Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43(06): 809-824
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755566
Review Article

Imaging of Lung Disease Associated with Connective Tissue Disease

Emily C. Bartlett
1   Department of Radiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
,
Elizabeth A. Renzoni
2   The Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
3   The Margaret Turner-Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
,
Nishanth Sivarasan
4   Department of Radiology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
,
Sujal R. Desai
1   Department of Radiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
3   The Margaret Turner-Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
5   National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
› Institutsangaben

Abstract

There is a well-known association between the connective tissue disorders (CTDs) and lung disease. In addition to interstitial lung disease, the CTDs may affect the air spaces and pulmonary vasculature. Imaging tests are important not only in diagnosis but also in management of these complex disorders. In the present review, key aspects of the imaging of CTD-reated diseases are discussed.



Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
28. Oktober 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 
  • References

  • 1 Ioannidis JP, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Haidich AB. et al. Mortality in systemic sclerosis: an international meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Med 2005; 118 (01) 2-10
  • 2 Antin-Ozerkis D, Rubinowitz A, Evans J, Homer RJ, Matthay RA. Interstitial lung disease in the connective tissue diseases. Clin Chest Med 2012; 33 (01) 123-149
  • 3 Fischer A, du Bois R. Interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disorders. Lancet 2012; 380 (9842): 689-698
  • 4 Hao Y, Hudson M, Baron M. et al; Canadian Scleroderma Research Group, Australian Scleroderma Interest Group. Early mortality in a multinational systemic sclerosis inception cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69 (05) 1067-1077
  • 5 Poudel DR, Jayakumar D, Danve A, Sehra ST, Derk CT. Determinants of mortality in systemic sclerosis: a focused review. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38 (10) 1847-1858
  • 6 Mira-Avendano I, Abril A, Burger CD. et al. Interstitial lung disease and other pulmonary manifestations in connective tissue diseases. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94 (02) 309-325
  • 7 Kim EA, Johkoh T, Lee KS. et al. Interstitial pneumonia in progressive systemic sclerosis: serial high-resolution CT findings with functional correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001; 25 (05) 757-763
  • 8 Kawano-Dourado L, Doyle TJ, Bonfiglioli K. et al. Baseline characteristics and progression of a spectrum of interstitial lung abnormalities and disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Chest 2020; 158 (04) 1546-1554
  • 9 Winstone TA, Assayag D, Wilcox PG. et al. Predictors of mortality and progression in scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review. Chest 2014; 146 (02) 422-436
  • 10 American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165 (02) 277-304
  • 11 Bouros D, Wells AU, Nicholson AG. et al. Histopathologic subsets of fibrosing alveolitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and their relationship to outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165 (12) 1581-1586
  • 12 Desai SR, Veeraraghavan S, Hansell DM. et al. CT features of lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Radiology 2004; 232 (02) 560-567
  • 13 Hartman TE, Swensen SJ, Hansell DM. et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: variable appearance at high-resolution chest CT. Radiology 2000; 217 (03) 701-705
  • 14 Johkoh T, Müller NL, Cartier Y. et al. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT in 129 patients. Radiology 1999; 211 (02) 555-560
  • 15 Katzenstein AL, Fiorelli RF. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis. Histologic features and clinical significance. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18 (02) 136-147
  • 16 MacDonald SL, Rubens MB, Hansell DM. et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia: comparative appearances at and diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT. Radiology 2001; 221 (03) 600-605
  • 17 Johkoh T, Müller NL, Colby TV. et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: correlation between thin-section CT findings and pathologic subgroups in 55 patients. Radiology 2002; 225 (01) 199-204
  • 18 Travis WD, Hunninghake G, King Jr TE. et al. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: report of an American Thoracic Society project. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177 (12) 1338-1347
  • 19 Fujita J, Ohtsuki Y, Yoshinouchi T. et al. Idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia: as an “autoimmune interstitial pneumonia”. Respir Med 2005; 99 (02) 234-240
  • 20 Corte TJ, Copley SJ, Desai SR. et al. Significance of connective tissue disease features in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2012; 39 (03) 661-668
