Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen von interdisziplinären Tumorrisikosprechstunden werden Frauen mit familiärer
Mamma- und Ovarialkarzinombelastung beraten, identifiziert, die Erkrankungsrisiken
berechnet und eine genetische Analyse angeboten. Das Wissen um Erkrankungsrisiko bzw.
Mutationsstatus verlangt nach geeigneten klinischen Optionen. Diese umfassen die primäre,
sekundäre und tertiäre Prävention. Die medikamentöse Prävention des Mammakarzinoms
fokussiert sich auf die Variation von endokrinen, parakrinen und autokrinen Faktoren.
Deren Einsatz wird aktuell kontrovers diskutiert. Weitere Studienergebnisse, insbesondere
mit Hochrisikokollektiven, müssen abgewartet werden, bevor der Einsatz empfohlen wird.
Die Einnahme oraler Kontrazeptiva, insbesondere Monophasenpräparate, kann eine Option
zur Prävention des Ovarialkarzinoms für Hochrisikopatientinnen darstellen und empfohlen
werden. Die prophylaktische Chirurgie (Mastektomie und bilaterale Ovarektomie) ist
die einzige Option, welche das Erkrankungsrisiko nachweislich erheblich senken kann.
Sie ist jedoch eine invasive und stark die körperliche Integrität beeinflussende Maßnahme.
Die prophylaktische Ovarektomie ist die am häufigsten beschriebene Methode, um das
Risiko eines Ovarialkarzinoms zu senken. Zudem wird das Risiko eines Mammakarzinoms
deutlich reduziert. Die sekundäre Prävention (intensivierte Früherkennungsprogramme)
konnte noch keine Reduktion der Mammakarzinommortalität aufzeigen. Sie ist jedoch
zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt die am wenigsten invasive und belastende Option. Obwohl das
hereditäre Karzinom im Vergleich zum sporadischen Karzinom deutliche Unterschiede
in den pathologischen Charakteristika zeigt und die BRCA-Mutation beim Mammakarzinom
ein unabhängiger, negativer Prognosefaktor ist, existieren keine spezifischen Therapierichtlinien.
Vor allem das Fehlen einer adjuvanten Chemo- und Hormontherapie kann bei erkrankten
BRCA-Mutationsträgerinnen das Gesamtüberleben deutlich reduzieren. Beim hereditären
Ovarialkarzinom sind vor allem platinhaltige Therapeutika effektiv und sollten Bestandteil
der adjuvanten bzw. palliativen Chemotherapie sein. Die Nachsorge sollte in der allgemein
empfohlenen Art durchgeführt werden.
Abstract
In the context of interdisciplinary cancer genetic clinics, women at risk for hereditary
breast and ovarian cancer syndrome can be identified. Risks for disease can be calculated
and genetic testing can be offered. Clinical options are demanded with the knowledge
about risks for disease and mutation status. These options cover primary, secondary
and tertiary prevention. The chemoprevention of breast cancer concentrates on a variety
of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors. Currently, their use is discussed controversially.
Results of studies, in particular in women at high risk, have to present a clear advantage
before use can be recommended. The use of oral contraceptives can be considered to
reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Prophylactic surgery (mastectomy and bilateral
ovarectomy) is the only option which leads to an enormous decrease of risk, but it
affects the physical integrity. Prophylactical ovarectomy is the most commonly described
method to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. In addition, the risk of breast cancer
is clearly reduced by this method. At present it is not known if there is an individual
benefit from an intensified early cancer detection program. However, it is at present
the less invasive and incriminating option. Although the hereditary breast cancer
presents with different pathological characteristics and the BRCA mutation is an independent
negative prognostic factor, there are at present no special guidelines for therapy.
The absence of an adjuvant hormone therapy or chemotherapy is associated with reduced
overall survival in BRCA mutation carriers. Chemotherapies with platinum are in particular
beneficial in the therapy of the hereditary ovarian cancer. They should be part of
each adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy. Follow-up exams should be done in accordance
with the generally recommended methods.
