The Micro-Elimination Approach to Eliminating Hepatitis C: Strategic and Operational Considerations

Jeffrey V. Lazarus; Kelly Safreed-Harmon; Mark R. Thursz; John F. Dillon; Manal H. El-Sayed; Ahmed M. Elsharkawy; Angelos Hatzakis; Michel Jadoul; Tullio Prestileo; Homie Razavi; Jürgen K. Rockstroh; Stefan Z. Wiktor; Massimo Colombo

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1666841

Seminars in Liver Disease, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38(03): 181-192
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1666841

Review Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The Micro-Elimination Approach to Eliminating Hepatitis C: Strategic and Operational Considerations

Jeffrey V. Lazarus

¹Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

,

Kelly Safreed-Harmon

¹Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

,

Mark R. Thursz

²Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

,

John F. Dillon

³Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

,

Manal H. El-Sayed

⁴Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

,

Ahmed M. Elsharkawy

⁵University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, United Kingdom

,

Angelos Hatzakis

⁶Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

,

Michel Jadoul

⁷Department of Nephrology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

,

Tullio Prestileo

⁸Infection Diseases Unit and Centre for Migration and Health, ARNAS, Civico-Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy

,

Homie Razavi

⁹Center for Disease Analysis Foundation, Lafayette, Colorado

,

Jürgen K. Rockstroh

¹⁰Department of Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

,

Stefan Z. Wiktor

¹¹Department of Global Health, University of Washington Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Seattle, Washington

,

Massimo Colombo

¹²Department of Medicine, Clinical and Research Center, Humanitas Hospital, Rozzano, Italy

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

The introduction of efficacious new hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments galvanized the World Health Organization to define ambitious targets for eliminating HCV as a public health threat by 2030. Formidable obstacles to reaching this goal can best be overcome through a micro-elimination approach, which entails pursuing elimination goals in discrete populations through multi-stakeholder initiatives that tailor interventions to the needs of these populations. Micro-elimination is less daunting, less complex, and less costly than full-scale, country-level initiatives to eliminate HCV, and it can build momentum by producing small victories that inspire more ambitious efforts. The micro-elimination approach encourages stakeholders who are most knowledgeable about specific populations to engage with each other and also promotes the uptake of new models of care. Examples of micro-elimination target populations include medical patients, people who inject drugs, migrants, and prisoners, although candidate populations can be expected to vary greatly in different countries and subnational areas.

Keywords

health policy - hepatitis C - micro-elimination - health systems - models of care