  • 21 Fischer A, West SG, Swigris JJ, Brown KK, du Bois RM. Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: a call for clarification. Chest 2010; 138 (02) 251-256
  • 22 Kinder BW, Collard HR, Koth L. et al. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: lung manifestation of undifferentiated connective tissue disease?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176 (07) 691-697
  • 23 Fischer A, Antoniou KM, Brown KK. et al; “ERS/ATS Task Force on Undifferentiated Forms of CTD-ILD”. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society research statement: interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features. Eur Respir J 2015; 46 (04) 976-987
  • 24 Assayag D, Elicker BM, Urbania TH. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: radiologic identification of usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Radiology 2014; 270 (02) 583-588
  • 25 Douglas WW, Tazelaar HD, Hartman TE. et al. Polymyositis-dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164 (07) 1182-1185
  • 26 Waseda Y, Johkoh T, Egashira R. et al. Antisynthetase syndrome: pulmonary computed tomography findings of adult patients with antibodies to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85 (08) 1421-1426
  • 27 Mino M, Noma S, Taguchi Y, Tomii K, Kohri Y, Oida K. Pulmonary involvement in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: sequential evaluation with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169 (01) 83-87
  • 28 Debray MP, Borie R, Revel MP. et al. Interstitial lung disease in anti-synthetase syndrome: initial and follow-up CT findings. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84 (03) 516-523
  • 29 Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Wallaert B, Bataille D, Hatron PY. Pulmonary involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis: sequential evaluation with CT, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoalveolar lavage. Radiology 1993; 188 (02) 499-506
  • 30 Goldin JG, Lynch DA, Strollo DC. et al; Scleroderma Lung Study Research Group. High-resolution CT scan findings in patients with symptomatic scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease. Chest 2008; 134 (02) 358-367
  • 31 Enomoto N, Egashira R, Tabata K. et al. Analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus-related interstitial pneumonia: a retrospective multicentre study. Sci Rep 2019; 9 (01) 7355
  • 32 Kim YJ, Choe J, Kim HJ, Song JW. Long-term clinical course and outcome in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11 (01) 12827
  • 33 Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Müller NL, Remy J. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 2008; 246 (03) 697-722
  • 34 Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ. et al; ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Committee on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (06) 788-824
  • 35 Park JH, Kim DS, Park IN. et al. Prognosis of fibrotic interstitial pneumonia: idiopathic versus collagen vascular disease-related subtypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (07) 705-711
  • 36 Renzoni E, Rottoli P, Coviello G, Perari MG, Galeazzi M, Vagliasindi M. Clinical, laboratory and radiological findings in pulmonary fibrosis with and without connective tissue disease. Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16 (06) 570-577
  • 37 Kim EJ, Elicker BM, Maldonado F. et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 2010; 35 (06) 1322-1328
  • 38 Chung JH, Cox CW, Montner SM. et al. CT Features of the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern: differentiating connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018; 210 (02) 307-313
  • 39 Colby TV. Pathologic aspects of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1992; 102 (1, suppl) 38S-43S
  • 40 Oikonomou A, Hansell DM. Organizing pneumonia: the many morphological faces. Eur Radiol 2002; 12 (06) 1486-1496
  • 41 Baratella E, Marrocchio C, Cifaldi R. et al. Interstitial lung disease in patients with antisynthetase syndrome: a retrospective case series study. Jpn J Radiol 2021; 39 (01) 40-46
  • 42 Kaenmuang P, Navasakulpong A. Clinical characteristics of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive interstitial lung disease. Respirol Case Rep 2020; 9 (01) e00701
  • 43 Yoo JW, Song JW, Jang SJ. et al. Comparison between cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and connective tissue disease-related organizing pneumonia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50 (05) 932-938
  • 44 Lee KS, Kullnig P, Hartman TE, Müller NL. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: CT findings in 43 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162 (03) 543-546
  • 45 Müller NL, Staples CA, Miller RR. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: CT features in 14 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154 (05) 983-987
  • 46 Bouchardy LM, Kuhlman JE, Ball Jr WC, Hruban RH, Askin FB, Siegelman SS. CT findings in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) with radiographic, clinical, and histologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993; 17 (03) 352-357