Schlüsselwörter
Hereditäres Mammakarzinom - hereditäres Ovarialkarzinom - BRCA - Früherkennung - Chemoprävention
- prophylaktische Chirurgie - Therapie
Key words
Hereditary breast cancer - hereditary ovarian cancer - BRCA - early cancer detection
- chemoprevention - prophylactical surgery - therapy
Literatur
1
Schmutzler R, Schlegelberger B, Meindl A, Gerber W D, Kiechle M.
Counselling, genetic testing and prevention in women with hereditary breast and ovarian
cancer. Interdisciplinary recommendations of the consortium “Hereditary Breast and
Ovarian Cancer” of the German Cancer AiD.
Zentralbl Gynakol.
2003;
125
494-506
2
Beckmann M W, Werner Y, Renner S P, Fasching P A, Jap D, Kuschel B.
Krebsfrüherkennung in der frauenärztlichen Praxis - Aktuelle Aspekte der wissenschaftlichen
Diskussion.
Der Gynäkologe.
2000;
33
474-482
3
Beckmann M W, Fasching P A, Lux M P, Klemt D, Schroer B, Bodden-Heidrich R, Goecke T O,
Niederacher D, Nestle-Krämling C.
Das familiäre Mammakarzinom-Syndrom: prädiktive genetische Testung, Beratung und Betreuung.
Die Medizinische Welt.
2001;
52
385-390
4
Kiechle M, Schmutzler R K, Beckmann M W.
Prävention: Familiäres Mamma- und Ovarialkarzinom.
Deutsches Ärzteblatt.
2002;
99
A-1372
5
Beckmann M W, Lux M P.
Prädiktive Diagnostik und präventive Maßnahmen - hereditäres Mammakarzinom.
Der Onkologe.
2004;
10
20-28
6
Engel J, Baumert J, Dirschedl P, Sauer H, Hölzel D.
Wirksamkeit der Selbstuntersuchung, Palpation und Mammographie zur Früherkennung des
Mammakarzinoms: Erste Ergebnisse der Feldstudie München.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2000;
60
155-164
7
Hackshaw A K, Paul E A.
Breast self-examination and death from breast cancer: a metaanalysis.
Br J Cancer.
2003;
88
1047-1053
8
Miller A B, Baines C J, Turnball C.
The role of the nurse examiner in the National Breast Screening Study.
Can J Public Health.
1991;
82
162-167
9
Campbell H S, Fletscher S W, Lin S, Pilgrim C A, Morgan T M.
Improving physicans' and nurses' clinical breast examination.
Am J Prev Med.
1991;
7
1-8
10
Bobo J K, Lee N C, Thames S F. et al .
Findings from 752 081 clinical breast examinations reported to a national screening
program from 1996 through 1998.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2000;
92
971-976
11
Miller A B, To T, Baines C J. et al .
Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a randomized trial
in women aged 50 - 59.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2000;
92
1490-1499
12
Pichert G, Bollinger B, Buser K, Pagani O.
Evidence-based management for women at increased breast/ovarian cancer risk.
Ann Oncol.
2003;
14
9-19
13
Fletcher S W, Elmore J G.
Mammographic screening for breast cancer.
N Engl J Med.
2003;
348
1676-1680
14 US Preventive Services Task Force .Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2nd ed. Baltimore,
Md; Williams & Wilkins 1996
15
Helvie M A, Roubidoux M A, Weber B L. et al .
Mammography of breast carcinoma in women who have mutations of the breast cancer gene
BRCA1: initial experience.
Am J Roentgenol.
1997;
168
1599-1602
16
Goffin J, Chappuis P, Wong N, Foulkes W D.
Magnetic response imaging and mammography in women with hereditary risk of breast
cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2001;
93
1876-1881
17
Brekelmans C TM, Seynaeve C, Bartels C CM. et al .
Effectiveness of breast cancer surveillance in BRCA1/2 gene mutation carriers and
women with high familial risk.
J Clin Oncol.
2001;
19
1754-1755
18
Schreer I.
Brustkrebs - Stand des Wissens zur Früherkennung.
Forum DKG.
1998;
13
546-550
19
Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium .
Pathology of familial breast cancer: differences between cancers in carriers of BRCA1
and BRCA2 mutations and sporadic cases.
Lancet.
