Download PDF
Endoscopy 2003; 35(11): 920-932
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-43484
DDW Report 2003
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Endoscopic Ultrasonography

M.  J.  Bruno1
  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
07 November 2003 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Utility, Training and Clinical Impact

A survey on physician attitudes regarding endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and its availability was sent to gastroenterologists and surgeons involved in the care of patients with gastrointestinal tract cancers in three separate urban regions of the USA [1]. Preliminary results from 10 % of a total of 2211 surveys were reported. Only 5 % of respondents performed EUS themselves. Thirty-eight percent currently had no readily available access to diagnostic or interventional EUS. Thirty-two percent had never utilized EUS in the staging of esophageal, rectal, or pancreatic cancers. Inadequate training opportunities (52 %) and the high equipment costs (39 %) were cited as the greatest barriers to learning and performing EUS.

One abstract dealt with variations in EUS practice patterns among American and international endosonographers [2]. A survey questionnaire was distributed to attendees at the 13th International Symposium on EUS in New York, 2002. The majority of endosonographers appeared to be young physicians in academic practice. There was tremendous variation in levels of training, experience, and utilization among the endosonographers. Nineteen percent had more than 6 months of dedicated hands-on EUS training, 34 % had less than 6 months’ training, 26 % had learned EUS by observing others, and 18 % were self-taught.

Clearly, there is an urgent need for adequate EUS training facilities both in quantitative and in qualitative terms. A new easy-to-use interactive EUS simulator (CorVET) had been developed that can run on any PC-based system [3]. The scope and transducer orientation are controlled by the mouse. Besides the EUS window, a separate active window shows a three-dimensional model of the gastrointestinal tract with surrounding structures, the real-time position of the transducer, and the direction of the ultrasound beam. Both radial and linear-array imaging are available, and the simulation includes labeling of anatomical structures and correlations of EUS images with digital anatomy.

An EUS phantom was evaluated that allows trainees to acquire early skills in imaging, manipulation of Doppler and color Doppler systems, and basic techniques of EUS fine-needle aspiration (FNA) [4]. The phantom consists of a customized rubber form into which a swine esophagus and stomach are placed, surrounded by agar in which grapes are embedded to simulate lymph nodes. A rubber tube connected to a pump is placed along the esophagus to simulate the aorta.

An important issue in teaching EUS is how many supervised procedures are required for a trainee to become proficient in a certain technique. One abstract dealt with how much training is needed to perform EUS-FNA safely and accurately [5]. Fellows who were new to this technique were trained by an expert endosonographer. Accuracy in EUS-FNA required a minimum of 25 supervised procedures to reach a 90 % concordance in comparison with an expert endosonographer.

EUS is a technique that may have a profound impact on patient management. This was demonstrated in a series of patients with known or suspected malignancies [6]. Physicians requesting EUS for patients with known or suspected tumors were asked how they would manage their patient if EUS were not available. This was compared with the actual management post-EUS as determined by the same requesting physician. EUS led to a less invasive or simplified strategy in 37 %, and a more complicated or more invasive management strategy in 14 %.