  • 47 Bonner Jr H, Ennis RS, Geelhoed GW, Tarpley Jr TM. Lymphoid infiltration and amyloidosis of lung in Sjögren's syndrome. Arch Pathol 1973; 95 (01) 42-44
  • 48 Strimlan CV, Rosenow III EC, Divertie MB, Harrison Jr EG. Pulmonary manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome. Chest 1976; 70 (03) 354-361
  • 49 Honda O, Johkoh T, Ichikado K. et al. Differential diagnosis of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and malignant lymphoma on high-resolution CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173 (01) 71-74
  • 50 Johkoh T, Müller NL, Pickford HA. et al. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: thin-section CT findings in 22 patients. Radiology 1999; 212 (02) 567-572
  • 51 Johkoh T, Ichikado K, Akira M. et al. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: follow-up CT findings in 14 patients. J Thorac Imaging 2000; 15 (03) 162-167
  • 52 Yousem SA, Colby TV, Carrington CB. Lung biopsy in rheumatoid arthritis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131 (05) 770-777
  • 53 Hakala M, Pääkkö P, Huhti E, Tarkka M, Sutinen S. Open lung biopsy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 1990; 9 (04) 452-460
  • 54 Benisch B, Peison B. The association of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and systemic lupus erythematosus. Mt Sinai J Med 1979; 46 (04) 398-41
  • 55 Filipek MS, Thompson ME, Wang PL, Gosselin MV. L Primack S. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: radiographic and high-resolution CT findings. J Thorac Imaging 2004; 19 (03) 200-203
  • 56 Seaman DM, Meyer CA, Gilman MD, McCormack FX. Diffuse cystic lung disease at high-resolution CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196 (06) 1305-1311
  • 57 Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM. et al; ATS/ERS Committee on Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188 (06) 733-748
  • 58 Parambil JG, Myers JL, Ryu JH. Diffuse alveolar damage: uncommon manifestation of pulmonary involvement in patients with connective tissue diseases. Chest 2006; 130 (02) 553-558
  • 59 Primack SL, Hartman TE, Ikezoe J, Akira M, Sakatani M, Müller NL. Acute interstitial pneumonia: radiographic and CT findings in nine patients. Radiology 1993; 188 (03) 817-820
  • 60 Ichikado K, Johkoh T, Ikezoe J. et al. Acute interstitial pneumonia: high-resolution CT findings correlated with pathology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168 (02) 333-338
  • 61 Johkoh T, Müller NL, Taniguchi H. et al. Acute interstitial pneumonia: thin-section CT findings in 36 patients. Radiology 1999; 211 (03) 859-863
  • 62 Park IN, Kim DS, Shim TS. et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007; 132 (01) 214-220
  • 63 Suda T, Kaida Y, Nakamura Y. et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular diseases. Respir Med 2009; 103 (06) 846-853
  • 64 Papanikolaou IC, Drakopanagiotakis F, Polychronopoulos VS. Acute exacerbations of interstitial lung diseases. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010; 16 (05) 480-486
  • 65 Hozumi H, Nakamura Y, Johkoh T. et al. Acute exacerbation in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a retrospective case control study. BMJ Open 2013; 3 (09) e003132
  • 66 Izuka S, Yamashita H, Iba A, Takahashi Y, Kaneko H. Acute exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: clinical features and prognosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60 (05) 2348-2354
  • 67 Manfredi A, Sebastiani M, Cerri S. et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial lung diseases secondary to systemic rheumatic diseases: a prospective study and review of the literature. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11 (04) 1621-1628
  • 68 Kang EH, Lee EB, Shin KC. et al. Interstitial lung disease in patients with polymyositis, dermatomyositis and amyopathic dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44 (10) 1282-1286
  • 69 Li Y, Gao X, Li Y. et al. Predictors and mortality of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: a series of 474 patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 363
  • 70 Vuillard C, Pineton de Chambrun M, de Prost N. et al. Clinical features and outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure revealing anti-synthetase or anti-MDA-5 dermato-pulmonary syndrome: a French multicenter retrospective study. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8 (01) 87
  • 71 Wilsher M, Voight L, Milne D. et al. Prevalence of airway and parenchymal abnormalities in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. Respir Med 2012; 106 (10) 1441-1446
  • 72 Puéchal X, Génin E, Bienvenu T, Le Jeunne C, Dusser DJ. Poor survival in rheumatoid arthritis associated with bronchiectasis: a family-based cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9 (10) e110066
  • 73 Swinson DR, Symmons D, Suresh U, Jones M, Booth J. Decreased survival in patients with co-existent rheumatoid arthritis and bronchiectasis. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36 (06) 689-691