1997;
349
1505-1510
20
Tabar L, Duffy S W, Vitak B, Chen J J, Prevost T C.
The natural history of breast carcinoma - what have we learned from screening?.
Cancer.
1999;
86
449-462
21
Michaelson J S, Halpern E, Kopans D B.
Breast cancer: Computer stimulation method for estimating optimal intervals for screening.
Radiology.
1999;
212
551-560
22
Meyer J E, Kopans D B, Oot R.
Breast cancer visualized by mammography in patients under 35.
Radiology.
1983;
147
93-94
23
Mandelson M T, Oestreicher N, Porter P L. et al .
Breast density as a predictor of mammographic detection: comparison of interval- and
screen-detected cancers.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2000;
92
1081-1087
24
Lux M P, Fasching P A, Ackermann S, Nestle-Kräming C, Goecke T O, Niederacher D, Bender H G,
Beckmann M W.
Use of intensified early cancer detection in high-risk patients with familiar breast
and ovarian cancer.
Eur J Cancer Prev.
2004;
in press
25
Lux M P, Fasching P A, Ackermann S, Bani M, Nestle-Kräming C, Goecke T O, Niederacher D,
Bender H G, Beckmann M W.
Age of onset in the use of early cancer detection in low-risk and in high-risk patients
with familiar breast and ovarian cancer.
Eur J Cancer.
2004;
in press
26
Schmutzler R K, Kempe A, Kiechle M, Beckmann M W.
Klinische Beratung und Betreuung von Frauen mit erblicher Disposition für das Mamma-
und Ovarialkarzinom.
Dtsch Med Wschr.
1999;
124
563-566
27
Kuschel B, Lux M P, Goecke T O, Beckmann M W.
Prevention and therapy for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and women at high risk for breast
and ovarian cancer.
Eur J Cancer Prev.
2000;
9
139-150
28
Warner E, Plewes D B, Shumark R S, Shumak G C, Catzavelos G C, Di Prospero L S, Yaffe M J,
Goel V, Ramsay E, Chart P L, Cole D EC, Taylor G A, Cutrara M, Samuels T H, Murphy J P,
Murphy J M, Narod S A.
Comparison of breast magnetic resonance imaging, mammography and ultrasound for surveillance
of women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer.
J Clin Oncol.
2001;
19
3524-3531
29
Kuhl C K, Schmutzler R K, Leutner C C. et al .
Breast MR imaging screening in 192 women proved or suspected to be carriers of a breast
cancer susceptibility gene: preliminary results.
Radiology.
2000;
215
267-279
30
Braun M, Schelling M, Kuhn W, Ulm K, Rutke S, Graeff H.
Kombination von Sonographie und farbkodierter Doppler-Sonographie zur Dignitätsbeurteilung
von Brusttumoren.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2001;
61
391-395
31
Schulz-Wendtland R, Aichinger U, Krämer S, Wilhelm U, Lell M, Lang N, Bautz W.
Follow-up after breast-conserving therapy: comparison of conventional imaging methods
with MRI.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2001;
61
396-399
32
Vosshenrich R, Fischer U, Grabbe E.
MR imaging-guided breast intervention - experiences with two systems.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
1996;
56
172-176
33
Meijers-Heiboer H, van Geel B, van Puuten W LJ. et al .
Breast cancer after prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2
mutation.
N Engl J Med.
2001;
345
159-164
34
Stoudjesdijk M J, Boetes C, Jager G J. et al .
Magnetic resonance imaging and mammography in women with a hereditary risk of breast
cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2001;
93
1095-1102
35 Warner E, Plewes D, Hill K, Causer P, DeBoer G, Meschino W, Messner S, Jong R,
Zubovits J, Yaffe M, Narod S A. Comparison of breast magnetic resonance imaging, mammography
and ultrasound for screening of women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. The Breast Cancer
Linkage Consortium (BCLC) and the International Collaborative Group on Familial Breast
and Ovarian Cancer (ICG-FBOC). 14th General Meeting, Madrid, June 2nd - 4th, 2003.
36 Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft e. V. .Kurzgefasste Interdisziplinäre Leitlinien Ovarialkarzinom.
3. Aufl. 2002; www.deutschekrebsgesellschaft.de
.