References

  • 1 Muthusamy R, Rai J, Rao I. et al . A multicenter survey of the availability of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and physician attitudes regarding the utility of EUS in the staging of gastrointestinal malignancies [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 249
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Das A, Mourad W, Lightdale C J. et al . An international survey of the clinical practice of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 250
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Imani F, Chen Y K. Colorado virtual EUS trainer (CORVET): a new PC-based interactive endoscopic ultrasound simulator [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 100
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Matsuda K, Hawes R H, Gress F. et al . Can a phantom model allow a shortening of the learning curve for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)? Evaluation by seven EUS experts [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 245
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Linder J D, Bukeirat F A, Geenen J E. et al . Minimal requirements of EUS-FNA training required to attain technical proficiency and accuracy [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 246
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Shah J N, Ahmad N A, Ginsberg G S. et al . Clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasonography in the management of malignancies [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 249
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Will U, Meyer F, Reinholz G. et al . Submucosal tumors (SMT) of the upper gastrointestinal tract - monitoring versus surgical intervention? A prospective endosonography study [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 424
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Lin C J, Chu Y Y, Lien J M. et al . Clinical outcome of endosonographic follow-up or endoscopic resection for esophageal submucosal tumors [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 232
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Ozawa S, Kitagawa Y, Kitajima M. et al . Endoscopic ultrasonography-fine needle aspiration biopsy for submucosal tumor of the esophagus [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 231
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Chen Y K, Dewitt J, Antillon M R. et al . EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of suspected gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) for cytomorphology and immunocytochemical (ICC) staining [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 233
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Lee S H, Kim J O, Jang G Y. et al . Clinical usefulness of the endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for gastro-intestinal granular cell tumors [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 178
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Wildi S M, Hoda R S, Fickling W. et al . Diagnosis of benign cysts of the mediastinum: the role and risks of endoscopic ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 242
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Wildi S M, Judson M A, Fraig M. et al . Is EUS-FNA for sarcoidosis as good as we think?.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 241
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Varadarajulu S, Schmulewitz N, Wildi S M. et al . Accuracy of EUS in T staging in lung cancer [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 240
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Wallace M B, Wildi S M, Schmulewitz N. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) staging detects mediastinal metastases in patients with lung cancer and normal mediastinal computed tomography [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 98
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Wallace M B, Block M I, Gillanders W. et al . Detection of micrometastases in mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer patients by EUS-FNA and real-time RTPCR [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 75
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Vilmann P, Krasnik M, Larsen S S. et al . Endoscopic trans-esophageal and endoscopic trans-bronchial real-time ultrasound guided biopsy: a combined approach in the evaluation of mediastinal lesions [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 75
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Fritscher-Ravens A, Hauber H P, Davidson B L. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) compared to positron emission tomography (PET) and chest computed tomography (CT) for determining operability of lung cancer [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 98
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Annema J T, Hoekstra O, Veselic M. et al . Towards a minimally invasive staging strategy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): analysis of PET positive mediastinal lesions with EUS-FNA [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 241
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Schmulewitz N, Wildi S M, Varadarajulu S. et al . EUS criteria and primary tumor site do not predict lymph-node FNA results in the mediastinal staging of patients with lung cancer [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 241
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Prasad P, Patel A, Tuttian R. et al . Prospective detection of liver metastases by endoscopic ultrasound in patients with upper gastrointestinal and lung cancers [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 248
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Harewood G C, Kumar K S. Assessment of clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound on esophageal cancer [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 80
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Dewitt J, Kesler K, Brooks J. et al . Preoperative staging accuracy of radial endosonography for esophageal (ES) and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) malignancy [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 231
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Zuccaro G, Rice T W, Vargo J. et al . Improved accuracy of esophageal cancer staging by combining EUS with a predictive model based on clinical, endoscopic and histologic parameters [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 140
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Salo J A, Rasanen J V, Sihvo E I. et al . Positron emission tomography (PET) cannot replace computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the staging of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 M1893
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Meenan J, Rankin S, Marx G. et al . A prospective study of the accuracy of EUS, PET and hCT in re-staging esophageal cancer following chemotherapy [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Yoshida S, Tanaka S, Kamino D. et al . Pretreatment determination of early gastric cancer depth by endoscopic ultrasonography [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 233