  • 74 Egashira R, Kondo T, Hirai T. et al. CT findings of thoracic manifestations of primary Sjögren syndrome: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2013; 33 (07) 1933-1949
  • 75 Mandl T, Diaz S, Ekberg O. et al. Frequent development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary SS—results of a longitudinal follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51 (05) 941-946
  • 76 Shen TC, Lin CL, Chen CH. et al. Increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. QJM 2014; 107 (07) 537-543
  • 77 Hoeper MM. Pulmonary hypertension in collagen vascular disease. Eur Respir J 2002; 19 (03) 571-576
  • 78 Végh J, Soós G, Csipõ I. et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in mixed connective tissue disease: successful treatment with Iloprost. Rheumatol Int 2006; 26 (03) 264-269
  • 79 Alpert MA, Goldberg SH, Singsen BH. et al. Cardiovascular manifestations of mixed connective tissue disease in adults. Circulation 1983; 68 (06) 1182-1193
  • 80 Kasukawa R, Nishimaki T, Takagi T, Miyawaki S, Yokohari R, Tsunematsu T. Pulmonary hypertension in connective tissue disease. Clinical analysis of sixty patients in multi-institutional study. Clin Rheumatol 1990; 9 (01) 56-62
  • 81 Tanoue LT. Pulmonary hypertension in the collagen vascular diseases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (03) 287-296
  • 82 Denton CP, Wells AU, Coghlan JG. Major lung complications of systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14 (09) 511-527
  • 83 Coghlan JG, Denton CP, Grünig E. et al; DETECT study group. Evidence-based detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: the DETECT study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73 (07) 1340-1349
  • 84 Sharma A, Dhooria A, Aggarwal A, Rathi M, Chandran V. Connective tissue disorder-associated vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18 (06) 31
  • 85 Nasser M, Cottin V. Alveolar hemorrhage in vasculitis (primary and secondary). Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 39 (04) 482-493
  • 86 Barile-Fabris L, Hernández-Cabrera MF, Barragan-Garfias JA. Vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2014; 16 (09) 440
  • 87 Pérez Aceves E, Pérez Cristóbal M, Espinola Reyna GA, Ariza Andraca R, Xibille Fridmann D, Barile Fabris LA. Chronic respiratory disfunction due to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and primary vasculitis. Reumatol Clin 2013; 9 (05) 263-268
  • 88 Dawson JK, Fewins HE, Desmond J, Lynch MP, Graham DR. Fibrosing alveolitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as assessed by high resolution computed tomography, chest radiography, and pulmonary function tests. Thorax 2001; 56 (08) 622-627
  • 89 Ascherman DP. Interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2010; 12 (05) 363-369
  • 90 Ellman P, Ball RE. Rheumatoid disease with joint and pulmonary manifestations. BMJ 1948; 2 (4583): 816-820
  • 91 Bongartz T, Nannini C, Medina-Velasquez YF. et al. Incidence and mortality of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62 (06) 1583-1591
  • 92 Gabbay E, Tarala R, Will R. et al. Interstitial lung disease in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156 (2 Pt 1): 528-535
  • 93 Turesson C, O'Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL. Extra-articular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: incidence trends and risk factors over 46 years. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62 (08) 722-727
  • 94 Gochuico BR, Avila NA, Chow CK. et al. Progressive preclinical interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168 (02) 159-166
  • 95 Zamora-Legoff JA, Krause ML, Crowson CS, Ryu JH, Matteson EL. Patterns of interstitial lung disease and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56 (03) 344-350
  • 96 Tansey D, Wells AU, Colby TV. et al. Variations in histological patterns of interstitial pneumonia between connective tissue disorders and their relationship to prognosis. Histopathology 2004; 44 (06) 585-596
  • 97 Tanaka N, Kim JS, Newell JD. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-related lung diseases: CT findings. Radiology 2004; 232 (01) 81-91
  • 98 Lee HK, Kim DS, Yoo B. et al. Histopathologic pattern and clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Chest 2005; 127 (06) 2019-2027
  • 99 Yamakawa H, Ogura T, Sato S. et al. The potential utility of anterior upper lobe honeycomb-like lesion in interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease. Respir Med 2020; 172: 106125
  • 100 Walsh SL, Sverzellati N, Devaraj A, Keir GJ, Wells AU, Hansell DM. Connective tissue disease related fibrotic lung disease: high resolution computed tomographic and pulmonary function indices as prognostic determinants. Thorax 2014; 69 (03) 216-222
  • 101 Mori S, Cho I, Koga Y, Sugimoto M. Comparison of pulmonary abnormalities on high-resolution computed tomography in patients with early versus longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2008; 35 (08) 1513-1521
  • 102 Okada H, Kurasawa K, Yamazaki R. et al. Clinical features of organizing pneumonia associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2016; 26 (06) 863-868
