac Chir Orale 2013; 114 (04) 228-246
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Hajeer MY, Mao Z, Millett DT, Ayoub AF, Siebert JP. A new three-dimensional method of assessing facial volumetric changes after orthognathic treatment. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005; 42 (02) 113-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Azuma M, Yanagawa T, Ishibashi-Kanno N. et al. Mandibular reconstruction using plates prebent to fit rapid prototyping 3-dimensional printing models ameliorates contour deformity. Head Face Med 2014; 10: 45
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Hashemi S, Armand M, Gordon CR. Development and refinement of computer-assisted planning and execution system for use in face-jaw-teeth transplantation to improve skeletal and dento-occlusal outcomes. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21 (05) 523-529
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Beguma Z, Chhedat P. Rapid prototyping--when virtual meets reality. Int J Comput Dent 2014; 17 (04) 297-306
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Numajiri T, Nakamura H, Sowa Y, Nishino K. Low-cost design and manufacturing of surgical guides for mandibular reconstruction using a fibula. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2016; 4 (07) e805
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Ledgerwood LG, Chao J, Tollefson TT. Prosthetic reconstruction of complicated auricular defects: use of a hybrid prosthetic fabrication technique. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2014; 16 (02) 153-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Ciocca L, De Crescenzio F, Fantini M, Scotti R. CAD/CAM bilateral ear prostheses construction for Treacher Collins syndrome patients using laser scanning and rapid prototyping. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2010; 13 (03) 379-386
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Lin L, Sun M, Gao Y. et al. Modeling and clinical application of incision space in facial contour surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31 (02) 377-380
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Powell AR, Srinivasan S, Green G, Kim J, Zopf DA. Computer-aided design, 3-D-printed manufacturing, and expert validation of a high-fidelity facial flap surgical simulator. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2019; 21 (04) 327-331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Koban KC, Cotofana S, Frank K. et al. Precision in 3-dimensional surface imaging of the face: a handheld scanner comparison performed in a cadaveric model. Aesthet Surg J 2019; 39 (04) NP36-NP44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Zeng H, Yuan-Liang S, Xie G, Lu F, Fu R. Three-dimensional printing of facial contour based on preoperative computer simulation and its clinical application. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98 (02) e12919
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Du J, Song D, Tang YL, Tong RF, Tang M. “Edutainment 2017” a visual and semantic representation of 3D face model for reshaping face in images. J Vis (Tokyo) 2018; 21 (04) 649-660
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Li JF, Liao SH, Lu RB, Teng J, Luo X, Zou BJ. Realistic cosmetic plastic surgery simulation based on the golden ratio. Chin J Electron 2016; 25 (05) 886-891
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Mottini M, Seyed Jafari SM, Shafighi M, Schaller B. New approach for virtual surgical planning and mandibular reconstruction using a fibula free flap. Oral Oncol 2016; 59: e6-e9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Zhu M, Xie Y, Zhu Y, Chai G, Li Q. A novel noninvasive three-dimensional volumetric analysis for fat-graft survival in facial recontouring using the 3L and 3M technique. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016; 69 (02) 248-254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Chai G, Tan A, Yao CA. et al. Treating Parry-Romberg syndrome using three-dimensional scanning and printing and the anterolateral thigh dermal adipofascial flap. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 26 (06) 1826-1829
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Oliveira-Santos T, Baumberger C, Constantinescu M. et al. 3D face reconstruction from 2D pictures: first results of a web-based computer aided system for aesthetic procedures. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41 (05) 952-966
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Chai G, Zhang Y, Ma X, Zhu M, Yu Z, Mu X. Reconstruction of fronto-orbital and nasal defects with compound epoxied maleic acrylate/hydroxyapatite implant prefabricated with a computer design program. Ann Plast Surg 2011; 67 (05) 493-497
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Eppley BL. Craniofacial reconstruction with computer-generated HTR patient-matched implants: use in primary bony tumor excision. J Craniofac Surg 2002; 13 (05) 650-657
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Bosc R, Hersant B, Carloni R. et al. Mandibular reconstruction after cancer: an in-house approach to manufacturing cutting guides. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 46 (01) 24-31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Wilde F, Hanken H, Probst F, Schramm A, Heiland M, Cornelius CP. Multicenter study on the use of patient-specific CAD/CAM reconstruction plates for mandibular reconstruction. Int J CARS 2015; 10 (12) 2035-2051