37
NIH Consensus Development Panel on Ovarian Cancer .
NIH consensus conference. Ovarian cancer. Screening, treatment, and follow up.
JAMA.
1995;
273
491-497
38
Burke W, Daly M, Lynch P.
Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition
to cancer.
JAMA.
1997;
277
997-1003
39
Berchuk A, Schildkraut J M, Marks J R, Futreal P A.
Managing hereditary ovarian cancer risk.
Cancer.
1999;
86
2517-2524
40
Alcázar J L, Mercé L T, Laparte C, Jurado M, López-García G.
A new scoring system to differentiate benign from malignant adnexal masses.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
2003;
188
685-692
41
Jacobs I, Davies A P, Bridges J. et al .
Prevalence screening for ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women by CA 125 measurement
and ultrasonography.
BMJ.
1993;
306
1030-1034
42
Karlan B Y, Platt L D.
Ovarian cancer screening. The role of ultrasound in early detection.
Cancer.
1995;
76 (10 Suppl)
589-593
43
Bourne T H, Campbell S, Reynolds K M. et al .
Screening for ovarian cancer: the preliminary experience of a familial ovarian cancer
center.
Gynecol Oncol.
1993;
51
12-20
44 Maehle L, Apold J, Heimdal K, Møller P. Survival in prospectively detected inherited
ovarian cancer. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium (BCLC) and the International
Collaborative Group on Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer (ICG-FBOC) 2003; 14th General
Meeting, Madrid, June 2nd - 4th.
45
Fisher B, Constantino J P, Wickerham L. et al .
Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the national surgical adjuvant
breast and bowel project P-1 study.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1998;
90
1371-1388
46
Powels T, Eeles R, Ashley S. et al .
Interim analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen
randomised chemoprevention trial.
Lancet.
1998;
352
98-101
47
Veronesi U, Maisonneuve P, Costa A, Sacchini V, Maltoni C, Roberts C, Rotmensz N,
Boyle P.
Prevention of breast cancer with tamoxifen: preliminary findings from the Italian
randomised trial among hysterectomised women. Italian Tamoxifen Prevention Study.
Lancet.
1998;
352
93-97
48
Chlebowski R T, Collyar D E, Somerfiled M R, Pflister G. for the American Society
of Clinical Oncology Working Group on Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Strategies .
Tamoxifen and raloxifene.
J Clin Oncol.
1999;
17
1939-1955
49
King M C, Wieand S, Hale K, Lee M, Walsh T, Owens K, Tait J, Ford L, Dunn B K, Costantino J,
Wickerham L, Wolmark N, Fisher B. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project
.
Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1
and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer
Prevention Trial.
JAMA.
2001;
286
2251-2256
50
Wooster R, Weber B L.
Breast and ovarian cancer.
New Engl J Med.
2003;
348
2339-2347
51
Narod S A, Brunet J S, Ghadirian P, Robson M, Heimdal K, Neuhausen S L, Stoppa-Lyonett D,
Lerman C, Pasini B, de los Rios P, Weber B, Lynch H. for the Hereditary Breast Cancer
Clinical Study Group .
Tamoxifen and risk of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers:
a case-control study.
Lancet.
2002;
356
1876-1881
52
Cummings S R, Eckert S, Krueger K A. et al .
The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results
from MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation.
JAMA.
1999;
281
2189-2197
53 Howell A. The Medical Prevention of Breast Cancer. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium
(BCLC) and the International Collaborative Group on Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer
(ICG-FBOC). 14th General Meeting, Madrid, June 2nd - 4th, 2003.
54
Beckmann M W, Fasching P A, Weiss J M, Magener A, Ortmann O.
GebFra-Refresher: Update primäres Mammakarzinom 2003.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2003;
63
R65-92
55 Von Minckwitz G, Prieshof B, Hofmann K, Jackisch C, Paepke S, Torode J, Kaufmann M.
Prävention mit Goserelin und Ibandronat bei prämenopausalen Frauen mit familiärem
Mammakarzinomrisiko - Erste Erfahrungen in der GISS-Studie. Düsseldorf; 54. Kongress
der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe 2002
56
Paepke S, von Minckwitz G, Kaufmann M, Schwarz-Boeger U, Jacobs V R, Aigner M, Pfeifer K,
Ehmer M, Huttner C, Blohmer J U, Kiechle M.
