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Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2015; 140(19): 1425-1430
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-102940
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Krebsfrüherkennung
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Kolorektales Karzinom: Prävention und Früherkennung

Colorectal cancer: prevention and early detection
Frank Thomas Kolligs
1   Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Helios Klinikum Berlin-Buch
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Publication History

Publication Date:
24 September 2015 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Das kolorektale Karzinom zählt zu den häufigsten krebsbedingten Erkrankungs- und Todesursachen. Wichtige Risikofaktoren sind fortgeschrittenes Alter, familiäre Belastung, männliches Geschlecht und Lebensstilfaktoren. Da die Entwicklung vom frühen Adenom bis zum invasiven Karzinom in der Regel mehr als 10 Jahre in Anspruch nimmt, ist eine Prävention mittels Koloskopie mit Polypektomie und Früherkennung asymptomatischer Stadien möglich. Die Koloskopie ist gleichzeitig diagnostisches und therapeutisches Instrument und das Verfahren mit der höchsten Sensitivität für Prä- und Frühneoplasien des Kolons. Neue fäkal immunologische Tests haben bei sehr guter Spezifität eine deutlich höhere Sensitivität für fortgeschrittene Adenome und Karzinome als der Guaiac-basierte Haemocculttest. Molekulare Stuhl- und Bluttests sind vielversprechende Entwicklungen. Sie haben aber ebenso wie die virtuelle Koloskopie und die Kolonkapselendoskopie heute noch keinen Stellenwert in der Prävention und Früherkennung des kolorektalen Karzinoms.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer associated morbidity and mortality. Main risk factors include advanced age, affected family members, male sex and lifestyle factors. The development of early adenoma to invasive cancer requires 10 and more years. Therefore, prevention via colonoscopy with polypectomy and early detection of asymptomatic stages is possible. Colonoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic tool with the highest sensitivity for precancerous lesions and early cancers of the colon. New fecal immunological tests reveal a higher sensitivity for advanced adenoma and cancer than guaiac based hemoccult tests while maintaining a high specificity. Molecular stool and blood tests are promising new developments. However, similar to virtual colonoscopy and colon capsule endoscopy, they have so far not been established as routine instruments for prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer.

Schlüsselwörter

Darmkrebs - Vorsorge - Früherkennung - Screening

Keywords

colorectal cancer - prevention - early detection - screening
 

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