  • 103 Mori S, Koga Y, Sugimoto M. Organizing pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a case-based review. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med 2015; 9 (Suppl. 01) 69-80
  • 104 Kelly CA, Saravanan V, Nisar M. et al; British Rheumatoid Interstitial Lung (BRILL) Network. Rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease: associations, prognostic factors and physiological and radiological characteristics—a large multicentre UK study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53 (09) 1676-1682
  • 105 Kronzer VL, Huang W, Dellaripa PF. et al. Lifestyle and clinical risk factors for incident rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. J Rheumatol 2021; 48 (05) 656-663
  • 106 Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K. et al. A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54 (01) 38-46
  • 107 Devouassoux G, Cottin V, Lioté H. et al; Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies “Orphelines” Pulmonaires (GERM“O”P). Characterisation of severe obliterative bronchiolitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Respir J 2009; 33 (05) 1053-1061
  • 108 Antoniou KM, Walsh SL, Hansell DM. et al. Smoking-related emphysema is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid lung. Respirology 2013; 18 (08) 1191-1196
  • 109 Jacob J, Song JW, Yoon HY. et al. Prevalence and effects of emphysema in never-smokers with rheumatoid arthritis interstitial lung disease. EBioMedicine 2018; 28: 303-310
  • 110 Spagnolo P, Lee JS, Sverzellati N, Rossi G, Cottin V. The lung in rheumatoid arthritis: focus on interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70 (10) 1544-1554
  • 111 Geddes DM, Corrin B, Brewerton DA, Davies RJ, Turner-Warwick M. Progressive airway obliteration in adults and its association with rheumatoid disease. Q J Med 1977; 46 (184) 427-444
  • 112 Lin E, Limper AH, Moua T. Obliterative bronchiolitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of a single-center case series. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18 (01) 105
  • 113 Howling SJ, Hansell DM, Wells AU, Nicholson AG, Flint JD, Müller NL. Follicular bronchiolitis: thin-section CT and histologic findings. Radiology 1999; 212 (03) 637-642
  • 114 Matson SM, Demoruelle MK, Castro M. A focused review: airways disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021
  • 115 Perez T, Remy-Jardin M, Cortet B. Airways involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical, functional, and HRCT findings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157 (5 Pt 1): 1658-1665
  • 116 Geri G, Dadoun S, Bui T. et al. Risk of infections in bronchiectasis during disease-modifying treatment and biologics for rheumatic diseases. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 304
  • 117 Demoruelle MK, Weisman MH, Simonian PL. et al. Brief report: airways abnormalities and rheumatoid arthritis-related autoantibodies in subjects without arthritis: early injury or initiating site of autoimmunity?. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64 (06) 1756-1761
  • 118 Puéchal X, Fajac I, Bienvenu T. et al. Increased frequency of cystic fibrosis deltaF508 mutation in bronchiectasis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Respir J 1999; 13 (06) 1281-1287
  • 119 Balbir-Gurman A, Yigla M, Nahir AM, Braun-Moscovici Y. Rheumatoid pleural effusion. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006; 35 (06) 368-378
  • 120 Okabe Y, Aoki T, Terasawa T. et al. Mediastinal and axillar lymphadenopathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence and clinical significance. Clin Imaging 2019; 55: 140-143
  • 121 Martinez FJ, Karlinsky JB, Gale ME, Jung-Legg Y, Benditt JO. Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. A rare manifestation of rheumatoid pulmonary disease. Chest 1990; 97 (04) 1010-1012
  • 122 Cottin V, Brown KK. Interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD). Respir Res 2019; 20 (01) 13
  • 123 Nihtyanova SI, Schreiber BE, Ong VH. et al. Prediction of pulmonary complications and long-term survival in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66 (06) 1625-1635
  • 124 Chua F, Desai SR, Nicholson AG. et al. Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. A review of clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16 (11) 1351-1359
  • 125 Enomoto Y, Nakamura Y, Colby TV. et al. Radiologic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis-like lesion in connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease. PLoS One 2017; 12 (06) e0180283
  • 126 Bonifazi M, Sverzellati N, Negri E. et al. Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis in systemic sclerosis: prevalence and prognostic impact. Eur Respir J 2020; 56 (01) 1902135
  • 127 Pego-Reigosa JM, Medeiros DA, Isenberg DA. Respiratory manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: old and new concepts. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2009; 23 (04) 469-480
  • 128 Keane MP, Lynch III JP. Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thorax 2000; 55 (02) 159-166
  • 129 Bernatsky S, Boivin JF, Joseph L. et al. Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54 (08) 2550-2557