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Mascha F, Winter K, Pietzka S, Heufelder M, Schramm A, Wilde F. Accuracy of computer-assisted mandibular reconstructions using patient-specific implants in combination with CAD/CAM fabricated transfer keys. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45 (11) 1884-1897
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Sieira Gil R, Roig AM, Obispo CA, Morla A, Pagès CM, Perez JL. Surgical planning and microvascular reconstruction of the mandible with a fibular flap using computer-aided design, rapid prototype modelling, and precontoured titanium reconstruction plates: a prospective study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 53 (01) 49-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Ji Y, Zhang F, Schwartz J, Stile F, Lineaweaver WC. Assessment of facial tissue expansion with three-dimensional digitizer scanning. J Craniofac Surg 2002; 13 (05) 687-692
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Leiser Y, Shilo D, Wolff A, Rachmiel A. Functional reconstruction in mandibular avulsion injuries. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27 (08) 2113-2116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Cohen J, Reyes SA. Creation of a 3D printed temporal bone model from clinical CT data. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36 (05) 619-624
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Arribas-Garcia I, Alcala-Galiano A, Fernandez Garcia A, Montalvo JJ. Zygomatic intraosseous haemangioma: reconstruction with an alloplastic prosthesis based on a 3-D model. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63 (05) e451-e453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Chang PC. Computer-assisted planning and 3D printing-assisted modeling for chin augmentation. Aesthet Surg J 2017; 38 (01) 1-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Wong WW, Davis DG, Camp MC, Gupta SC. Contribution of lip proportions to facial aesthetics in different ethnicities: a three-dimensional analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63 (12) 2032-2039
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Sarıaltın Y, Ortak T, Öz C. et al. Radiological assessment of the lateral osteotomy line-lacrimal system distance on three-dimensional models. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47 (10) 1608-1616
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Zhukhovitskaya A, Cragun D, Su E, Barnes CH, Wong BJF. Categorization and analysis of nasal base shapes using a parametric model. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2019; 21 (05) 440-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Mori A, Nakajima T, Kaneko T, Sakuma H, Aoki Y. Analysis of 109 Japanese children's lip and nose shapes using 3-dimensional digitizer. Br J Plast Surg 2005; 58 (03) 318-329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Kim YS, Shin YS, Park DY. et al. The application of three-dimensional printing in animal model of augmentation rhinoplasty. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43 (09) 2153-2162
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Park SH, Yun BG, Won JY. et al. New application of three-dimensional printing biomaterial in nasal reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2017; 127 (05) 1036-1043
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Ciocca L, De Crescenzio F, Fantini M, Scotti R. Rehabilitation of the nose using CAD/CAM and rapid prototyping technology after ablative surgery of squamous cell carcinoma: a pilot clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2010; 25 (04) 808-812
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Xie K, Zhu YM. Interactive surgery simulation for the nose augmentation using CT data. Neural Comput Appl 2010; 19 (01) 61-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Borsting E, DeSimone R, Ascha M, Ascha M. Applied deep learning in plastic surgery: classifying rhinoplasty with a mobile app. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31 (01) 102-106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Lekakis G, Claes P, Hamilton III GS, Hellings PW. Evolution of preoperative rhinoplasty consult by computer imaging. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32 (01) 80-87
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Klosterman T, Romo III T. Three-dimensional printed facial models in rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 2018; 34 (02) 201-204
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Pawar SS, Garcia GJM, Rhee JS. Advances in technology for functional rhinoplasty: the next frontier. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2017; 25 (02) 263-270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Svider PF, Keeley BR, Zumba O, Mauro AC, Setzen M, Eloy JA. From the operating room to the courtroom: a comprehensive characterization of litigation related to facial plastic surgery procedures. Laryngoscope 2013; 123 (08) 1849-1853
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Gordon CR, Murphy RJ, Coon D. et al. Preliminary development of a workstation for craniomaxillofacial surgical procedures: introducing a computer-assisted planning and execution system. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25 (01) 273-283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Mäkitie AA, Salmi M, Lindford A, Tuomi J, Lassus P. Three-dimensional printing for restoration of the donor face: a new digital technique tested and used in the first facial allotransplantation patient in Finland. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016; 69 (12) 1648-1652
