N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine adducts of proteins are ligands for receptor for advanced glycation end products that activate cell signaling pathways and modulate gene expression. - Kislinger,T.; Fu,C.; Huber,B.; Qu,W.; Taguchi,A.; Du Yan,S.; Hofmann,M.; Yan,S.F.; Pischetsrieder,M.; Stern,D.; Schmidt,A.M. (J Biol Chem, 1999)