Chemoprevention of breast cancer: a literature review and report of current status
in Germany.
Zentralbl Gynakol.
2003;
125
338-345
57
Whittemore A S, Harris R, Itnyre I. and the Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group .
Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control
studies. II. Invasive epithelial ovarian cancers in white women.
Am J Epidemiol.
1992;
136
1184-1203
58
Vessey M P, Painter R.
Endometrial and ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives findings in a large cohort
study.
Br J Cancer.
1995;
71
1340-1342
59
Beral V, Herman C, Kay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G.
Mortality associated with oral contrazeptive use: 25 years follow up of cohort of
46, 000 women from Royal College of General Practioners' oral contraceptive study.
BMJ.
1999;
318
96-100
60
Krämer S, Ackermann S, Fasching P A, Kreis H, Pöhls U, Beckmann M W.
Steroidhormone und Ovarialkarzinom: Risiken und Nutzen.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2003;
63
615-623
61
Beral V, Darby S, Cuzick J.
Hormone replacement therapy and ovarian cancer.
BMJ.
1991;
302
790
62
Narod S A, Risch H, Moslehi R. et al .
Oral contraceptive use reduces the risk of hereditary ovarian cancer.
N Engl J Med.
1998;
339
424-428
63
Narod S A, Sun P, Ghadirian P. et al .
Tubal ligation and risk of ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations:
a case-control study.
Lancet.
2001;
66
1259-1272
64
Modan B, Hartage P, Hirsh-Yechezkel G, Chetrit A, Lubin F, Beller U, Ben-Baruch G,
Fishman A, Menczer J, Struewing J P, Tucker A, Ebbers S M, Friedman E, Piura B, Wacholder S.
for the National Israel Ovarian Cancer Study Group .
Parity, oral contraceptives, and risk of ovarian cancer among carriers and noncarriers
of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
NEJM.
2001;
345
235-240
65
Brinton L A, Daling J R, Liff J M. et al .
Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk among younger women.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1995;
87
827-835
66
Ursin G, Henderson B E, Haile R W. et al .
Does oral contraceptive use increase the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA
1/2 mutations?.
Cancer Res.
1997;
57
3678-3681
67 Brohet R M, Rookus M A, Andieu N, Chang-Claude J, Corbex M, Loman N, Easton D F,
Goldgar D E. Use of oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation
carriers. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium (BCLC) and the International Collaborative
Group on Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer (ICG-FBOC). 14th General Meeting, Madrid,
June 2nd - 4th, 2003.
68
Schrag D, Kuntz K M, Garber J E, Weeks J C.
Decision analysis - effects of prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy on life expectancy
among women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
N Engl J Med.
1997;
336
1465-1471
69
Grann V R, Panageas K S, Whang W, Antman K H, Neugut A L.
Decision analysis of prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy in BRCA-positive and
BRCA2-positive patients.
J Clin Oncol.
1998;
16
979-985
70
Pennisi V R, Capozzi A.
Subcutaneous mastectomy data: a final statistical analysis of 1500 patients.
Aesthetic Plast Surg.
1989;
13
15-21
71
Hartmann L C, Schaid D J, Woods J E, Crotty T P, Myers J L, Arnold P G, Petty P M,
Sellers T A, Johnson J L, McDonnell S K, Frost M H, Jenkins R B.
Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with family history of breast
cancer.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
340
77-84
72
Hartmann L C, Sellers T A, Schaid D J, Frank T S, Soderberg C L, Sitta D L, Frost M H,
Grant C S, Donohue J H, Woods J E, McDonnell S K, Vockley C W, Deffenbaugh A, Couch F J,
Jenkins R B.
Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2001;
93
1633-1642
73
Hoogerbrugge N, Bult P, de Widt-Levert L M, Beex L V, Kiemeney L A, Ligtenberg M JL,
Massuger L F, Boetes C, Manders P, Brunner H G.
High prevalence of premalignant lesions in prophylactically removed breasts from women
at hereditary risk for breast cancer.