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Sato T, Yuki T, Ishida K. et al . Diagnosis of the T-staging of gastric cancer by ultrasonic probe: a prospective study [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 184
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ney M V, Maluf-Filho F, Sakai P. et al . Prospective comparison of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis: the influence of the duct diameter and the stone size [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 234
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Levy P, Boruchowicz A, Hastier P. et al . Echoendoscopy modifies classical predictive criteria of a biliary origin of acute pancreatitis: prospective multicentre French study [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 84
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Romagnuolo J, Currie G. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) vs. standard care for acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP): a cost-effectiveness study [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 112
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Seifert H, Schmidt-Lauber M, Schuette A. et al . Endoscopic retroperitoneal necrosectomy for infected peripancreatic necrosis [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Moreira-Vicente V, Boixeda-Miquel D. et al . A prospective blinded determination of factors that may be associated with presence of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) criteria suggestive of chronic pancreatitis (CP) in asymptomatic patients [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 239
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Barclay R L. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with diffuse pancreatic parenchymal hyperechogenicity on endosonography [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 236
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Yusoff I, Raymond G, Sahai A V. A serum biomarker for EUS-defined chronic pancreatitis? A prospective blinded analysis of the association between the EUS criteria for chronic pancreatitis and serum amylase/lipase levels in 1113 patients with and without symptoms or suspected pancreatic disease [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 234
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Farrell J J, Brugge W R. Autoimmune pancreatitis: EUS and EUS-FNA in diagnosis and treatment of 12 cases [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 236
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Gillian C, Piessevaux H, Descamps C. et al . Endosonographic (EUS) cystogastrostomy or cystenterostomy in acute and chronic pancreatitis [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 242
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Krueger M, Nietzschmann T, Schneider A. et al . EUS guided transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using a one-step needle-wire device [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 211
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Antillon M R, Shah R J, Chen Y K. Single-step endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) drainage of infected and noninfected pseudocysts using large (10 Fr) endoprostheses [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 237
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Ahmad N A. Interobserver agreement among endosonographers for the diagnosis of neoplastic versus non-neoplastic pancreatic cystic lesions [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 235
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Catalano M F, Linder J D, Bukeirat F A. et al . Endosonographic features in the differential diagnosis of cystic neoplasms (CN) of the pancreas: a prospective single-center experience [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 234
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Nawras A T, Geenen J E, Catalano M F. Endoscopic ultrasonography with fine needle aspiration and cyst fluid analysis in the diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine cystic tumors [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 236
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 McHenry Jr L, Fletcher J W, Tann M. et al . Cystic tumors of the pancreas: evaluation with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 238
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Catalano M, Linder J D, Bukeirat F A. et al . Cyst fluid analysis obtained by EUS guided FNA in the evaluation of cystic neoplasms (CN) of the pancreas: a prospective single-center experience [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 99
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Asnacios A A, Buscail L, Selves J. et al . Predictive diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of unilocular macrocystic lesions of the pancreas [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 440
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Kalha I, Kaw M, Singh S. et al . Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of cystic lesions of the pancreas [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 188
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Will U, Meyer F, Erhardt C. et al . Correlation of differential diagnostic between inflammatory and malignant lesions of the papilla of Vater using endosonography with results of histologic investigation [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 440
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Chen S L, Venegas R, French S. et al . Does immunohistochemical staining improve the diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasonography guided fine needle pancreatic aspirates?.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 237
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Springer E W, Antillon M R, Jakribettuu V S. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) versus ct scan for detection of solid pancreatic masses in patients with and without chronic pancreatitis [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 235
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Davila R E, Faigel D O. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic duct fluid in the evaluation of pancreatic cancer [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 238
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Dewitt J M, Gress F, Nayar D. et al . EUS-FNA of pancreatic metastases: endosonographic features, cytologic diagnoses and clinical impact [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 239
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 McClellan T, Erickson R A. Factors associated with non-diagnostic EUS-guided FNA in pancreatic cancer [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 238
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Dewitt J, Ciaccia D, LeBlanc J. et al . Prospective comparison of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and dual-phase helical computed tomography (DPHCT) for the preoperative evaluation of known or suspected pancreatic malignancy: final results [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 99