  • 130 Ocampo-Piraquive V, Nieto-Aristizábal I, Cañas CA, Tobón GJ. Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: causes, predictors and interventions. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14 (12) 1043-1053
  • 131 Fei Y, Shi X, Gan F. et al. Death causes and pathogens analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus during the past 26 years. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 33 (01) 57-63
  • 132 Aguilera-Pickens G, Abud-Mendoza C. Pulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: pleural involvement, acute pneumonitis, chronic interstitial lung disease and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed) 2018; 14 (05) 294-300
  • 133 Cheema GS, Quismorio Jr FP. Interstitial lung disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000; 6 (05) 424-429
  • 134 Wiedemann HP, Matthay RA. Pulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Thorac Imaging 1992; 7 (02) 1-18
  • 135 Kim WU, Kim SI, Yoo WH. et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: causes and prognostic factors: a single center, retrospective study. Lupus 1999; 8 (07) 552-557
  • 136 Wan SA, Teh CL, Jobli AT. Lupus pneumonitis as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: case series from a single institution. Lupus 2016; 25 (13) 1485-1490
  • 137 Andrade C, Mendonça T, Farinha F. et al. Alveolar hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cohort review. Lupus 2016; 25 (01) 75-80
  • 138 Kazzaz NM, Coit P, Lewis EE, McCune WJ, Sawalha AH, Knight JS. Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by diffuse alveolar haemorrhage: risk factors, therapy and survival. Lupus Sci Med 2015; 2 (01) e000117
  • 139 Zamora MR, Warner ML, Tuder R, Schwarz MI. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical presentation, histology, survival, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76 (03) 192-202
  • 140 Kim D, Choi J, Cho SK. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2017; 46 (06) 782-787
  • 141 Prabu A, Patel K, Yee CS. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48 (12) 1506-1511
  • 142 Pan TL, Thumboo J, Boey ML. Primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2000; 9 (05) 338-342
  • 143 Eisenberg H, Dubois EL, Sherwin RP, Balchum OJ. Diffuse interstitial lung disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1973; 79 (01) 37-45
  • 144 Calderaro DC, Ferreira GA. Presentation and prognosis of shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of four cases. Rheumatol Int 2012; 32 (05) 1391-1396
  • 145 Hoffbrand BI, Beck ER. “Unexplained” dyspnoea and shrinking lungs in systemic lupus erythematosus. BMJ 1965; 1 (5445): 1273-1277
  • 146 Moghadam-Kia S, Oddis CV, Aggarwal R. Anti-MDA5 antibody spectrum in western world. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 20 (12) 78
  • 147 Long K, Danoff SK. Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clin Chest Med 2019; 40 (03) 561-572
  • 148 Li L, Wang H, Wang Q. et al. Myositis-specific autoantibodies in dermatomyositis/polymyositis with interstitial lung disease. J Neurol Sci 2019; 397: 123-128
  • 149 Hamaguchi Y, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T. et al. Common and distinct clinical features in adult patients with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies: heterogeneity within the syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8 (04) e60442
  • 150 Chen F, Li S, Wang T, Shi J, Wang G. Clinical heterogeneity of interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis patients with or without specific autoantibodies. Am J Med Sci 2018; 355 (01) 48-53
  • 151 Hozumi H, Enomoto N, Kono M. et al. Prognostic significance of anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies in polymyositis/dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease: a retrospective case control study. PLoS One 2015; 10 (03) e0120313
  • 152 Yamakawa H, Hagiwara E, Kitamura H. et al. Predictive factors for the long-term deterioration of pulmonary function in interstitial lung disease associated with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies. Respiration 2018; 96 (03) 210-221
  • 153 Shioya S, Masuda T, Yamaguchi K. et al. Comparison of anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibody-related and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia. Respir Med 2019; 152: 44-50
  • 154 Sato S, Murakami A, Kuwajima A. et al. Clinical utility of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 autoantibodies. PLoS One 2016; 11 (04) e0154285
  • 155 Chen Z, Cao M, Plana MN. et al. Utility of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody measurement in identifying patients with dermatomyositis and a high risk for developing rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease: a review of the literature and a meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013; 65 (08) 1316-1324
  • 156 Sato S, Hirakata M, Kuwana M. et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd polypeptide, CADM-140, in Japanese patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52 (05) 1571-1576
  • 157 Silveira MG, Selva-O'Callaghan A, Ramos-Terrades N, Arredondo-Agudelo KV, Labrador-Horrillo M, Bravo-Masgoret C. Anti-MDA5 dermatomyositis and progressive interstitial pneumonia. QJM 2016; 109 (01) 49-50