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Hollister SJ, Flanagan CL, Zopf DA. et al. Design control for clinical translation of 3D printed modular scaffolds. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43 (03) 774-786
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Yoo TK, Choi JY, Kim HK. A generative adversarial network approach to predicting postoperative appearance after orbital decompression surgery for thyroid eye disease. Comput Biol Med 2020; 118: 103628
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Kim MJ, Lee MJ, Jeong WS, Hong H, Choi JW. Three-dimensional computer modeling of standard orbital mean shape in Asians. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73 (03) 548-555
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Camp MC, Wong WW, Filip Z, Carter CS, Gupta SC. A quantitative analysis of periorbital aging with three-dimensional surface imaging. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64 (02) 148-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Day KM, Phillips PM, Sargent LA. Correction of a posttraumatic orbital deformity using three-dimensional modeling, virtual surgical planning with computer-assisted design, and three-dimensional printing of custom implants. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2018; 11 (01) 78-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Huang L, Lin L, Wang Z. et al. Personalized reconstruction of traumatic orbital defects based on precise three-dimensional orientation and measurements of the globe. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28 (01) 172-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Zimmerer RM, Ellis III E, Aniceto GS. et al. A prospective multicenter study to compare the precision of posttraumatic internal orbital reconstruction with standard preformed and individualized orbital implants. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44 (09) 1485-1497
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Podolsky DJ, Mainprize JG, Edwards GP, Antonyshyn OM. Patient-specific orbital implants: development and implementation of technology for more accurate orbital reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27 (01) 131-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Sutradhar A, Park J, Carrau D, Miller MJ. Experimental validation of 3D printed patient-specific implants using digital image correlation and finite element analysis. Comput Biol Med 2014; 52: 8-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Hsu CK, Hallac RR, Denadai R. et al. Quantifying normal head form and craniofacial asymmetry of elementary school students in Taiwan. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019; 72 (12) 2033-2040
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Li G, Wei J, Wang X. et al. Three-dimensional facial anthropometry of unilateral cleft lip infants with a structured light scanning system. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66 (08) 1109-1116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Wang SZ, Yang J, Gee JC. Cranio-maxillofacial surgery simulation based on pre-specified target face configurations. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci C (Comput Electron) 2010; 11 (07) 504-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Clijmans T, Gelaude F, Mommaerts M, Suetens P, Vander Sloten J. Thin foil metallic templates transfer a pre-operative skull reconstruction planning to the operation room. Int J CARS 2006; 1: 257-259
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Clijmans T, Mommaerts M, Suetens P, Vander Sloten J. Computer supported pre-operative simulation of neonatus cranial bone bending in craniosynostosis surgery planning. Int J CARS 2006; 1: 251-253
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Chen HY, Ng LS, Chang CS, Lu TC, Chen NH, Chen ZC. Pursuing mirror image reconstruction in unilateral microtia: customizing auricular framework by application of three-dimensional imaging and three-dimensional printing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139 (06) 1433-1443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 La Padula S, Hersant B, Chatel H. et al. One-step facial feminization surgery: The importance of a custom-made preoperative planning and patient satisfaction assessment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019; 72 (10) 1694-1699
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Boland T, Wilson WC, Xu T. Ink-jet printing of viable cells. Google Patents 2006
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 2006; 126: 663-676
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Ong C, Yesantharao P, Huang C. et al. 3D bioprinting using stem cells. Pediatr Res 2018; 83: 223-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Salvador Vergés À, Yildirim M, Salvador B, Garcia Cuyas F. Trends in scientific reports on cartilage bioprinting: scoping review. JMIR Form Res 2019; 3 (03) e15017
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Romanazzo S, Nemec S, Roohani I. iPSC bioprinting: where are we at?. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12 (15) 2453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Salah M, Tayebi L, Moharamzadeh K, Naini FB. Three-dimensional bio-printing and bone tissue engineering: technical innovations and potential applications in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 42 (01) 18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar