Download PDF
Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol
DOI: 10.1055/a-2200-9686
Übersicht

Hyperemesis gravidarum – eine interprofessionelle und interdisziplinäre Herausforderung

Evidenzbasierte ÜbersichtHyperemesis Gravidarum – an Interprofessional and Interdisciplinary ChallengeEvidence-Based Review
Werner Rath
1   Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
,
Holger Maul
2   Geburtshilfe und Pränatalmedizin, Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
,
Harald Abele
3   Frauenklinik, Universitätklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Jan Pauluschke
3   Frauenklinik, Universitätklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Die Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) ist eine multifaktorielle Erkrankung, charakterisiert durch persistierende Übelkeit/Erbrechen, Dehydratation, Gewichtsverlust von mindestens 5%, Elektrolytstörungen und Ketoazidose. Die Prävalenz liegt weltweit zwischen 0,3 und 10%. Die Diagnose wird anhand der Anamnese, der klinischen Symptome, der körperlichen Untersuchung und der typischen Laborveränderungen gestellt. Grundpfeiler der Therapie sind Ernährungsberatung, Beratung zum Lebensstil, psychologische/psychosoziale Unterstützung der Schwangeren und die Gabe von Antiemetika im Sinne eines sich an dem Schweregrad der Symptome orientierenden Stufenkonzepts. Ein häufiger Wechsel von Antiemetika ist zu vermeiden. Die Behandlung der HG erfordert eine enge interprofessionelle und interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit.

Abstract

Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a multifactorial disease characterized by severe and persisting nausea and vomiting, impairment of oral intake, weight loss of at least 5%, electrolyte abnormalities, and dehydration. The prevalence of HG ranges from 0.3 to 10% worldwide. The diagnosis is made by the patient’s prehistory, clinical symptoms, physical examination, and the typical laboratory abnormalities. Therapeutic cornerstones are nutrition advice, consultation of life style, psychological/psychosocial support of the mother as well as the administration of antiemetics in a stepwise approach, depending on the severity of symptoms, and finally admission to hospital in severe cases. Treatment of patients requires close interprofessional and interdisciplinary cooperation.

Schlüsselwörter

Übelkeit/Erbrechen in der Schwangerschaft - Hyperemesis gravidarum - Ätiologie - Diagnose - alternative Therapien - Antiemetika

Key words

Nausea and Vomiting of pregnancy - Hyperemesis gravidarum - aetiology - diagnostics - alternative therapies - antiemetics


Publication History

Received: 28 August 2023

Accepted after revision: 02 October 2023

Article published online:
08 December 2023

© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2011; 40: 309-334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Lacroix R, Eason E, Melzack R. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a prospective study of its frequency, intensity, and patterns of change. AJOG 2000; 152: 931-937
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Fejzo MS, Ingles SA, Wilson M. et al. High prevalence of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum among relatives of affected individuals. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 141: 13-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 18. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 131: e15-e30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Austin K, Wilson K, Saha S. Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34: 226-241
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Verberg MF, Gillott DJ, Al-Fardan N. et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review. Hum Reprod Update 2005; 11: 527-539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Liu C, Zhao G, Quao D. et al. Emerging progress in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum: Challenges and opportunities. Front Med 2022; 8: 809270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Fairweather DV. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Annu 1978; 7: 91-105 PMID: 662219
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Einarson TR, Piwko C, Koren G. et al. Quantifying the global rates of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a meta-analysis. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 2013; 20: e171-e183
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Piwko C, Koren G, Babashov V. et al. Economic burden of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the USA. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 2013; 20: e149-e160
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 London V, Grube S, Sherer DM. et al. Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Review of Recent Literature. Pharmacology 2017; 100: 161-171 DOI: 10.1159/000477853.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Koot MH, Boelig RC, Van't Hooft J. et al. Variation in hyperemesis gravidarum definition and outcome reporting in randomised clinical trials: a systematic review. BJOG 2018; 125: 1514-1521
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Lowe SA, Armstrong G, Beech A. et al. SOMANZ position paper on the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol 2020; 60: 34-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Niemeijer MW, Grooten IJ, Vos N. et al. Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and metaanalysis. AJOG 2014; 211: 150e1-e15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Dean CR, Nijsten K, Spijker R. et al. Systematic evidence map of evidence addressing the top 10 priority research questions for hyperemesis gravidarum. BMJ Open 2022; 12: e052687
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Koken G, Yilmazer M, Cosar F. et al. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: relationship with anxiety and depression. J Psychosomat. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 29: 91-95
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Annagür BB, Kerionoglu OS, Gunduz S. et al. Are there any differences in psychiatric symptoms and eating attitudes between pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum and healthy pregnant women?. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40: 1009-1014
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Aksoy S, Aksoy U, Karadag ÖL. et al. Depression levels in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum: a prospective case-control study. Springer Plus 2015; 4: 34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Topalahmetoglu Y, Altay MM, Cirik DA. et al. Depression and anxiety disorder in hyperemesis gravidarum: a prospective case-control study. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 14: 214-219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Hizli D, Kamalak Z, Kosus A. et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum and depression in pregnancy: is there an association?. J Psychosomat Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 33: 171-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Mitchell-Jones N, Lawson K, Bobdiwala S. et al. Association between hyperemesis gravidarum and psychological symptoms, psychosocial outcomes and infant bonding: a two-point prospective case-control multicentre survey study in an inner city setting. BMJ Open 2020; 10: e039715
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Annagür BB, Tazegul A, Gunduz S. Do psychiatric disorders continue during pregnancy in women with hyperemesis gravidarum: a prospective study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35: 492-496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Sahin B, Ozcetinkaya Erdogan S, Sahin C. et al. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a possible correlation with obsessive compulsive disorder and alexithymia. J Obstet Gynaecol 2022; 42: 929-934 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2021 1960492.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Mantel A, Linden-Hirschberg A, Stephansson O. Association of maternal eating disorders with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77: 285-293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Yildrim E, Demir E. The relationship of hyperemesis gravidarum with sleep disorders, anxiety and depression. J Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 39: 793-798
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Meltzer-Brody S, Maegback ML, Mechland SE. et al. Obstetrical, pregnancy and socio-economic predictors for new-onset severe postpartum psychiatric disorders in primiparous women. Psychol Med 2017; 47: 1427-1441
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Mitchell-Jones N, Gallos I, Farren J. et al. Psychological morbidity associated with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systemic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2017; 124: 20-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Tan PC, Zaidi SN, Azm N. et al. Depression, anxiety, stress and hyperemesis gravidarum: temporal and case controlled correlates. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e92036
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Magtira A, Schoenberg FP, Mc Gibbon K. et al. Psychiatric factors do not effect recurrence risk of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41: 512-516
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Kjeldgaard HK, Eberhard-Gran M, Benth JS. et al. History of depression and risk of hyperemesis gravidarum: a population-based cohort study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2017; 20: 397-404
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Nijsten K, van der Minnen LM, Dean C. et al. Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after hyperemesis gravidarum: a prospective cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35: 10055-10063