J Clin Oncol.
2003;
21
41-45
74
Hughes K S, Papa M Z, Whitney T, McLellan R.
Prophylactic mastectomy and inherited predisposition to breast carcinoma.
Cancer.
1999;
86
2502-2516
75
Evans D GR, Anderson E, Lallo F. et al .
Utilisation of prophylactic mastectomy in 10 European centres.
Dis Markers.
1998;
15
148-151
76
Tobacman J K, Greene M H, Tucker M A, Costa J, Kase R, Fraumen J R.
Intraabdominal carcinomatosis after prophylactic oophorectomy in ovarian-cancer-prone
families.
Lancet.
1982;
2
795-797
77
Piver S M, Jishi M F, Tsukada Y, Nava G.
Primary peritoneal carcinoma after prophylactic oophorectomy in women with a family
history of ovarian cancer.
Cancer.
1993;
71
2751-2755
78
Struewing J P, Watson P, Easton D F, Ponder B A.
Prophylactic oophorectomy in inherited breast/ovarian cancer families.
Monogr Natl Cancer Inst.
1995;
17
33-35
79
Kauff N D, Satagopan J M, Robson M E, Scheuer L, Hensley M, Hudis C A, Ellis N A,
Boyd J, Borgen P I, Barakat R R, Norton L, Offit K.
Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
N Engl J Med.
2002;
346
1609-1615
80
Rebbeck T R, Lynch H T, Neuhausen S L, Narod S A, Van't Veer L, Garber J E, Evans G,
Isaacs C, Daly M B, Matloff E, Olopade O I, Weber B L.
Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
N Engl J Med.
2002;
346
1616-1622
81
Lu K H, Garber J E, Cramer D W, Welch W R, Niloff J, Schrag D, Berowitz R S, Muto M G.
Occult ovarian tumors in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations undergoing prophylactic
oophorectomy.
J Clin Oncol.
2000;
18
2728-2732
82
Leeper K, Garcia R, Swisher E, Goff B, Greer B, Paley P.
Pathologic findings in prophylactic oophorectomy specimens in high-risk women.
Gynecol Oncol.
2002;
87
52-56
83
Deligdisch L, Gil J, Kerner H, Wu H S, Beck D, Gershoni-Baruch R.
Ovarian dysplasia in prophylactic oophorectomy specimens. Cytogenetic and morphometric
correlations.
Cancer.
1999;
86
1544-1550
84
Nathorst-Boos J, von Schoultz B, Carlstrom K.
Elective ovarian removel and estrogen replacement therapy: effects on sexual life,
psychological well-being and androgen status.
J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol.
1993;
14
283-293
85
Beckmann M W, Braendle W, Brucker C, Dören M, Emons G, Geisthövel F, Kiesel L, König K,
Naß-Griegoleit I, Ortmann O, Rabe T, Windler E.
Konsensus-Empfehlung zur Hormontherapie (HT) im Klimakterium und in der Postmenopause.
Im Auftrag des Vorstands der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2003;
63
209-212
86
Meijers-Heijboer H, Brekelmans C TM, Menke-Pluymers M, Seynaeve C, Baalbergen A, Burger C,
Crepin E, van den Ouweland A WM, van Geel B, Klijn J GM.
Use of genetic testing and prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy in women with
breast or ovarian cancer from families with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
J Clin Oncol.
2003;
21
1675-1681
87
Scheuer L, Kauff N, Robson M, Kelly B, Barakat R, Satagopan J, Ellis N, Hensley M,
Boyd J, Borgen P, Norton L, Offit K.
Outcome of preventive surgery and screening for breast and ovarian cancer in BRCA
mutation carriers.
J Clin Oncol.
2002;
20
1260-1268
88
Von Minckwitz G, Brunnert K, Costa S D, Dall P, Diel I, Fersis N, Friedrich M, Friedrichs K,
Gerber B, Göhring U J, Karbeck N, Hanf V, Nitz U, Schaller G, Scharl A, Schmutzler R,
Simon W E, Thomssen C, Untch M.
Primärbehandlung von Mammakarzinomen.
Frauenarzt.