  • 158 Sato S, Hoshino K, Satoh T. et al. RNA helicase encoded by melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 is a major autoantigen in patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: association with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60 (07) 2193-2200
  • 159 Koga T, Fujikawa K, Horai Y. et al. The diagnostic utility of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody testing for predicting the prognosis of Japanese patients with DM. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51 (07) 1278-1284
  • 160 Yamaguchi K, Yamaguchi A, Itai M. et al. Clinical features of patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis complicated by spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38 (12) 3443-3450
  • 161 Lee CT, Strek ME. The other connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung diseases: Sjogren's syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2021; 27 (05) 388-395
  • 162 Bodolay E, Szekanecz Z, Dévényi K. et al. Evaluation of interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44 (05) 656-661
  • 163 Gunnarsson R, Hetlevik SO, Lilleby V, Molberg Ø. Mixed connective tissue disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016; 30 (01) 95-111
  • 164 Gunnarsson R, El-Hage F, Aaløkken TM. et al; Norwegian MCTD study group. Associations between anti-Ro52 antibodies and lung fibrosis in mixed connective tissue disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55 (01) 103-108
  • 165 Reiseter S, Gunnarsson R, Mogens Aaløkken T. et al. Progression and mortality of interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease: a long-term observational nationwide cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57 (02) 255-262
  • 166 Kim EA, Lee KS, Johkoh T. et al. Interstitial lung diseases associated with collagen vascular diseases: radiologic and histopathologic findings. Radiographics 2002; 22 (Spec No): S151-S165
  • 167 Kawano-Dourado L, Baldi BG, Kay FU. et al. Pulmonary involvement in long-term mixed connective tissue disease: functional trends and image findings after 10 years. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2015; 33 (02) 234-240
  • 168 Jacob J, Nair A, Hansell DM. High-resolution computed tomography of the pulmonary manifestations of connective tissue diseases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 35 (02) 166-180
  • 169 Hajas A, Szodoray P, Nakken B. et al. Clinical course, prognosis, and causes of death in mixed connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol 2013; 40 (07) 1134-1142
  • 170 Ortega-Hernandez OD, Shoenfeld Y. Mixed connective tissue disease: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012; 26 (01) 61-72
  • 171 Prakash UB. Respiratory complications in mixed connective tissue disease. Clin Chest Med 1998; 19 (04) 733-746, ix
  • 172 Vivino FB. Sjogren's syndrome: Clinical aspects. Clin Immunol 2017; 182: 48-54
  • 173 Qin B, Wang J, Yang Z. et al. Epidemiology of primary Sjögren's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74 (11) 1983-1989
  • 174 Cha SI, Fessler MB, Cool CD, Schwarz MI, Brown KK. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: clinical features, associations and prognosis. Eur Respir J 2006; 28 (02) 364-369
  • 175 Roca F, Dominique S, Schmidt J. et al. Interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16 (01) 48-54
  • 176 Parambil JG, Myers JL, Lindell RM, Matteson EL, Ryu JH. Interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren syndrome. Chest 2006; 130 (05) 1489-1495
  • 177 Jacob J, Hirani N, van Moorsel CHM. et al. Predicting outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis related interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 2019; 53 (01) 1800869
  • 178 Fragkioudaki S, Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM. Predicting the risk for lymphoma development in Sjogren syndrome: an easy tool for clinical use. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95 (25) e3766
  • 179 Natalini JG, Johr C, Kreider M. Pulmonary involvement in Sjögren syndrome. Clin Chest Med 2019; 40 (03) 531-544
  • 180 Yachoui R, Leon C, Sitwala K, Kreidy M. Pulmonary MALT lymphoma in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Med Res 2017; 15 (1-2): 6-12
  • 181 Kokosi M, Riemer EC, Highland KB. Pulmonary involvement in Sjögren syndrome. Clin Chest Med 2010; 31 (03) 489-500
  • 182 Kreider M, Highland K. Pulmonary involvement in Sjögren syndrome. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 35 (02) 255-264
  • 183 Franquet T, Giménez A, Monill JM, Díaz C, Geli C. Primary Sjögren's syndrome and associated lung disease: CT findings in 50 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169 (03) 655-658
  • 184 Palm O, Garen T, Berge Enger T. et al. Clinical pulmonary involvement in primary Sjogren's syndrome: prevalence, quality of life and mortality—a retrospective study based on registry data. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52 (01) 173-179