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kjeldgaard HK, Vikanes A, Benth JS. et al. The association between the degree of nausea in pregnancy and subsequent posttraumatic stress. Arch Womens Ment Health 2019; 22: 493-501
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Nijsten K, Jansen LAW, Limpens J. et al. Long-term health outcomes of children born to mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systemic review and meta-analysis. AJOG 2022; 227: 414-429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.052.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Ioannidou P, Papanikolaou D, Mikos T. et al. Predictive factors of hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 238: 173-187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.04.043.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Dypvik J, Pereira AL, Tanbo TG. et al. Maternal human chorionic gonadotropin concentration in very early pregnancy and risk of hyperemesis gravidarum: A retrospective cohort study of 4372 pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 221: 12-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Fejzo MS, Sazonova OV, Sathirapongsasuti JF. et al. Placenta and appetite genes GDF15 and IGFBP7 are associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Commun 2018; 9: 1178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Fejzo MS, Trovik I, Grooten H. et al. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5: 62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Maes BD, Spitz B, Ghoos YF. et al. Gastric emptying in hyperemesis gravidarum and non-dyspeptic pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 237-243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Goodwin TM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: an obstetric syndrome. AJOG 2002; 186: 184-189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Sahin B, Sahin G, Tinelli A. Anti-Mullerian hormone levels in spontaneous pregnancies with hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol 2022; 42: 2255-2259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Loh KY, Sivalingam N. Understanding hyperemesis gravidarum. Med J Malaysia 2005; 60: 394-399
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Pearce EN, Brent GA, Rosalind S. et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid 2017; 315-389 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457..
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Sun S, Qui X, Zhou J. Clinical analysis of 65 cases of hyperemesis gravidarum with gestational transient thyreotoxicosis. J Obstet Gynecol Ther 2014; 40: 1567-1572
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Nijsten K, Koot MH, van der Post JAM. et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine fail to predict the severity and clinical course of hyperemesis gravidarum: A prospective cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021; 100: 1419-1429
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Golberg D, Szilagyi A, Graves L. Hyperemesis gravidarum and Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 695-703
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Sandven I, Abdelnoor M, Nesheim B-I. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009; 88: 1190-1200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Li L, Li L, Zhou X. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: is it associated with an increased risk of hyperemesis gravidarum: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015: 278905
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Ng QX, Venkatananarayanan N, De Deyn MLZQ. et al. A metaanalysis of the association between helicobacter pylori infection and hyperemesis gravidarum. Helicobacter 2018; 23: e12455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Tang Y, Yang Y, Lu Z. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75: e14588
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Grooten IJ, Den Hollander WJ, Roseboom TJ. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: a predictor of vomiting severity in pregnancy and adverse birth outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216: 512.e1-512.e9 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.042.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Fejzo MS, Fasching PA, Schneider MO. et al. Analysis of GDF15 and IGFBP7 in Hyperemesis Gravidarum Support Causality. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2019; 79: 382-388
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Fejzo MS, Mac Gibbon K, First O. et al. Whole-exome sequencing uncovers new variants in GDF15 associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. BJOG 2022; 129: 1845-1852
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Fejzo MS, Arzy D, Tian R. et al. Evidence GDF15 plays a role in familial and recurrent hyperemesis gravidarum. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2018; 78: 866-870
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Fejzo MS, Myhre R, Colodro-Conde L. et al. Genetic analysis of hyperemesis gravidarum reveals association with intracellular calcium release channel (RYR2). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439: 308316
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Dean CR, Brain CM, O’Hara ME. et al. The chance of recurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2019; 5: 100105 DOI: 10.1055/a-0661-0287.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Fiaschi L, Nelson-Piercy C, Tata LJ. Hospital admission for hyperemesis gravidarum: a nationwide study of occurrence, reoccurrence and risk factors among 8.2 million pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2016; 31: 1675-1684
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Fiaschi L, Nelson-Piercy C, Deb S. et al. Clinical management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum across primary and secondary care: a population-based study. BJOG 2019; 126: 1201-1211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Koren G, Boskovic R, Hard M. et al. Mother risk-PUQE (pregnancy-unique quantification of emesis and nausea) scoring system for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: S228-S231 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2002.123054.. PMID: 12011891
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Koren G, Cohen R. Measuring the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; a 20 year perspective on the use of the pregnancy-unique quantification of emesis (PUQE). J Obstet Gynaecol 2021; 41: 335-339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 MacGibbon KW, Kim S, Mullin PM. et al. HyperEmesis Level Prediction (HELP-Score) identifies patients with indication of severe disease: a validation study. Geburth Frauenheilk 2021; 81: 90-98
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Böer B, Hoopmann M, Hübner M. et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2011; 71: 26-37
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 de Tejada BM, Vonzun L, von Mandach DU. et al. Nausea und Erbrechen in der Schwangerschaft, Hyperemesis gravidarum. Expertenbrief No. 76, 2022: Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe.
    PubMed