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Hanada K, Hino F, Oobayashi M. et al . Practical differential preoperative diagnosis in intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor of the pancreas [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 440
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Pellise M, Castells A, Gines A. et al . Usefulness of K-ras mutational analysis in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by means of endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 239
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Eloubeidi M A, Chen V K, Jhala N N. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in patients with suspected cholangiocarcinoma: diagnostic accuracy and impact on management [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 235
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Fritscher-Ravens A, Broering D, Swain C P. et al . Efficacy and safety of EUS guided fine needle aspiration in patients with suspected malignant hilar tumors and negative brush cytology [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 99
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Byrne M F, Gerke H, Mitchell R M. et al . Yield of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of bile duct lesions [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 237
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Steinhauer J R, Jhala D N, El O ubeidi. et al . Role of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary tract and gallbladder lesions [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 557
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Sharma A, Chang K J, Nguyen P. The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of proximal biliary strictures [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 99
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Maor Y, Chowers Y, Avidan B. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) evaluation of perianal fistulas: comparing two probes and assessing the role of hydrogen peroxide injection [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 557
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Hill K L, Fennerty M B, Fanning S. et al . Endoanal ultrasound compared to anorectal manometry for the evaluation of fecal incontinence: an outcomes study [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 427
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Harewood G C, Kumar K S. Are all T3 rectal cancers created equal? Prognostic significance of preoperative EUS staging [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 240
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Irisawa A, Bhutani M S, Hikichi T. et al . Usefulness of automated spring-loaded powershot needle device for endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 249
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Irisawa A, Bhutani M S, Hikichi T. et al . A comparative study between automated spring-loaded powershot needle-device and manual operated needle-device for EUS guided fine-needle aspiration [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 248
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Levy M J, Wiersema M J, Clain J. et al . Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound guided trucut biopsy (EUS-TCB) to endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS FNA) [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 244
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Varadarajulu S, Fraig M, Wildi S M. et al . Comparison of the EUS-guided 19-gauge trucut needle biopsy to EUS-guided fine needle aspiration [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 243
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Larghi A, Verna E C, Stavropoulos S S. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic trucut needle biopsies in patients with suspicious pancreatic masses [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 90
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Early D, Edmundowicz S A, Azar R. et al . EUS guided trucut biopsy [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 246
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Gines A, Wiersema M J, Levy M J. et al . Prospective study comparing endosonography guided trucut (EUS TCB) and endosonography guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS FNAB ) [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 243
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Monges G, Giovannini M, Palazzo L. et al . Fine needle aspiration (FNA) under EUS a comparison between monolayer cytology (ThinPrep method) and routine slide preparation: a multicentric study [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 174
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Urayama S. Feasibility of transcript profiling using EUS-guided fine needle aspiration sample from pancreatic cancer tissue [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 442
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Selinger R, Kimmey M B, Ayub K. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of hepatic lesions: efficacy, safety and impact on management [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 250
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Dewitt J M, LeBlanc J, McGreevy K. et al . EUS-FNA of solid liver lesions [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 246
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Seewald S, Brand B, Omar S. et al . EUS-FNA of the adrenal gland-study on indications and diagnostic impact [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 247
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Eloubeidi M A. Identification and transgastric fine needle aspiration of the spleen using the curvilinear echoendoscope [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 249
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Liu T C, Studeman K, Henry H H. et al . Contamination of EUS-FNA specimens by luminal exfoliated cancer cells in esophageal cancer [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 230
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Wallace M B, Lewin D, Block M I. et al . False positive cytology when performing FNA of peri-tumoral lymph nodes [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 245
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Nayar D S, Pollack B J, Demetriou C. et al . Complications of propofol sedation in 775 patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 104
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Yusoff I, Raymond G, Sahai A V. Endoscopist-administered propofol for EGD and EUS: a prospective study of safety and efficacy [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 110
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Dewitt J, LeBlanc J, McHenry L. et al . Registered nurse-administered propofol sedation (RNAPS) versus midazolam and meperidine (MM) for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): a prospective, randomized trial [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 78