  • 185 Yazisiz V, Arslan G, Ozbudak IH. et al. Lung involvement in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: what are the predictors?. Rheumatol Int 2010; 30 (10) 1317-1324
  • 186 Koyama M, Johkoh T, Honda O. et al. Pulmonary involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome: spectrum of pulmonary abnormalities and computed tomography findings in 60 patients. J Thorac Imaging 2001; 16 (04) 290-296
  • 187 Franquet T, Díaz C, Domingo P, Giménez A, Geli C. Air trapping in primary Sjögren syndrome: correlation of expiratory CT with pulmonary function tests. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999; 23 (02) 169-173
  • 188 Yousem SA, Colby TV, Carrington CB. Follicular bronchitis/bronchiolitis. Hum Pathol 1985; 16 (07) 700-706
  • 189 Aerni MR, Vassallo R, Myers JL, Lindell RM, Ryu JH. Follicular bronchiolitis in surgical lung biopsies: clinical implications in 12 patients. Respir Med 2008; 102 (02) 307-312
  • 190 Braun J, Sieper J. Ankylosing spondylitis. Lancet 2007; 369 (9570): 1379-1390
  • 191 Kanathur N, Lee-Chiong T. Pulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Chest Med 2010; 31 (03) 547-554
  • 192 Danve A. Thoracic manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and relapsing polychondritis. Clin Chest Med 2019; 40 (03) 599-608
  • 193 Rosenow E, Strimlan CV, Muhm JR, Ferguson RH. Pleuropulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52 (10) 641-649
  • 194 El Maghraoui A, Chaouir S, Abid A. et al. Lung findings on thoracic high-resolution computed tomography in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Correlations with disease duration, clinical findings and pulmonary function testing. Clin Rheumatol 2004; 23 (02) 123-128
  • 195 Ulusoy H, Tuna NT, Tanrivermis Sayit A. Rapidly progressive pulmonary apical fibrosis and parenchymal destruction in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Case Rep Rheumatol 2020; 2020: 8852515
  • 196 Kaneda H, Saito Y, Okamoto M, Maniwa T, Minami K, Imamura H. Bilaterally repeated spontaneous pneumothorax with ankylosing spondylitis. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 55 (06) 266-269
  • 197 Lee CC, Lee SH, Chang IJ. et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44 (12) 1538-1541
  • 198 Fenlon HM, Casserly I, Sant SM, Breatnach E. Plain radiographs and thoracic high-resolution CT in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168 (04) 1067-1072
  • 199 Souza Jr AS, Müller NL, Marchiori E, Soares-Souza LV, de Souza Rocha M. Pulmonary abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis: inspiratory and expiratory high-resolution CT findings in 17 patients. J Thorac Imaging 2004; 19 (04) 259-263
  • 200 Juge PA, Lee JS, Lau J. et al. Methotrexate and rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 2021; 57 (02) 2000337
  • 201 Robles-Pérez A, Luburich P, Bolivar S. et al. A prospective study of lung disease in a cohort of early rheumatoid arthritis patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10 (01) 15640
  • 202 Ibfelt EH, Jacobsen RK, Kopp TI. et al. Methotrexate and risk of interstitial lung disease and respiratory failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60 (01) 346-352
  • 203 Li L, Liu R, Zhang Y. et al. A retrospective study on the predictive implications of clinical characteristics and therapeutic management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39 (05) 1457-1470
  • 204 Wells AU. New insights into the treatment of CTD-ILD. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17 (02) 79-80
  • 205 Suissa S, Hudson M, Ernst P. Leflunomide use and the risk of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54 (05) 1435-1439
  • 206 Panopoulos ST, Sfikakis PP. Biological treatments and connective tissue disease associated interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2011; 17 (05) 362-367
  • 207 Kawashiri SY, Kawakami A, Sakamoto N, Ishimatsu Y, Eguchi K. A fatal case of acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis during treatment with tocilizumab. Rheumatol Int 2012; 32 (12) 4023-4026
  • 208 Atzeni F, Boiardi L, Sallì S, Benucci M, Sarzi-Puttini P. Lung involvement and drug-induced lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9 (07) 649-657
  • 209 Perez-Alvarez R, Perez-de-Lis M, Diaz-Lagares C. et al. Interstitial lung disease induced or exacerbated by TNF-targeted therapies: analysis of 122 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011; 41 (02) 256-264
  • 210 Hatabu H, Hunninghake GM, Richeldi L. et al. Interstitial lung abnormalities detected incidentally on CT: a position paper from the Fleischner Society. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8 (07) 726-737
  • 211 Yoo H, Hino T, Han J. et al. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA): evolving concept of CT findings, pathology and management. Eur J Radiol Open 2020; 8: 100311
  • 212 Uffmann M, Kiener HP, Bankier AA, Baldt MM, Zontsich T, Herold CJ. Lung manifestation in asymptomatic patients with primary Sjögren syndrome: assessment with high resolution CT and pulmonary function tests. J Thorac Imaging 2001; 16 (04) 282-289
  • 213 Juge PA, Crestani B, Dieudé P. Recent advances in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2020; 26 (05) 477-486