2002;
43
920-931
89
Von Minckwitz G, Brunnert K, Costa S D, Dall P, Diel I, Fersis N, Friedrich M, Friedrichs K,
Gerber B, Göhring U J, Karbeck N, Hanf V, Nitz U, Schaller G, Scharl A, Schmutzler R,
Simon W E, Thomssen C, Untch M.
Behandlung von lokoregionär rezidivierten und fernmetastasierten Mammakarzinomen.
Frauenarzt.
2002;
43
1036-1045
90 Organkommission „Mamma“ in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für gynäkologische Onkologie
.Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie primärer und metastasierter Mammakarzinome
- Version 2003. www.ago-online.de
. 2003
91
Goffin J R, Chappuis P O, Bégin L R, Wong N, Brunet J S, Hamel N, Paradis A J, Boyd J,
Foulkes W D.
Impact of germline BRCA1 mutations and overexpression of p53 on prognosis and response
to treatment following breast carcinoma. 10-year follow-up data.
Cancer.
2003;
97
527-536
92
Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group .
Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials.
Lancet.
1998;
351
1451-1467
93
Tassone P, Tagliaferri P, Perricelli A, Blotta S, Quaresima B, Martelli M L, Goel A,
Barbieri V, Costanzo F, Boland C R, Venuta S.
BRCA1 expression modulates chemosensitivity of BRCA1-defective HCC1937 human breast
cancer cells.
Br J Cancer.
2003;
88
1285-1291
94
Lafarge S, Sylvain V, Ferrara M, Bignon Y F.
Inhibition of BRCA1 leads to increased chemoresistence to microtubule-interfering
agents, an effect that involves the JNK pathway.
Oncogene.
2001;
20
6597-6606
95
Pierce L J, Strawderman M, Narod S A, Oliviotto I, Eisen A, Dawson L, Gaffny D, Solin L J,
Nixon A, Garber J, Berg C, Isaacs C, Heimann R, Olufunmilayo I O, Haffty B, Weber B L.
Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving treatment in women with breast cancer
and germline BRCA1/2 mutations.
J Clin Oncol.
2000;
18
3360-3369
96
Narod S.
What options for treatment of hereditary breast cancer?.
Lancet.
2002;
359
1451-1452
97
Haffty B G, Harrold E, Khan A J, Pathare P, Smith T E, Turner B C, Glazer P M, Ward B,
Carter D, Matloff E, Bale A E, Alvarez-Franco M.
Outcome of conservatively managed early-onset breast cancer by BRCA1/2 status.
Lancet.
2002;
359
1471-1477
98
Møller P, Borg Å Ž, Evans D G, Haites N, Reis M M, Vasen H, Anderson E, Steel C M,
Apold J, Goudie D, Howell A, Lalloo F, Maehle L, Gregory H, Heimdal K.
Survival in prospectively ascertained familial breast cancer: Analysis of a series
stratified by tumour characteristics, BRCA mutations and oophorectomy.
Int J Cancer.
2002;
101
555-559
99
Rubin S C, Benjamin I, Behbakht K. et al .
Clinical and pathological features of ovarian cancer in women with germ-line mutations
of BRCA1.
N Engl J Med.
1996;
335
1413-1416
100
Pharoah P D, Easton D F, Stockton D L, Gayther S, Ponder B A.
Survival in familial, BRCA1-associated, and BRCA2-associated epithelial ovarian cancer.
United Kingdom Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research (UKCCCR) Familial Ovarian
Cancer Study Group.
Cancer Res.
1998;
59
868-871
101
Cass I, Baldwin R L, Varkey T, Moslehi R, Narod S A, Karlan B Y.
Improved survival in women with BRCA-associated ovarian carcinoma.
Cancer.
2003;
97
2187-2195
102
Eltabbakh G H, Piver M S, Hempling R E, Recio F O, Lele S B, Marchetti D L, Baker T R,
Blumenson L E.
Correlation between extreme drug resistance assay and response to primary paclitaxel
and cisplatin in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.
Gynecol Oncol.
1998;
70
392-397
103
Orr J W, Orr P, Kern D H.