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Chou J C, Cassar P, Grendell J H. et al . The incidence of perforations with use of propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures, a retrospective study [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 357
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Eloubeidi M A, Chen V K, Pratibhu P. et al . A prospective evaluation of immediate, acute and 30-day complication assessment after endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS): a large single endosonographer’s experience [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 106
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Grobman C R, Michael H, Modi A. et al . Prospective risk assessment of infectious complications in patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided celiac plexus block (CPB) [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 243
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Eloubeidi M A, Savides T J, Kochman M L. et al . Acute pancreatitis after EUS-FNA of solid pancreatic masses: a pooled analysis from expert endosonography (EUS) centers in the united states [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 106
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Fritscher-Ravens A, Park P, Mukherjee D. et al . Endoscopic gastropexy and crural repair for gastro-esophageal reflux: transgastric surgery under endoscopic ultrasound control [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 38
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Fritscher-Ravens A, Park P, Swain C P. Esophageal patches and valves: materials, design and endoscopic attachment methods [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 83
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 De Angelis C, Repici A, Dughera L. et al . EUS-assisted Stretta procedure for GERD treatment and EUS assessment of immediate and delayed radiofrequency (RF) related gastroesophageal (GE) wall changes [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 131
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Thompson C C, Bounds B C, Brugge W R. EUS-guided ethanol lavage of pancreatic cystadenomas: a pilot study to assess safety and effect [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 242
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Chan H H, Nishioka N S, Mino M. et al . The use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the ablation of the pancreas: a pilot study [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 242
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Hirooka Y, Itoh A, Hashimoto S. et al . Usefulness of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 235
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Kitano M, Kudo M, Nakaoka R. et al . Differential diagnosis of pancreatic diseases by contrast-enhanced power Doppler endosonography [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 244
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Kitano M, Kudo M, Maekawa K. et al . Evaluation of pancreatic microcirculation by contrast-enhanced endosonography in dogs [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 75
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Kikuchi H, Kida M, Kida Y. et al . Diagnosis of invasion depth of the esophageal cancer using three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 233
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Singh P, Sivak M V, Wong R. et al . A prospective evaluation of dual plane reconstruction probe for imaging of gastrointestinal lesions [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 245
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Sumiyama K, Suzuki N, Uchiyama Y. et al . Preliminary experiences of observation of the pancreas and the splenic vein using convex type three dimensional endoscopic ultrasound [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 244
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Fritscher-Ravens A, Knoefel W T, Thonke F. et al . Three dimensional linear endosonography in the detection of vessel involvement due to pancreatic cancer [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Meenan J, Gunn A, Freeman J. et al . The application of Aloka 3D image technology to upper GI EUS using a standard Olympus echoendoscope [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 629
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Rocca R, De Angelis C, Castellino F. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (EURCP): a preliminary report [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 243
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Niehaus J, Burmester E, Leineweber T. et al . EUS-cholangio-drainage (EUS-CD) of the bile duct: a report of seven cases [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 244
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Quadri A, Catalano M F, Linder J. et al . Percutaneous and transgastric cannulation of inaccessible pancreatic ducts following failure of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography: a new rendezvous technique [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 206
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Wildi S M, Fickling W, Day T A. et al . Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of neoplasms of the head and neck [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 241
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Kumar K S, Levy M J, Wiersema M J. et al . EUS diagnosis of Kommerell’s diverticulum (KD) and cases series of aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 247
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Saltzman J R, Liu J J, Thompson C C. et al . Endosonographic findings post-endoluminal gastroplication (ELGP) [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 232
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Sabate J M, Dumontier I, Roseau G. et al . Relationships between endosonographic appearance, clinical or manometric features and functional results after pneumatic dilatation in patients with achalasia: retrospective series of 85 patients [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 231
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Taylor D C, Faigel D O, Fanning S C. et al . Prospective evaluation of EUS for the prediction of variceal hemorrhage in a U.S. population [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 248
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Ayonote A, Ligresti R. Clinical significance of porta hepatis lymphadenopathy detected by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) [abstract].  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 A 428
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Yip J, Sharma A, Alasadi R. et al . Visualization of mesenteric vessels by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): comparison of two linear echo endoscopes [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 AB 236
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

M. J. Bruno, M. D.

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Room C2-321, Academic Medical Center

Meibergdreef 9 · 1105 AZ Amsterdam · The Netherlands ·

Fax: + 31-20-5669156

Email: m.j.bruno@amc.uva.nl

      >