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2 (03) 161-176
2 World Health Organization. Global Hepatitis Report, 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
3 GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015; 385 (9963): 117-171
4 World Health Organization. Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, 2016–2021: Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
5 World Health Organization. Progress Report on Access to Hepatitis C Treatment: Focus on Overcoming Barriers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2018. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260445 . Accessed April 26, 2018
6 The Polaris Observatory. News. Available at: http://cdafound.org/news/ . Accessed June 27, 2018
7 Lazarus JV, Wiktor S, Colombo M, Thursz M. ; EASL International Liver Foundation. Micro-elimination - a path to global elimination of hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2017; 67 (04) 665-666
8 The Polaris Observatory. Untitled. Available at: http://cdafound.org/polaris/ . Accessed June 27, 2018
9 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis C virus infection among adolescents and young adults:Massachusetts, 2002-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60 (17) 537-541
10 Patrick SW, Bauer AM, Warren MD, Jones TF, Wester C. Hepatitis C virus infection among women giving birth - Tennessee and United States, 2009-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66 (18) 470-473
11 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Fact Sheet No. 33. 2008. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet33en.pdf
12 Lazarus JV, Pericàs JM, Hetherington KL. Micro-elimination – a key component of global hepatitis C elimination. In: Hatzakis A, ed. Epidemiology, Prevention, Management and Elimination of Hepatitis C - Volume III Elimination of HCV. Springer; 2018. ( in press )
13 Thursz M, Fontanet A. HCV transmission in industrialized countries and resource-constrained areas. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11 (01) 28-35
14 Howard A, Stone K. The Global State of Harm Reduction 2016. London: Harm Reduction International; 2016. https://www.hri.global/files/2016/11/14/GSHR2016_14nov.pdf . Accessed 01 May 2018
15 Bruggmann P, Litwin AH. Models of care for the management of hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs: one size does not fit all. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57 (Suppl. 02) S56-S61
16 Tait JM, Wang H, Stephens BP. , et al. Multidisciplinary managed care networks-Life-saving interventions for hepatitis C patients. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24 (03) 207-215
17 Radley A, Melville K, Tait J, Stephens B, Evans JMM, Dillon JF. A quasi-experimental evaluation of dried blood spot testing through community pharmacies in the Tayside region of Scotland. Frontline Gastroenterol 2017; 8 (03) 221-228
18 Radley A, Tait J, Dillon JF. DOT-C: a cluster randomised feasibility trial evaluating directly observed anti-HCV therapy in a population receiving opioid substitute therapy from community pharmacy. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 47: 126-136
19 Mathur P, Comstock E, McSweegan E, Mercer N, Kumar NS, Kottilil S. A pilot study to expand treatment of chronic hepatitis C in resource-limited settings. Antiviral Res 2017; 146: 184-190
20 Leask JD, Dillon JF. Review article: treatment as prevention - targeting people who inject drugs as a pathway towards hepatitis C eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44 (02) 145-156
21 Fraser H, Martin NK, Brummer-Korvenkontio H. , et al. Model projections on the impact of HCV treatment in the prevention of HCV transmission among people who inject drugs in Europe. J Hepatol 2018; 68 (03) 402-411
22 Gountas I, Sypsa V, Anagnostou O. , et al. Treatment and primary prevention in people who inject drugs for chronic hepatitis C infection: is elimination possible in a high-prevalence setting?. Addiction 2017; 112 (07) 1290-1299
23 Ayoub HH, Abu-Raddad LJ. Impact of treatment on hepatitis C virus transmission and incidence in Egypt: a case for treatment as prevention. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24 (06) 486-495
24 Hickman M, De Angelis D, Vickerman P, Hutchinson S, Martin NK. Hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention in people who inject drugs: testing the evidence. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28 (06) 576-582
25 Kirby Institute. Bloodborne Viral and Sexually Transmissible Infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Annual Surveillance Report 2017. Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; 2017. https://kirby.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/kirby/report/KirbyInst_Indigenous_ASR2017-compressed.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
26 United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral Hepatitis Surveillance, United States, 2015. Atlanta, GA: United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2015surveillance/pdfs/2015HepSurveillanceRpt.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
27 Parmar P, Corsi DJ, Cooper C. Distribution of hepatitis C risk factors and HCV treatment outcomes among Central Canadian Aboriginal. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016: 8987976
28 Remis RS. Modelling the Incidence and Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection and its Sequelae in Canada, 2007: Final Report. Public Health Agency of Canada. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/sti-its-surv-epi/model/pdf/model07-eng.pdf . Accessed 11 May 2018
29 Alvarado-Mora MV, Fernandez MFG, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, de Azevedo Neto RS, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JR. Hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis delta (HDV) viruses in the Colombian population--how is the epidemiological situation?. PLoS One 2011; 6 (04) e18888
30 Maaroufi A, Vince A, Himatt SM. , et al. Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in select countries-volume 4. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24 (Suppl. 02) 8-24
31 Conway J, Tsourtos G, Lawn S. The barriers and facilitators that indigenous health workers experience in their workplace and communities in providing self-management support: a multiple case study. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17 (01) 319
32 Marrone S. Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities in health care services among indigenous populations. Int J Circumpolar Health 2007; 66 (03) 188-198
33 Gilliver R, Machin W, Kearley J, Lothian R, Chronister K, Read P. Treatment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Clients with Direct Acting Antivirals at the Kirketon Road Centre: An Integrated Primary Health Care Setting Serving Highly Marginalised Populations. Paper presented at the 11 Australasian Viral Hepatitis Elimination Conference (AVHEC), August 10–11, 2017, Cairns, Queensland, Australia. https://az659834.vo.msecnd.net/eventsairaueprod/production-ashm-public/4e0f10ee77634cc2a4a357984cd559d1 . Accessed April 26, 2018
34 Reilley B, Leston J, Hariri S. , et al. Birth cohort testing for hepatitis C virus — Indian Health Service 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65 (18) 467-469
35 Mera J, Vellozzi C, Hariri S. , et al. Identification and clinical management of persons with chronic hepatitis C virus infection - Cherokee Nation, 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65 (18) 461-466
36 Chlibek R, Smetana J, Sosovickova R. , et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in adult population in the Czech Republic - time for birth cohort screening. PLoS One 2017; 12 (04) e0175525
37 Baptista-González H, Noffal-Nuño VM, Méndez-Sánchez N. Frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in a single institution in Mexico with a focus on birth-cohort population. Ann Hepatol 2016; 15 (06) 846-852
38 Bruggmann P, Negro F, Bihl F. , et al. Birth cohort distribution and screening for viraemic hepatitis C virus infections in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly 2015; 145: w14221
39 Rosińska M, Parda N, Kołakowska A. , et al. Factors associated with hepatitis C prevalence differ by the stage of liver fibrosis: a cross-sectional study in the general population in Poland, 2012-2016. PLoS One 2017; 12 (09) e0185055
40 Morgan JR, Servidone M, Easterbrook P, Linas BP. Economic evaluation of HCV testing approaches in low and middle income countries. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17 (Suppl. 01) 697
41 Heil J, Hoebe CJPA, Cals JWL, Ter Waarbeek HLG, van Loo IHM, Dukers-Muijrers NHTM. Detecting hepatitis B and C by combined public health and primary care birth cohort testing. Ann Fam Med 2018; 16 (01) 21-27
42 Benova L, Mohamoud YA, Calvert C, Abu-Raddad LJ. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59 (06) 765-773
43 Squires JE, Balistreri WF. Hepatitis C virus infection in children and adolescents. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1 (02) 87-98
44 Lagging M, Wejstål R, Duberg AS, Aleman S, Weiland O, Westin J. ; for the Swedish Consensus Group. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection for adults and children: updated Swedish consensus guidelines 2017. Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; ( e-pub ahead of print )
45 Towers CV, Fortner KB. Infant follow-up postdelivery from a hepatitis C viral load positive mother. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; ( e-pub ahead of print )
46 World Health Organization. Guidelines on Hepatitis B and C Testing. Geneva: World Health Organization; February 2017. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254621/1/9789241549981-eng.pdf?ua=1 . Accessed May 10, 2018
47 Urbanus AT, van Keep M, Matser AA. , et al. Is adding HCV screening to the antenatal national screening program in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, cost-effective?. PLoS One 2013; 8 (08) e70319
48 Jadoul M. The prevention of hepatitis C virus transmission to hemodialysis patients and staff members. Hemodial Int 2018; 22 (Suppl. 01) S104-S109
49 Ko SY, Choe WH. Management of hepatitis C viral infection in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis in the era of direct-acting antivirals. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018; ( e-pub ahead of print )
50 Komitova RT, Atanasova MV, Pavlova TA, Nyagolov MS, Ivanova AV. Diagnostic dilemmas in hepatitis C virus infection for hemodialysis patients. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2017; 59 (01) 70-77