Cost-effective treatment of women with advanced cancer by cytoreductive surgery and
chemotherapy directed by an in vitro assay for drug resistance.
Cancer J Sci Am.
1999;
5
174-178
104
Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, Xiao Y, Weaver D, Feunteun J, Ashley T, Livingston D M.
Association of the BRCA1 with Rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells.
Cell.
1997;
88
265-275
105
Levine D A, Frederici M G, Reuter V E, Boyd J.
Cell proliferation and apoptosis in BRCA-associated hereditary ovarian cancer.
Gynecol Oncol.
2002;
85
431-434
106
Beckmann M W, von Minkwitz G, Pfisterer J, Schnürch H G, Kreienberg R, Bastert G.
Stellungnahme der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO): Nachsorge beim
Mammakarzinom und bei gynäkologischen Malignomen - “To follow-up or not to follow-up”.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2003;
63
725-730
107
Porter D E, Cohen B B, Wallace M R. et al .
Breast cancer incidence, penetrance and survival in probable carriers of BRCA1 gene
mutation in families linked to BRCA1 on chromosome 17 q12 - 21.
Br J Surg.
1994;
81
1512-1515
108
Foulkes W D, Wong N, Brunet J S. et al .
Germline BRCA1 mutation is an adverse prognostic factor in Ashkenazi Jewish women
with breast cancer.
Clin Cancer Res.
1997;
3
2465-2469
109
Ansquer Y, Gautier C, Fourquet A. et al .
Survival in early-onset BRCA1 breast-cancer patients.
Lancet.
1998;
352
541
110
Robson M, Levin D, Federici M. et al .
Breast conservation therapy for invasive breast cancer in Ashkenazi women with BRCA
gene founder mutations.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1999;
91
2112-2117
111
Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Ansquer Y, Dreyfus H, Gautier C, Gauthier-Villars M, Bourstyn E,
Clough K B, Magdelenat H, Pouillart P, Vincet-Salomon A, Fourquet A.
Familial invasive breast cancers: Worse Outcome Related to BRCA1-Mutations.
J Clin Oncol.
2000;
18
4053-4059
112
David Y B, Chetrit A, Hirsh-Yechezkel G, Friedman E, Beck B D, Beller U, Ben-Baruch G,
Fishman A, Levavi H, Lubin F, Menczer J, Piura B, Struewing J P, Modan B.
Effect of BRCA mutations on the length of survival in epithelial ovarian tumors.
J Clin Oncol.
2002;
20
463-466
113
Fabian C J, Kimbler B F.
Beyond tamoxifen new endpoints for breast cancer chemoprevention, new drugs for breast
cancer prevention.
Ann N Acad Science.
2001;
952
44-59
114
Boyd J, Sonoda Y, Federici M G, Bogomolniy F, Rhei E, Maresco D L, Saigo P E, Almadrones L A,
Barakat R R, Brown C L, Chi D S, Curtin J P, Poynor E A, Hoskins W J.
Clinicopathologic features of BRCA-linked and sporadic ovarian cancer.
JAMA.
2000;
283
2260-2265
115
Veronesi U, De Palo G, Marubini E, Costa A, Formelli F, Mariani L, Decensi A, Camerini T,
Del Turco M R, Di Mauro M G, Muraca M G, Vecchio M, Pinto C, D'Aiuto G, Boni C, Campa T,
Magni A, Miceli R, Perloff M, Malone W F, Sporn M B.
Randomized trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast malignancy in women with
early breast cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1999;
91
1847-1856
116
Humphrey L J.
Subcutaneous mastectomy is not a prophylaxis against carcinoma of the breast: opinion
or knowledge?.
Am J Surg.
1983;
145
31-312
117
Woods J E.
Breast reconstruction: current state of the art.
Mayo Clin Proc.
1986;
61
579-585
118 Bohmert H H.
Subcutaneous mastectomy. Grundfest-Broniatowski S, Esseltyn CB, jr Controversies in Breast Disease: Diagnosis
and Management. New York; Marcel Dekker 1988: 235-259
Dr. med. M. P. Lux
Frauenklinik - Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
Universitätsstraße 21 - 23
91054 Erlangen
eMail: michael.lux@gyn.imed.uni-erlangen.de