  • 63 Fiaschi L, Nelson-Piercy C, Gibson J. et al. Adverse maternal and birth outcomes in women admitted to hospital for hyperemesis gravidarum: a population-based cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2018; 32: 40-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Popa SL, Barsan M, Caziuk A. et al. Life-threatening complications of hyperemesis gravidarum. Exp Ther Med 2011; 21: 642-650.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Veenendaal MV, van Abeelen AF, Painter RC. et al. Consequences of hyperemesis gravidarum for offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2011; 118: 1302-1313
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Fejzo M, Magtira A, Schoenberg FP. et al. Neurodevelopmental delay in children exposes in utero to hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 189: 79-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Fejzo M, Kam A, Laguna A. et al. Analysis of neurodevelopmental delay in children exposed in utero to hyperemesis gravidarum reveals increased reporting of autism spectrum disorder. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 84: 59-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Koudijs HM, Savitri AI, Browne JL. et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum and placental dysfunction disorders. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16: 374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Bolin M, Akerud H, Cnattingius S. et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum and risks of placental dysfunction disorders: a population-bases cohort study. BJOG 2013; 120: 541-547
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Mullin PM, Bray A, Schoenberg F. et al. Prenatal exposure to hyperemesis gravidarum linked to increased risk of psychological and behavioural disorders in adulthood. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2011; 2: 200-204
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Mares R, Morrow A, Shumway H. et al. Assessment of management approaches for hyperemesis gravidarum and nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a retrospective questionnaire analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22: 609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Hinkle SN, Mumford SL, Grantz KL. et al. Association of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy with pregnancy loss: a secondary analysis of randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176: 1621-1627
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Kreymann G, Adolph M, Müller MJ. Energieumsatz und Energiezufuhr. Aktuel Ernähr Med 2007; 32: 8-12
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Jednak MA, Shagidian EM, Kim MS. et al. Protein meals reduce nausea and gastric slow wave dysrhythmic activity in first trimester pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: G855-G861
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Matthews A, Haas DM, O‘Mathuna DP. et al. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; CD007575
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Viljoen E, Visser J, Koen N. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J 2014; 13: 20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Smith C, Crowther C, Wilson K. et al. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 639-645
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 O'Donnell A, McParlin C, Robson SC. et al. Treatments for hyperemesis gravidarum and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review and economic assessment. Health Technol Assess 2016; 20: 1-268 DOI: 10.3310/hta20740.. PMID: 27731292; PMCID: PMC5075747.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Mc Parlin C, O’Donnell A, Robson SL. Treatments for Hyperemesis gravidarum and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. JAMA 2016; 316: 1392-1401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Khorasani F, Aryan H, Sobhi A. et al. A systematic review of the efficacy of alternative medicine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2020; 40: 10-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Kocopayehzadeh J. et al. A comparison between the effect of ginger, pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31: 2509-2014.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Nafiah NAM, Chieng WK, Zainuddin AA. et al. Effect of acupressure at PG on nausea and vomiting in women with hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19: 10886
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Adlan AS, Chooi KY, Mat Adenan NA. Acupressure as adjunct treatment for the inpatient management of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43: 662-668
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Tara F, Bahrami-Taghanaki H, Ghalandarabad MA. et al. The effect of acupressure on the severity of nausea, vomiting, and retching in pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Med Res 2020; 27: 552-559.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 33: 1405-1411
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Yue SW, Huang Y-Y, Huang C-R. et al. Effect of auriculotherapy on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a systematic review. Eur J Integration Med 2022; 53: 102130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Lu H, Zheng C, Zhong Y. et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2731446
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 https://www.embryotox.de/erkrankungen/details/ansicht/erkrankung/hyperemesisgravidarumemesis-gravidarum/ (abgerufen am 09.12.2022).
    PubMed
  • 89 Lowe JA, Steinweg KE. Review article: Management of hyperemesis gravidarum and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Emergency Med Austr 2022; 34: 9-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Boelig RC, Barton SJ, Saccone G. et al. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; CD010607
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Berard A, Sheehy O, Gorgui J. et al. New evidence for concern over the risk of birth defects from medications for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Clin Epidemiol 2019; 116: 39-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Asker C, Norstedt Wikner B, Kallen B. Use of antiemetic drugs during pregnancy in Sweden. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 61: 899-906
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Babaei AH, Foghaha MH. A randomized comparison of vitamin B6 and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Iranian J Nurs Midwifery Res 2014; 19: 100-202
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Saz-Leal P, Zamorano-Domingues L, Urso K. Bioavailability of Cariban capsules a modified-release fixed-dose combination of doxylamine and pyridoxine to relieve nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Drugs RD 2023; 23: 185-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Pope E, Maltepe C, Koren G. Comparing pyridoxine and doxylamine succinate-pyridoxine HCl for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a matched, controlled cohort study. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 55: 809-814
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Koren G, Clark S, Hankins GD. et al. Effectiveness of delayed-release doxylamine and pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized placebo controlled trial. AJOG 2010; 203: 571e1-57e7e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Koren G, Clark S, Hankins GDV. et al. Maternal safety of the delayed-release doxylamine and pyridoxine combination for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; a randomized placebo controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15: 59