51 Carvalho-Filho RJ, Feldner AC, Silva AE, Ferraz ML. Management of hepatitis C in patients with chronic kidney disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (02) 408-422
52 Goodkin DA, Bieber B, Jadoul M, Martin P, Kanda E, Pisoni RL. Mortality, hospitalization, and quality of life among patients with hepatitis C infection on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12 (02) 287-297
53 Azmi AN, Tan SS, Mohamed R. Hepatitis C and kidney disease: an overview and approach to management. World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (01) 78-92
54 Gane E, Lawitz E, Pugatch D. , et al. Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in patients with HCV and severe renal impairment. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (15) 1448-1455
55 Taneja S, Duseja A, De A. , et al. Low-dose sofosbuvir is safe and effective in treating chronic hepatitis C in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63 (05) 1334-1340
56 Moini M, Ziyaeyan M, Aghaei S. , et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rate among seronegative hemodialysis patients screened by two methods; HCV core antigen and polymerase chain reaction. Hepat Mon 2013; 13 (06) e9147
57 Ladino M, Pedraza F, Roth D. Hepatitis C virus infection in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27 (08) 2238-2246
58 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Hepatitis C Work Group. KDIGO 2018 Clinical Practice Guideline on the Prevention, Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hepatitis C in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. In press
59 Jadoul M, Horsmans Y. Towards eradication of hepatitis C virus from dialysis units. Lancet 2015; 386 (10003): 1514-1515
60 Platt L, Easterbrook P, Gower E. , et al. Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16 (07) 797-808
61 Ingiliz P, Martin TC, Rodger A. , et al; NEAT study group. HCV reinfection incidence and spontaneous clearance rates in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Western Europe. J Hepatol 2017; 66 (02) 282-287
62 Boerekamps A, van den Berk GE, Lauw FN. , et al. Declining hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence in Dutch human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men after unrestricted access to HCV therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66 (09) 1360-1365
63 Braun D, Hampel BH, Nguyen H. , et al. A Treatment as Prevention Trial to Eliminate HCV in HIV+ MSM: The Swiss HCVree Trial. Paper presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Boston, Massachussetts, March 4–7, 2018 [Abstract no. 81LB]. http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/treatment-prevention-trial-eliminate-hcv-hiv-msm-swiss-hcvree-trial . Accessed April 26, 2018
64 Wyles D, Bräu N, Kottilil S. , et al; ASTRAL-5 Investigators. ASTRAL-5 Investigators. Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: an open-label, phase 3 study. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65 (01) 6-12
65 Bischoff J, Mauss S, Cordes C. , et al. Rates of sustained virological response 12 weeks after the scheduled end of direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy from the National German HCV registry: does HIV coinfection impair the response to DAA combination therapy?. HIV Med 2018; 19 (04) 299-307
66 Greenaway C, Thu Ma A, Kloda LA. , et al. The seroprevalence of hepatitis C antibodies in immigrants and refugees from intermediate and high endemic countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10 (11) e0141715
67 Feld JJ. Extending a helping hand: addressing hepatitis C in economic migrants and refugees. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17 (01) 8-10
68 Greenaway C, Azoulay L, Allard R. , et al. A population-based study of chronic hepatitis C in immigrants and non-immigrants in Quebec, Canada. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17 (01) 140
69 Sagnelli E, Alessio L, Sagnelli C. , et al. Clinical findings of HCV chronic infection in undocumented immigrants and low-income refugees in three areas of southern Italy. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17 (01) 47-53
70 Prestileo T, Di Lorenzo F, Indovina C. , et al; Immigrant Take Care Advocacy (I.Ta.C.A.) team Palermo. Detection of HBV, HCV and HIV infection and linkage to care in migrants: the experience of the I.Ta.C.A. cohort in Palermo. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Italian Society of Migration Medicine; April 19, 2018; Catania, Italy
71 Falla AM, Hofstraat SHI, Duffell E, Hahné SJM, Tavoschi L, Veldhuijzen IK. Hepatitis B/C in the countries of the EU/EEA: a systematic review of the prevalence among at-risk groups. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18 (01) 79
72 Hellard M, Sacks-Davis R, Gold J. Hepatitis C treatment for injection drug users: a review of the available evidence. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49 (04) 561-573
73 Aspinall EJ, Corson S, Doyle JS. , et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who are actively injecting drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57 (Suppl. 02) S80-S89
74 Christensen S, Buggisch P, Mauss S. , et al. Direct-acting antiviral treatment of chronic HCV-infected patients on opioid substitution therapy: still a concern in clinical practice?. Addiction 2018; 113 (05) 868-882
75 Ahmad F, Johnston L, Stephens B. , et al. Eradicate-C Study: Treating Chaotic Drug Users to Eliminate Hepatitis C – The Final Report. Poster presented at: International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users; September 6–8, 2017; Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
76 Gottfreðsson M, Tyrfingsson T, Runarsdottir V. , et al. Treatment as Prevention for Hepatitis C (TraP HepC). A Real-world Experience from the First 12 Months of a Nationwide Elimination Program in Iceland. OFID 2017:4(Suppl 1):S42. [Abstract no. 1694]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5632122/pdf/ofx162.101.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
77 Finessi V, Borojevic M, Messina P. , et al. Models of Care for the Management of Hepatitis C among People Who Inject Drug in Southern Switzerland: Role of Nurses. Poster presented at: International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users; September 6-8, 2017; Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
78 Allardice K, Von Birba S, Doyle JS. , et al. Implementation of a Nurse-Led Model of Care to Treat People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) for HCV in the Community. Poster presented at: International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users; September 6-8, 2017; Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
79 Read P, Lothian R, Chronister K. , et al. Delivering direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C to highly marginalised and current drug injecting populations in a targeted primary health care setting. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 47: 209-215
80 Olafsson S, Tyrfingsson T, Runarsdottir V. , et al. Treatment as Prevention for Hepatitis C (TraP Hep C) - a nationwide elimination programme in Iceland using direct-acting antiviral agents. J Intern Med 2018; 283 (05) 500-507
81 WHO. UNODC, UNAIDS Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care for Injecting Drug Users – 2012 Revision. World Health Organization. 2012. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77969/9789241504379_eng.pdf;jsessionid=A7DFE2BB27329EB4A29D45B1D544EAA2?sequence=1 . Accessed June 27, 2018
82 Scott N, Ólafsson S, Gottfreðsson M. , et al. Modelling the elimination of hepatitis C as a public health threat in Iceland: a goal attainable by 2020. J Hepatol 2018; 68 (05) 932-939
83 Butsashvili M. Hepatitis C Elimination Program in Georgia. Available at: https://www.eiseverywhere.com/file_uploads/6bec0fda57a3fa45db503d570d21a18d_1515FriMaiaButsashvili.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
84 Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs. Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Hepatitis C Virus in Georgia, 2016–2020. Tbilisi, Georgia: Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs; 2016. http://www.moh.gov.ge/uploads/files/2017/akordeoni/failebi/Georgia_HCV_Elimination_Strategy_2016-2020.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
85 ClinicalTrials.gov. Evaluating treatment as prevention among people who inject drugs in Dundee for HCV (ERAPID HCV). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03356405?view=record . Accessed June 27, 2018
86 Papadopoulos N, Argiana V, Deutsch M. Hepatitis C infection in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders: epidemiology, natural history, and management. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31 (01) 35-41
87 Uemura H, Tsukada K, Mizushima D. , et al. Interferon-free therapy with direct acting antivirals for HCV/HIV-1 co-infected Japanese patients with inherited bleeding disorders. PLoS One 2017; 12 (10) e0186255
88 Walsh CE, Workowski K, Terrault NA. , et al. Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir and sofosbuvir plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C and bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2017; 23 (02) 198-206
89 Sinakos E, Kountouras D, Koskinas J. , et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals in patients with β-thalassaemia major and advanced liver disease. Br J Haematol 2017; 178 (01) 130-136
90 Zachou K, Arvaniti P, Gatselis NK. , et al. Patients with haemoglobinopathies and chronic hepatitis C: a real difficult to treat population in 2016?. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9 (01) e2017003
91 Department of Health. Press Release. Harris Hails Effective Eradication of Hepatitis C in Haemophilia Patients a Great Achievement for Ireland. December 22, 2016. http://health.gov.ie/blog/press-release/harris-hails-effective-eradication-of-hepatitis-c-in-haemophilia-patients-a-great-achievement-for-ireland/ . Accessed 17 April 2018
92 Matičič M, Lekše A, Kozinc M. , et al. Micro-Elimination of Hepatitis C among Patients with Congenital Bleeding Disorders in Slovenia. Slide presentation at the EASL International Liver Congress, April 11–15, 2018, Paris, France [Abstract no. THU 146]. https://ilc-congress.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/ebooks/scientific_programme/index.html#p=192 . Accessed April 26, 2018
93 Zampino R, Coppola N, Sagnelli C, Di Caprio G, Sagnelli E. Hepatitis C virus infection and prisoners: epidemiology, outcome and treatment. World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (21) 2323-2330
94 Fridriksdottir RH, Fridriksdottir H, Alexiusdottir K. , et al. Outcomes of Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the Prison Setting in the TrapHepC (Treatment as Prevention for Hepatitis C) Program in Iceland. Poster presented at: International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users; September 6–8, 2017; Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
95 MacDonald R, Akiyama MJ, Kopolow A. , et al. Feasibility of treating hepatitis C in a transient jail population. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4 (03) ofx142
96 Martin NK, Vickerman P, Brew IF. , et al. Is increased hepatitis C virus case-finding combined with current or 8-week to 12-week direct-acting antiviral therapy cost-effective in UK prisons? A prevention benefit analysis. Hepatology 2016; 63 (06) 1796-1808
97 Bartlett SR, Fox P, Cabatingan H. , et al. Demonstration of near-elimination of hepatitis C virus among a prison population: the Lotus Glen Correctional Centre hepatitis C treatment project. Clin Infect Dis 2018; (e -pub ahead of print )
98 Wright NMJ, Tompkins CNE, Farragher TM. Injecting drug use in prison: prevalence and implications for needle exchange policy. Int J Prison Health 2015; 11 (01) 17-29
99 Lafferty L, Rance J, Treloar C. Who goes first? Understanding hepatitis C risk among injecting networks in the prison setting. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183: 96-101
100 Lloyd AR, Clegg J, Lange J. , et al. Safety and effectiveness of a nurse-led outreach program for assessment and treatment of chronic hepatitis C in the custodial setting. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (08) 1078-1084
101 Papaluca T, McDonald L, Craigie A. , et al. Outcomes of a nurse-led model of care for HCV treatment in Victorian prisons. Slide presentation at the Australasian Viral Hepatitis Elimination Conference (AVHEC), August 10–11, 2017, Cairns, Queensland, Australia. https://az659834.vo.msecnd.net/eventsairaueprod/production-ashm-public/c56e6906b81344febe63b9f5f53a6743 . Accessed April 26, 2018
102 Crespo J. A Program of Testing and Treat Intended to Eliminate Hepatitis C in a Prison: The JAILFREE-C Study. AASLD Liver Learning. Nov 12, 2016; 143810. http://liverlearning.aasld.org/aasld/2016/thelivermeeting/143810/javier.crespo.a.program.of.testing.and.treat.intended.to.eliminate.hepatitis.c.html . Accessed April 26, 2018
103 Cuadrado A, Llerena S, Cobo C. , et al. Microenvironment eradication of hepatitis C: a novel treatment paradigm. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; . [Epub ahead of print]
104 Beckwith CG, Kurth AE, Bazerman LB. , et al. A pilot study of rapid hepatitis C virus testing in the Rhode Island Department of Corrections. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016; 38 (01) 130-137
105 Samur S, Kues B, Ayer T. , et al. Cost effectiveness of pre- vs post-liver transplant Hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16 (01) 115-122.e10
106 Liapakis A, Formica RN, Levitsky J. Solid organ transplantation of viral hepatitis C positive donor organs into viral hepatitis C negative recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018; 23 (02) 257-263
107 Holscher CM, Durand CM, Desai NM. Expanding the use of organs from hepatitis C-viremic donors: the evidence continues to build. Transplantation 2018; 102 (04) 546-547
108 World Health Organization. Monitoring and Evaluation for Viral Hepatitis B and C: Recommended Indicators and Framework. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204790/1/9789241510288_eng.pdf?ua=1 . Accessed May 10, 2018
109 EASL. Hepatitis C Virus Elimination Programmes Report Encouraging Results: Is Elimination Within Reach? [Public release]. https://ilc-congress.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ILC-2018-Press-Kit_FRI_SATv3.pdf . Accessed April 23, 2018
110 El-Shabrawi MH, Kamal NM. Burden of pediatric hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19 (44) 7880-7888
111 Indolfi G, Hierro L, Dezsofi A. , et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in children: a position paper by the Hepatology Committee of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66 (03) 505-515
112 Lindsay A. Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Infection with HIV and Hepatitis C of Persons with Haemophilia and Related Matters. Dublin: The Stationery Office, Government of Ireland; 2002. http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Tribunal-of-Inquiry-into-the-Infection-with-HIV-and-Hep-C-of-persons-with-Haemophilia-and-Related-Matters.pdf . Accessed April 26, 2018
113 Irish Haemophilia Society. Press Release. Irish Haemophilia Society Announces the Effective Eradication of Hepatitis C in People with Haemophilia in Ireland. December 22, 2016. https://haemophilia.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/22-12-16-Eradication-of-Hep-C-Press-Release.pdf . Accessed 11 May 2018
114 National Hepatitis C Treatment Programme. Ireland's Health Service. https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/primarycare/hepcprogramme.html . Accessed April 24, 2018