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Madjunkowa S, Maltepe C, Koren G. The delayed-release combination of doxylamine and pyridoxine for the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Pediatr Drugs 2014; 16: 199-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Guideline No. 69. The management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum 2016 https://www.rcog.org.uk/global assets/documents (last assessed 9.4.2023).
    PubMed
  • 100 Sorensen HT, Nielsen GL, Christensen K. et al. Birth outcome following maternal use of metoclopramide. The Euromap study group. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49: 264-268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Matok I, Gorodischer R, Koren G. et al. The safety of metoclopramide use in the first trimester of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2528-2535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Pasternak B, Svanström H, Molgaard-Nielsen D. et al. Metoclopramide in pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations and fetal death. JAMA 2013; 310: 1601-1611
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Tan PC, Khine PP, Vallikkannu N. et al. Promethazine compared with metoclopramide for hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 975-981
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Choi JS, Han JY, Ahn HE. et al. Fetal and neonatal outcome in women taking domperidone during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 33: 160-162
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Hishinuma K, Yamane R, Yokoo J. et al. Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to domperidone: an observational cohort study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47: 1704-1710
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Araujo M, Vabre C, Benevent J. et al. Risk of pregnancy termination and congenital anomalies after domperidone exposure: A study in the EFEMERIS. Drug Saf 2021; 44: 787-796
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Cao X, Sun M, Yang Q. et al. Risk of abnormal pregnancy outcome after using ondansetron during pregnancy: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 951072 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.951072.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Kashifard M, Basirat Z, Kashifard M. et al. Ondansetrone or metoclopromide? Which is more effective in severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy? A randomized trial double-blind study. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2013; 40: 127-130
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Boelig RC, Barton SJ, Saccone G. et al. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31: 2492-2505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Abas MW, Tan PC, Azimi N. et al. Ondansetron compared with metoclopramide for hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 1272-1279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Oliveira LG, Capp SM, You WJ. et al. Ondansetron compared with doxylamine and pyridoxine for treatment of nausea in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124: 735-742
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Huybrechts KF, Hernandez-Diaz S, Straub L. et al. Association of maternal first trimester ondansetron use with cardiac malformation and oral clefts in offspring. JAMA 2018; 320: 2429-2437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Huybrechts KF, Hernandez-Diaz S, Straub L. et al. Intravenous ondansetron in pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations. JAMA 202 323: 472-474
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Parker SE, van Bennekom C, Anderka M. et al. National birth defects prevention S. Ondansetron for treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of specific birth defects. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 132: 385-394
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Lemon LS, Bodnar LM, Garrard W. et al. Ondansetron use in the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of neonatal ventricular septal defect. Int J Epidermis 2020; 49: 648-656
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Fejzo MS, MacGibbon KW, Mullin PM. Ondansetron in pregnancy and risk of adverse fetal outcomes in the United States. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 62: 87-91
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Link htpps:// www. bfarm.de/SharedDocs /Risikoinformationen/ pharmakovigilanz/DE/RHB/2019/rhb- ondensatron.html ( last assessed 4.5. 2023)
    PubMed
  • 118 Bondok RS, El Sharnouby NM, Eid HE. et al. Pulsed steroid therapy is an effective treatment for intractable hyperemesis gravidarum. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 2781-2783
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Yost NP, Mc Intire DD, Wians FH. et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids for hyperemesis due to pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 1250-1254
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Maina A, Arrotta M, Cicogna L. et al. Transdermal clonidine in the treatment of severe hyperemesis: A pilot randomised controlled trial. CLONEMESI. BJOG 2014; 121: 1556-1562
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Ostenfeld A, Petersen TS, Pedersen LH. et al. Mirtazapine exposure in pregnancy and fetal safety: A nationwide cohort study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145: 557-567
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Knippel Gallietta MA, Tess VLC, Pasotti JM. et al. Use of mirtazapine and olanzapine in the treatment of refractory hyperemesis gravidarum: a case report and systematic review. Case Reports in Obstet Gynecol 2022; Article ID 7324627 1-7 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7324627.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Omay O, Einarson A. Is mirtazapine an effective treatment for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy?. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 37: 260-263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Ostenfeld A, Petersen TS, Futtrup TB. et al. Validating the effect of Ondansetron and Mirtazapine in Treating hyperemesis gravidarum (VOMIT): protocol for a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10: e034712
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Tan PC, Noratilah MJ, Omar SZ. Dextrose saline compared with normal saline rehydration of hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121: 291-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Biesalski HK, Bischoff SC, Böhles HJ. Wasser, Elektrolyte, Vitamine und Spurenelemente. Aktuel Ernähr Med 2007; 32: 30-34
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Nana M, Tydeman F, Bevan G. et al. Termination of wanted pregnancy and suicidal ideation in hyperemesis gravidarum: A mixed methods study. Obstet Med 2022; 15: 180-184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Poursharif B, Korst LM, MacGibbon KW. et al. Elective pregnancy termination in a large cohort of women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Contraception 2007; 76: 451-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar